Political Organization and Social Control Final Report

8/3/2019 Political Organization and Social Control Final Report

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POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONAND SOCIAL CONTROL

Casquejo, Honeyvie V.Pahimnayan, Sarah Jane S.

Querido, Michael T.

BsArchi III-3Mr. Rolando T. Herrero


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Political Organization/Social Control Political Organization

Variations in power, authority and legal

systems

Means a human group uses to maintain social

order and reduce social disorder

Universal

Systems of Equality and Inequality

Wealth, power, prestige

Social control

Formal/informal means to organize and

control the actions of its members


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Three Dimensions of Political Organization

1. Extent to which politicalinstitutions aredistinct from other aspects of the socialstructure

2. Extent to which authorityis concentrated intospecific political roles

3. Level ofpolitical integration (the size of theterritorial group that comes under the control ofthe political structure)


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Types of political organization

Sociopolitical typology---ideal types or levels

Band

Tribe

Chiefdom

State

Established by Elman Service


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Band Food foragers, nomadic, territorial unit

Small group of related families in a region

No formal, centralized political system

Informal leadership

Nuclear family and band; 50 individuals

Kin based bilineal

Personal relationships link the family and the band

Fairly egalitarian

May have gender stratification

Lack formal law

Band leader: use persuasive power

Example: the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert


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the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert


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the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert


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Tribe

Horticultural/pastoral/foraging, intergroup trade Group of communities in a region, sharing a

common culture, and integrated by a unifyingfactor

Higher population density than bands

Informal leadership

Village life and/or descent-group membershipclans

Lack social stratification, formal government


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Tribe

Regulatory officials: village or intervillage councils;thebig man

Persuasive power Act as a mediator offering opinion or advice

Some small-scale warfare intervillage raiding

May have gender stratification

Examples: Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela; TheTboli Tribe of South Cotabato; Aetas


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Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela


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The Tboli Tribe of South Cotabato.


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Aeta


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Tribal Organization

Kinship organization

Clan elders or heads

Segmentary lineage system

Age-Grade organizationSpecific age grades given political functions

Association organization

Common-interest associationsMilitary societies serve to integrate tribe


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The Big Man Elaborate version of a village head supporters in

several villages Status is achieved through hard work

Characteristics: wealthy, generous, eloquent, brave,

and can use supernatural powers Convert wealth to prestige


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Chiefdom

The most succinct definition of a chiefdom inanthropology belongs to Robert L. Carneiro: "Anautonomous political unit comprising a number of

villages or communities under the permanent controlof a paramount chief"

Horticulture (gardens/groves) or agriculture (fields)

Produce surpluses to redistribute chiefly

redistribution

Regional polity under a ruler from a ranked hierarchyof people


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Chiefdom

Redistributive system

Usually unstable

Economy is regulated

Production: religious taboos

Distribution: rituals

Consumption: obligation/sharing

Chief and his lineage elevated responsibility tokin and community

Chief has limited coercive power


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Chiefdom

Differential access to resources (power, prestige,and wealth) tied to kinship

Permanent political regulation of territory

Pantribal sodalities


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State Autonomous political units with social classes

A centralized government based on law Labor specialization

Regulation of social relations, marriage, and family

Integrative networks ofcommunication/transportation

Power centralized in a government

Legalized use of force

Tendency toward instability and transience

Usually multinational

Difference between nation and state

Examples: ancient Mesopotamia, the U.S.


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Characteristics of a state:

Population control

Judiciary

Enforcement Fiscal


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Nation and State

Nation A group of people who share common symbolic

identity, culture, history, and often religion

communities of people who see themselves as

one peopleToday, 181 states and 5000 nations

State A type of political structure


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Nation-State A group of people sharing a common cultural

background nationality

Unified by a political structure

Role of nationalism


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Political Leadership and Gender

Women rarely in top political positions

Women have power in a number of societies

BandsIroquois

Igbo


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Political Organization and the Maintenance ofOrder

Chiefdoms and states

Authority with power to regulate peoples actions

Bands and tribes

No centralized authorityDepend upon gossip, criticism, and fear ofsupernatural forces


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Internalized Controls

Cultural control

Control due to internalized beliefs and values

Effective deterrents to antisocial behaviour

Disgust of incest Fear of deformity, disease, or death

Fear of ghosts or hell


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Social control

Social normsare normal, proper, or expected

ways of behaving

Deviance is a violation of social norms

Sanctions are institutionalized ways ofencouraging people to conform to the norms

it is not the act itself but rather how peopledefine the act that determines whether it isdeviant

(Ferraro 2006:322).


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Social Norms in the U.S. pg. 322


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Informal mechanismsSocialization

Social norms Internalize the moral necessity to follow them

Public opinion

Approval by society

Use of gossip, rumor, sarcasm, and scorn correctivemeasures

Degradation ceremonies publicly humiliate adeviant

Corporate Lineages

Small-scale societiesmembers know what everyoneelse is doing


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Informal mechanismsSupernatural belief systems

Ancestor worship: dead ancestors are fullyfunctioning members of the descent group

Ghost invocation: wrath of ancestor gods

Ghost vengeance: ancestor gods can inflict illnesson their own without having to be invoked

Witchcraft

Misfortune is not the result of natural causes Fear of witches/witchcraft encourages conformity


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Formal mechanisms

Song duel

A means of settling disputes over wife stealingamong the Inuit involving the use of song and

lyrics to determine ones guilt or innocence

Intermediaries Mediators of disputes among individuals or

families within a society

Leopard-skin Chief among the Nuer


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Formal mechanisms

Moots Informal hearings of disputes for the purpose of

resolving conflicts, usually found in small scale

societies Council of elders

A formal control mechanism composed of a group

of elders who settle disputes among individuals

within a community


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Formal mechanisms

Courts and codified law Judiciary: laws, legal procedure, and judges

Enforcement: permanent military and police

forces


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Social Control Through Law

Definition of law under contention

Malinowski and Hoebel

Use of overt coercion

Need to consider each case in its cultural context

Laws are formal negative sanctions


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Functions of Law

Defines relationships among society members

Allocates the authority to employ coercion in the

enforcement of sanctions

Redefines social relations and ensures social

flexibility


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Crime

Distinction between crime and tort

Settlement of disputesNegotiation

Mediation

Adjudication


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Formal mechanisms

Warfare Armed conflict between nation-states or other

politically distinct groups

Not a universal phenomenon

Causes of war

Social problems

Perceived threats

Political motivations

Moral objectives


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Political Systems and theQuestion of Legitimacy

Allegiance necessary for society to work Uncentralized systems have it freely given

Centralized systems rely upon coercion

Legitimacy is the right of leaders to rule

Based on social values

Grants the rights of power

May be withdrawn


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Religion and Politics

Intimately connected

Religion may influence laws

Religion may legitimize the

political order

Supernatural is reflected inpolitical organizations

European kings ruled by divineright

Iran became an Islamic republic

U.S. introduction of God tol d f ll

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Political Organization and Social Control Final Report

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