POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
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THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Prior to the
arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines was composed of
settlements or villages, each called barangay, named after
balangay, a Malayan word meaning boat.
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Every barangay
was virtually a state, for it possessed the four basic elements of
statehood. At times, however, some barangays joined together as
confederations mainly for the purpose of mutual protection against
common enemies.
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Each barangay was
ruled by a chief called datu in some places, and rajah, sultan or
hadji in others. He was its chief executive, law giver, chief
judge, and military head. In the performance of his duties,
however, he was assisted usually by a council of elders (maginoos)
which served as his advertisers. In form, the barangay was monarchy
with the wealth, or physical prowess.
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES The people of the
barangay were divided into four classes, namely: the nobility
(maharlika), to which the datu belonged, the freemen (timawa), the
serfs (aliping namamhay), and the slaves (aliping sagigilid).
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES The early
Filipinos had both written and unwritten laws. The written laws
were promulgated by the datus. The two known written codes in the
pre- Spanish era are the Maragtas Code which was said to have been
written about 1250 A.D by Datu Sumakwel of Panay, and the Kalantiaw
Code written in 1433 A.D by Datu Kalantiaw, also of Panay. EARLY
LAWS
THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES It can be said
that the laws of the barangay were generally fair. The system of
government, although defective was not so bad considering the
conditions in other lands in the age during which it flourished.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER ANCIENT GOVERNMENTS
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD It was based on the
discovery made by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, consummated by its
conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi 45 years later and long
possession for almost four centuries, until it was terminated in
1898, when by the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was ceded by
Spain to the United States. SPAINS TITLE TO THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD From 1565 to 1821, the
Philippines was indirectly governed by the King of Spain through
Mexico. From 1821 when Mexico obtained her independence from Spain,
to 1898, the Philippines was ruled directly from Spain. SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD From 1863, the military
of Ultramar (colonies) exercised general powers of supervision over
Philippine affairs. Three times during the Spanish period
(1810-1813, 1820-1823, and 1836-1837), the Philippines was given
representation in the Spanish cortes, the legislative body of
Spain. SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD The government which
Spain established in the Philippines was centralized in structure
and national in scope. The barangays were consolidated into towns
each headed by a GOBERNADORCILLO, popularly called capitan, and the
towns into provinces, each headed by a governor who represented the
Governor General in the province. GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINE
UNITARY
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD The power of the
government were actually exercised by the Governor-General who
resided in Manila. He was Governor-General Captain-General, and
vice-royal patron. As Governor-General, he had executive,
administrative, legislative and judicial powers. THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD As Captain-General, he
was Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces in the Philippines.
As the vice- royal patron, he exercised certain religious powers.
Because of these broad powers, it has been said that the Governor
General enjoyed more powers than the King of Spain himself. This
was justified, however, because of the distance of the Philippines
from Spain. THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD In the administration of
the Philippines, the Governor-General was assisted by many boards
and officers, particularly the Board of Authorities and the Council
of Administration. THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The Katipunan was secret society that precipitated our
glorious revolution on August 26, 1896. It was organized by Andres
Bonifacio. The central government of the Katipunan was vested in a
Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian). In each province there
was a Provincial Council (Sangguniang Balangay) and in each town, a
Popular Council (Sanggunian Bayan). THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The Judicial Power was exercised by a Judicial Council
(Sangguniang Hukuman). The Katipunan was replaced by another
government whose officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as
President, were elected in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22,
1897. THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen.
Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan). It
had a constitution which was to take effect for two years only. THE
BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period . It declared that the aim of the revolutions was the
separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their
formation into an independence state. The Biak-na-Bato Republic
lasted up to December 15, 1897, with conclusion of the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato. THE BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period Following the outbreak of the Spanish-American war on
April 25, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo in view of the chaotic conditions in
the country, established the Dictatorial Government on May 24,
1898. THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The most important achievements of the Dictatorial
Government were the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at
Kawit on June 12, 1898 and the reorganization of local governments.
THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period In the administration of the Philippines, the
Governor-General was assisted by many boards and officers,
particularly the Board of Authorities and the Council of
Administration. THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period On June 23, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the
Revolutionary Government replacing the Dictatorial Government. THE
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The decree-making such change stated that the aims of
the new government were struggle for the independence of the
Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly
recognize it, and to prepare the country for the establishment of a
real Republic. THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The American military rule in the Philippines began on
April 4, 1898, the day after the capture of Manila. The existence
of was gave the President of the United States the power to
establish a Military Government in the Philippines, as
Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces of the United States. THE
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period His authority was delegated to the military governor
who exercised as long as the war lasted, all powers of government
executive, legislative and judicial. The first American Military
Governor was General Wesley Merritt, the second was General Elwell
E. Otis, and the third and last was Major General Arthur MacArthur.
THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment (on the
army appropriation act passed in the US Congress on March 3, 1901)
which ended the military regime in the Philippines, the Civil
Government was inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901. THE CIVIL
GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The Civil Governor whose positions was created on
October 29, 1901. The Civil Governor, also exercised legislative
powers. He remained as President of the Philippine Comission, the
sole law-making body of the government from 1901 to 1907. THE CIVIL
GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission acted as
the upper house of the legislative branch with the Philippine
Assembly serving as the lower house. With the passage of the
Spooner Law in 1916, these two bodies gave way to the Philippine
Legislature. The Philippines was represented in the United States
by two Resident Commissioners who were elected the Philippine
Legislature. THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The next stage in the political development of the
Filipinos was the establishment of the Commonwealth Government of
the Philippines pursuant to an act of the United States Congress on
March 24, 1934, commonly known was the Tydings- McDuffie Law.
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period Among other things, the law provided for a transition
period of ten years during which the Philippines Commonwealth would
operate and at the expiration of said period on July 4, 1896, the
independence of the Philippines would be proclaimed and
established. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
Philippines' Revolutionary Era: Governments and Republics of
that Period The new government of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, deemed successor to the Government of the Philippine
Islands, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935, following the first
national election under the 1935 Constitution held on September 12,
1935, with Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmea, as President and
Vice-President, respectively. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines It was established in Manila on January 3, 1942,
one day after its occupation. Under a proclamation issued by the
Japanese High Command, the sovereignty of United States over the
Philippines was declared terminated. THE JAPANESE MILITARY
ADMINISTRATION
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines A Civil government known as the Philippine
Executive Commission composed of Filipinos with Jorge B. Vargas as
Chairman, was organized by the military forces of occupation. The
commission exercised both the executive and legislative powers. THE
PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines The laws enacted were, however, subject to the
approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Forces. The
Judiciary continued in the same form as it was under the
Commonwealth. However, it functioned without the independence which
it had traditionally enjoyed. THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE
COMMISSION
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines On October 14, 1943, the so-called Japanese-
sponsored Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated with Jose P.
Laurel as President. It was the same character as the Philippine
Executive Commission. JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Governments of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation
of the Philippines Like the latter, the ultimate source of its
authority was the Japanese military authority and government, on
August 17, 1945. President Laurel proclaimed the dissolution of the
Republic. JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES