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Political Heritage
Political Heritage
Magna Carta 1215
Roanoke Colony 1583
Jamestown 1607
Petition of Rights 1628
English Civil War 1642
Glorious Revolution 1688
English Bill of Rights 1689
Political Heritage
Magna Carta 1215
1066 William the Conqueror invaded England
Defeated Saxons at the Battle of Hastings
Introduced absolute monarchy
Political HeritageMagna Carta 1215
Henry IIEleanor of Aquitaine
Richard I “Lionheart”
John “Lackland”
Political Heritage
Magna Carta 1215
Political Heritage
Magna Carta 1215
Political Heritage
Political HeritageMagna Carta 1215
1. Government should be based on the rule of law
•No freed man can be taken or imprisoned or dispossessed or banished or in any way destroyed…except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land
•End of absolute monarchy in England
•Beginning of limited monarchy (government)
2. Government should be based on an agreement or contract between the ruler and the people to be ruled
•Contract between king and nobles, but laid the foundation for the idea of a social contract
Political Heritage
3. Certain basic rights may not be denied by government
•Granted only to nobility, but included freedom from imprisonment without trial, freedom from excessive fines, and freedom to travel for purposes of trade
4. Representatives of the people should take part in government
•Denied the king the power to tax without the agreement of a “Great Council of the Realm”
•Parliament
Magna Carta 1215
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII
Political Heritage
Princess Mary
Petition of Rights 1628
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury
Cardinal Woolsey
•Male heir
•Acceptance of Mary
•Requested annulment
•Separation of England from Catholic Church
•Archbishop Cranmer approved annulment
•Act of Supremacy-king head of the Church of England
King’s “Great Matter”
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Arthur, Prince of Wales, born
20 September 1486 Henry VIII, king of England, born
28 June 1491
married to Princess Catharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 died 2 April 1502
married to Princess Catharine of Aragon on 11 June 1509
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Anne Boleyn
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Princess Elizabeth
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Jane Seymour
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Prince Edward
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Henry had six wives....
•first wife because he was promised to her by his father
•second wife because he fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir
•third wife because he still needed a male heir
•fourth wife because of diplomatic reasons
•fifth wife because he fell in love again
•sixth wife because he was old and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give him too much trouble
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Princess Mary Princess Elizabeth Prince Edward
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Six years later…
•Devout Catholic
•Persecution of English Protestants
•“Bloody Mary”
•Executed Thomas Cranmer
•Marriage to Philip II, King of Spain
Mary I
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Mary, Philip II, followed by Mars, god of war
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Five years later…
• Promoted Protestantism
• Church of England
• Challenges to reign:
1. Mary Queen of Scots
2. Spanish Armada
3. Puritans
• End of Tudor dynasty no heir
Elizabeth I
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Elizabeth followed by the goddesses of Peace and Plenty
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Catholicism Church of England
•Henry VIII
18 years
•Henry VIII
20 years
•Edward VI
6 years
•Elizabeth I
45 years
•Mary I
5 years
??PuritansParliament
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Henry VII and Elizabeth York:
Henry Catherine
Mary Tudor Charles Brandon
Margaret James IV
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
James IMary, Queen of Scots
Stuart Dynasty
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
James I Charles I
Stuart Challenges:
1. Puritans—
• Church of England was too Catholic
• Needed to be purified
2. Money
• Parliament
• France, Spain
3. Parliament
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
Charles I and Parliament:
• Divine right of kings
• Agreed to Petition of Rights for money to fund wars
1. Monarch could not collect taxes without Parliament’s consent
2. Civilians could not be forced to provide food and shelter for soldiers
Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628
3. Military law could not be imposed during times of peace
4. No person could be kept in prison without being charged with a crime-habeas corpus
Charles immediately violated the Petition of Rights
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
•Disbanded and ruled without Parliament for 11 years
•Imprisoned and fined many Puritans who were becoming popular with middle class
•Tried to force Scottish churches to use an Anglican prayer book which caused open rebellion
•Short Parliament-three weeks April 1640, money to fight Scottish rebellion
•Long Parliament-November 1640, limit power of monarch: regular Parliament meetings, end of Star Chamber trials, limit monarch’s ability to raise money without approval of Parliament
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
•Parliament tried to weaken monarch’s control of the army
•Charles used army to arrest leaders of Parliament
•Civil war began as people of London riot over action of the king
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Oliver CromwellCharles I
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Supporters of the Monarchy:
1. “Cavaliers” or royalists
2. Anglicans
3. Catholics
4. Most members of the House of Lords
5. Some members of the House of Commons
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Supporters of Parliament:
1. “Roundheads”
2. Puritans
3. Most middle class townspeople
4. Most of the House of Commons
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Political HeritageEnglish Civil War
Political HeritageGlorious Revolution
Stuart Restoration:
•Disliked military rule of Cromwell
•Parliament invited the son of the executed king to take the throne
•“Merry Monarch”
•More tolerant religious policies than Parliament was willing to grant
•Brother, James
Charles II
Political HeritageGlorious Revolution
James II Lady Anne Hyde Princess Mary
Political HeritageGlorious Revolution
James II Mary of Modena Prince James
Political HeritageGlorious Revolution
Princess Mary
Prince James
James II
Political HeritageGlorious Revolution
Princess Mary
1662
Prince James
1688
James II
Protestant
Catholic
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Mary II William III of Orange
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Englishmen possessed certain unchangeable civil and political rights:
1. Freedom from royal interference with the law (Sovereign was forbidden to establish his own courts or to act as a judge himself)
2. Freedom from taxation by royal privilege, without agreement by Parliament
3. Freedom to petition the King
4. Freedom from a peace time standing army, without agreement by Parliament
5. Freedom (for Protestants) to have arms for defense, as allowed by law
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Englishmen possessed certain unchangeable civil and political rights:
6. Freedom to elect members of Parliament without interference from the Sovereign
7. Freedom of speech in Parliament, in that proceedings in Parliament were not to be questioned in courts or in any body outside Parliament itself (the basis of modern parliamentary privilege)
8. Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments, and excessive bail
9. Freedom from fines and forfeitures without trial
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Englishmen possessed certain unchangeable civil and political rights:
10. Sovereign does not have a divine right to rule
11. Sovereign rules with the consent of the people’s representatives in Parliament
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Declarations and clarifications:
1. Flight of James II from England amounted to abdication of the throne
2. Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England
3. Sovereign was required to swear a coronation oath to maintain the Protestant religion
4. William and Mary were the successors of James II
5. Sovereign was required to summon Parliament frequently
Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689
Declarations and clarifications:
1. Flight of James from England amounted to abdication of the throne
2. Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England
3. Sovereign was required to swear a coronation oath to maintain the Protestant religion
4. William and Mary were the successors of James II
5. Sovereign was required to summon Parliament frequently