Political Changes

Initiative, referendum and recall Direct primary Australian ballotVoter registration 17 Am 19 Am (ERA –Paul) Limited campaign contributions

Efficiency & Organization

City manager; city commissionerWisconsin Plan – LaFollettebusinesses licenses 16 Am Federal Reserve System Bureau of Corporations RFD“systematizing” of government institutions

and services – makes it predictable and controllable

Gas & power socialism

Social Justice

Brandeis Brief – Muller v Oregon18Am & 19 AM Child labor laws Workman’s compensation Increase $ for educationBureau of labor Public Health Service – Sheppard-Towner Mann Act Juvenile courts Divorce laws Death penalty reform

Government Regulation

Public utilities commission Gas & power socialism Conservation laws Minimum wages & maximum hours (fed) Consumer protection laws – Pure Food & Drug,

Meat Inspection Act Increase regulatory agencies (FDA, FTC)RR regulation –Hepburn, Mann-ElkinsTariff decreaseAnti trust enforcement (Northern Securities,

Taft, Clayton) “trust-busting” Safety codes

TR 1901-1908

The Bully Pulpit The Square Deal The “trust-buster” ---

“good trusts” –”bad trusts” Northern Securities Case – restore SAT

challenges powerful interests– Morgan, Rockefeller, etc.

Keeps trusts in “bounds” – restrains Gentleman’s Agreement

TR

The Square Deal – Anthracite Coal Strike – the “broker”

UMW v Coal Mine owners TR – Arbitration – Mitchell =ok – refusal

by owners ---TR army Wage and hours gains --- but no union

recognition

Other Actions

RR – Elkins and Hepburn Acts – increase power of ICC

Pure Food and Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act Sinclair – The Jungle Wiley – the poison squad

Conservation – forests, parks, irrigation Pinchot

Bureau of Commerce & Labor (corporations)

The Republican

Party &

President William H.

Taft

The Republican

Party &

President William H.

Taft

Taft’s Accomplishments

Trust bustingConservation – forestry 16 & 17 amendments Mann-Elkins Act – rr and

communications Federal gov’t 8 hr dayChildren’s Bureau Safety regulations and

Taft’s “ordeal”

Alienates progressive wing of the party Cannonism Payne-Aldrich TariffBallinger-Pinchot Affair1910 Purge

TR Returns Osawatomie, KS

Big business requires big government.Big business requires big government.

New Nationalism

Increase the power of the presidency & federal government to deal w/ changes

National approach to problem solving Strong assertive leadership Government efficiency and expertise

The Republican Convention

Battle between Old Guard and Progressives

Republican Party Platform

Put limitations on female and child labor.Put limitations on female and child labor.High import tariffs.High import tariffs.Workman’s Compensation Laws.Workman’s Compensation Laws.Against initiative, referendum, and Against initiative, referendum, and

recall.recall.Against “bad” trusts.Against “bad” trusts.Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.Stay on the gold standard.Stay on the gold standard.Conservation of natural resources Conservation of natural resources

TR and the Progressive Party

The Bullmoose Party

Progressive Party Platform

Women’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.Graduated income tax.Graduated income tax.Inheritance tax for the rich.Inheritance tax for the rich.Lower tariffs.Lower tariffs.Limits on campaign spending.Limits on campaign spending.Currency reform.Currency reform.Minimum wage laws.Minimum wage laws.Social insurance.Social insurance.Abolition of child labor.Abolition of child labor.Workmen’s compensation.Workmen’s compensation.

The Socialist Party

& Eugene V. Debs

The Socialist Party

& Eugene V. Debs

The issue is Socialism The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I for Socialism because I am for humanity.am for humanity.

“The Working Class Candidates”

“The Working Class Candidates”

Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

Growth of the Socialist VoteGrowth of the Socialist VoteYear

Socialist Party

Socialist Labor Party Total

1888   2,068 2,068

1890   13,704 13,704

1892   21,512 21,512

1894   30,020 30,020

1896   36,275 36,274

1898   82,204 82,204

1900 96,931 33,405 130,336

1902 223,494 53,763 277,257

1904 408,230 33,546 441,776

1906 331,043 20,265 351,308

1908 424,488 14,021 438,509

1910 607,674 34,115 641,789

1912 901,873901,873

The Industrial Worker: I. W. W.

The Industrial Worker: I. W. W.

The first American labor group to open its The first American labor group to open its membership to all wage-earning workers, membership to all wage-earning workers, regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or gender.gender.

Socialist Party PlatformSocialist Party Platform

Government ownership of Government ownership of railroads and utilities.railroads and utilities.

Guaranteed income tax.Guaranteed income tax.

No tariffs.No tariffs.

8-hour work day.8-hour work day.

Better housing.Better housing.

Government inspection of Government inspection of factories.factories.

Women’s suffrage.Women’s suffrage.

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow

Wilson (NJ)

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow

Wilson (NJ)

Could he Could he rescue the rescue the Democratic Democratic Party from Party from “Bryanism”??“Bryanism”??

The ReformGovern

orof NJ:

It TakesTime

to Remov

ethe

Grime

The ReformGovern

orof NJ:

It TakesTime

to Remov

ethe

Grime

Democratic Party PlatformDemocratic Party PlatformGovernment control of the Government control of the monopolies monopolies trusts in general were bad trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! -- Competition eliminate them!! -- Competition

States Rights – limited governmentStates Rights – limited government

Tariff reduction.Tariff reduction.

One-term President.One-term President.

Direct election of Senators.Direct election of Senators.

Create a Department of Labor.Create a Department of Labor.

Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.Act.

Did NOT support women’s suffrage.Did NOT support women’s suffrage.

Opposed to a central bank.Opposed to a central bank.

NewNew

FFrreeeeddoomm

NewNew

FFrreeeeddoomm

The “Seas” [of Opportunity]

Open Up for the Democrats

The “Seas” [of Opportunity]

Open Up for the Democrats

Election ResultsElection Results

By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908.1908.

The 1912 election marked the apogee of The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in Americathe Socialist movement in America..

On Uncle Sam’s FarmOn Uncle Sam’s Farm

The Democratic party took control of The Democratic party took control of the Senate for the first time in 20 the Senate for the first time in 20 years.years.

TheGOP:

AnExtinctAnimal

?

TheGOP:

AnExtinctAnimal

?

Wilson’s AccomplishmentsFederal Reserve System Clayton Anti-trust Act - “interlocking directorate”;

recognition of unions/ no injunctionsUnderwood Tariff18th & 19th Amendments Used the 16th AmendmentFederal Farm Loan Act ---Warehouse ActAdamson Act Keatings-Owen Act (Hammer v Dagenhart ) Brandeis ---SCTWorkman’s Compensation Act Actions in Ludlow/RR strikes

Assessment of Progressivism

How effective was progressivism at addressing the problems of the period?

What was the impact of progressivism on the expectations of people for government?

What was the impact on the relative power of the legislative and executive branches?

What is the long term assessment of the impact of progressivism on the nation?

To what degree do we see progressive ideas operating today?