Page 2
Political Organizations of Space
Page 4
Not natural
Man Made
Organization
Page 5
Study of human political organizations
Organize Land
Political organizations
Political Structure
Page 6
3 Levels
Above Country
International
At Country
National
Below Country
Local
Page 7
Human Territoriality
Ownership
Defined Space
Fixed Time and Space
Page 8
Personal Space
Varies on time and Space
Country vs City
Page 9
Political Organizations of Space
Page 10
Political Organizations of Space
Page 11
State
Permanent Population
Boundaries
Government
Economy
Sovereignty
Recognized by others
Page 12
Nation
Culture / Identity
Page 13
States
Multiple nations
United States
Page 15
What is the difference between a
nation and a state?
Page 16
A nation is a group of people with common
cultural attributes. A
state is a basic political unit that divides
human territory.
Page 17
Homogeneous
Japan
Page 18
Nation with no territory
Palestinians
Kurdish
Page 19
Strong feeling of differences
Break away
New Nation
Can cause problems
Page 20
http://magicstatistics.com/wp-content/pictures/maps/Chechnya%20map.JPG
Page 21
Nationalism
Another State
Reabsorb people
Territory
Nazi Germany
Serbia in Yugoslavia
Page 22
http://www.humboldt.edu/rescuers/book/Chlup/chlupgif/czechmap2.gif
Page 23
To stop problems
Creates “buffer”
Mongolia
Page 24
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect6/750x750_asia_m.jpg
Page 25
To stop problems
Creates “buffer”
Eastern Europe
Page 26
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/2/27/20090501203014!Eastern_Europe_Map.jpg
Page 27
A territory of overlapping claims
Source of conflict
Kashmir
Page 28
http://www.gemselect.com/other-info/graphics/kashmir-map_kashmir.jpg
Page 30
What countries are involved in
the Kashmir Conflict?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 31
China, India, and Pakistan.
Quiz
Ferret!
To make matters worse,
India and Pakistan have
nuclear weapons!!
Page 32
Extend Control
Influence
Independent States
Controlled
Page 34
Political Organizations of Space
Page 35
Political Organizations of Space
Page 36
How states define themselves
Territory
People
Page 37
Types
Geometric
Physical
Cultural
Page 38
Geometric
No physical / cultural reference
Latitude / Longitude
Page 42
Physical
Physical landscape
Page 43
Cultural
Cultural Landscape
Language, Religion
Page 45
Center of Disputes
Weakly inhabited
Weakly controlled
Page 47
Most states in Africa have what type of boundaries?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 48
Geometric!
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 49
Political Organizations of Space
Page 50
Political Organizations of Space
Page 51
Antecedent Boundaries
Subsequent Boundaries
Superimposed Boundaries
Relict Boundaries
Page 52
Boundaries before humans
Ohio River
Page 53
Agreed upon
US / Canadian
Page 54
Boundary created
Enforced
Outside force
Israel
Ottoman Empire
Post WWI
Page 55
Boundary
No longer functions
Berlin Wall
Great Wall of China
Page 57
Which type of Boundary is
most likely to be a physical
feature?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 58
An antecedent boundary!
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 59
Political Organizations of Space
Page 60
Political Organizations of Space
Page 61
Multi Step Process
“Official”
Page 62
Definition
Described and Negotiated
Page 63
Delimitation
Put on Maps
Page 64
Demarcation
Official Marker
Page 65
Administration
Administering Boundary
Page 66
Political Organizations of Space
Page 67
Political Organizations of Space
Page 68
UN
Convention on the Law of the Seas
UNCLOS
Page 69
Coastal States
12 Nautical Miles
Ships
Page 70
Coastal States
200 nautical miles
Economic Zone
Resources
Page 71
Not 200 nautical miles
Evenly divided
Median Line Principle
Page 72
Interpretation
Where is it located?
Modern Technology
Page 73
Definitional
Language of boundary agreement
Page 74
Locational
Physical Location
Page 75
Operational
How boundary functions
Page 76
Allocation Boundary Dispute
Natural Resources
Page 78
What is the most common
form of boundary
dispute in our world today?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 79
Allocation!
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 80
Shape
Size
Location
Political Situation
Page 81
5 Geographic Shapes
Fragmented
Elongated
Compact
Prorupt
Perforated
Page 82
Fragmented
Several Pieces
Indonesia
Page 83
Elongated
Long and Thin
Stretched Out
Chile
Page 84
Compact
Not far off
Circular / Square
Connected
Austria
Page 85
Prorupt
Piece juts out from main body
Break away / invasion
Page 86
Perforated
State completely surrounds another
Page 88
Which type of state shape is most likely to
lead to conflict within the
state?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 89
Fragmented!
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 90
Territorial Enclave
State surrounded by another state
Exclave
Separated
West Berlin
Alaska / Hawaii
Page 91
Political Organizations of Space
Page 92
Political Organizations of Space
Page 93
Unitary
Federal
Confederal / Confederacy
Page 94
One body of government
Central Government
Legislative (Parliamentary)
Executive (President / Prime Minister / Dictator / King / Queen)
Local Governments
Help Central Government
Smaller Countries
Britain / France / Germany
Page 95
More balance
Central / State (Local)
Work against
Too much power
Local
Individual / autonomous governments
Page 96
Central Government
Weak
Advisory board
Local Government
Most power
Page 97
Political Organizations of Space
Page 98
Political Organizations of Space
Page 99
Core
Where political / economic / cultural power lies
Spread of development
Multi Core
More than one core
Create internal division
Page 101
Strong infrastructure
Share power / influence
Page 102
Important
Politics
Economics
Cultural
Page 103
Capital Cities
All political, economic, historical, and cultural
Less Developed
Old World
Page 104
Power and Prestige
Page 105
Move Cities
Forward Capital
Built to achieve goal
St. Petersburg
Berlin
Brasilia
Page 106
Political Organizations of Space
Page 107
Political Organizations of Space
Page 108
Internal Political boundaries
Representation
Government
United States
Electoral College / Congressional Districts
Page 109
Americans are represented in two houses at the federal (national) level
Senate (Upper House)
Must be 35
Elections every 6 years
Represents the whole state
House(Lower House)
Must be 25
Elections every 2 years
Represents parts of the state
Page 110
Senate
2 per state
100 total (50 states)
House
At least 1 per state
Based on population of the state
435 members
Cannot be increased w/out Constitutional Amendment
Representation shifts based on population
Districts of roughly 710,000
Based on US Census numbers
Tell your parents to complete the Census!
Page 111
Electoral College
Electoral votes are based on representation
Same number of votes as representatives
Senators + Representatives
Larger population = more votes
More important in presidential elections
Page 112
Unfair Congressional Districts
Obvious advantage
Packing / Cracking
State Congress
Page 113
A brief history on who could vote in the US
Initially
White men who owned property (21+)
1807 – 1843
All white men 21 and older
No property requirement
1870
15th Amendment
All men 21 and older
No racial or ethnic discrimination
Page 114
1920
19th Amendment
Women over 21
1964
24th Amendment
Bans poll taxes
Part of Jim Crow South
Page 115
1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Bans almost all voting requirements used to keep out minority (black or otherwise) voters
Literacy tests, grandfather clauses
1971
26th Amendment
Lowers voting age to 18
Page 116
Nation State
Post WWII
Prior to WWII
Lords, Kings, Queens, Emperors
Military Might
Page 117
In the beginning, before civilization
Lack of stability
Constant change
Not able to control
Lack of technology
Communication / Transportation
Page 118
Kings become more powerful
From city states and alliances
To Kingdoms and Empires
Territory extends
Stability comes
Cultural Connection
Religious influence
Page 119
People
Greater sense of community
King
Nation
State
Language
Religion
Page 120
Europe / China
Greater technology
More cohesion
Page 121
Nation State
Spread through colonialism
Colonialism
1500s – 1800s
Colonization
Industrialization
Exploitation
Page 122
Colonization
Advantages
Scramble for territory
Natural Resources
Raw Materials
Page 123
Mercantilism
Colony
Raw Materials
Market
Mother Country
Finished Product
More land = More Power
Increased Wealth
Gold
Page 124
Colonization
Modernization
Christianization
Page 125
Imperialism
Control of foreign land
Control of foreign people
Government / Religion / Language / etc
Land = Power
Page 126
Dependency Theory
Negative
Countries impoverished b/c of Colonialism / Imperialism
Page 127
Imperialized countries
Still dependent
Europeans left them dependent
Consumption of goods produced
Financial products for development
Page 128
National Boundaries
Suit needs of Europeans
No regard for ethnic / religious differences
Infrastructure
Poor
Created Deals
Create infrastructure / must pay back
Keeps nation poor
Page 129
Neo-Colonialism
New dependency
Goods, resources, technology, etc
Use IMF and World Bank as methods of control
Use money and debt to control states
Page 130
Wallerstein
World System Analysis
Each State is interdependent
Against Dependency Theory
Each State NEEDS the other
Page 131
World System Analysis
3 Categories
Global Economic Core
Global Economic Periphery
Global Economic Semiperiphery
Page 132
Economic Core
Industrialized Countries
Drive Global Economy
Higher Standards of living
Drive demand for goods and services
More wealth
Page 133
Economic Periphery
Underdeveloped
Old Colonies
Supply many goods to core
Page 134
Semiperiphery
In between
Evidence of both
Emerging nations
Page 135
Drive Apart
Bring together
Centrifugal
Divide / Drive Apart
Boundary Conflicts
Separatism
Religious Division
Ethnic / Cultural Divisions
Page 136
Centripetal
Keep together
Unifying symbol
Flag / Seal
Pledge of Allegiance
National Athenm
National Identity
Culture / Language / Religion
Page 137
Breaking up of larger states
Ethnic lines
Eastern Europe
Soviet Union
Page 138
Political Organizations of Space
Page 139
Political Organizations of Space
Page 140
Understand Global Political world
Geographic perspective
Predict the future?
Understand global events
Use environment / territorial perspectives
Two Schools
German
American / British
Why are states powerful?
How can they become powerful?
Page 141
German / Organic Theory
Friedrich Ratzel (1940)
States are living organisms
States need nourishment
Other states
People, resources, etc
Hitler
Page 142
American / British
Mackinder (1904)
Land based power
Central Eurasia
Key to power
Heart land / Pivot Area
Contemporaries
Naval Power
Page 143
Rimland Theory
Spykman (1938)
Balance of power
Heartland and Rimland
Rimland more important
Allows access to sea and trade
Rise of Japan
Vietnam / Korea
Containment
Understand modern states craft
Page 144
Saul Cohen (2003)
After SU fall
No longer 2 super powers
Conflicts based on economics
Global and regional importance
Shatterbelts and Gateways
Places of greater volatility
Can lead to greater regional / global disruption
Former conflict strategy no longer applies
New weapons, transportation
Page 145
Past / Present / Future relationships
States and Supranational Organizations
Page 147
Who proposed the Heartland Geopolitical
theory?
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 148
Harlford Mackinder!
Quiz
Ferret!
Page 149
Political Organizations of Space
Page 150
Political Organizations of Space
Page 151
3 or more states
Mutual Benefit / Shared Goals
60 Organizations
EU, NATO, NAFTA, Warsaw Pact (now Collective Security Treaty Organization)
Benefits
No “loners” / Rogue States
Negatives
Organizations differ in their goals
Drag many into conflict
Page 152
Strong Centrifugal Forces
Power shifts
Central to regional
Scotland
Corisca
Page 153
Need for cooperation
League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson (post WWI)
Prevent future wars
58 members
Not including US
Page 154
L of N falls apart
Permanent Court of International Justice
International issues
Boundary disputes
Fishing Rights
Necessary, but how much?
Autonomy?
Page 155
United Nations
Similar to L of N
After WWII
Purpose: The purposes of the United Nations,
according it its charter, are to “maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends.”
193 Members
South Sudan (2011)
3 or 4 world non members
Taiwan, Kosovo, Vatican, Palestine
Page 156
UN
General Assembly
Vote
Security Council
15 members
Military Decisions
Peace Keepers
Defend Sovereignty
Page 157
UN
Security Council
Sanctions
5 Permanent Members
Veto Power
10 revolving members
Page 158
UN
Economic and Social Council
Anti poverty
Pro Humanitarian
Promoting “Cultural Awareness”
Global Health
Page 159
UN
International Court of Justice
Judicial Wing
Legal Issues
Member nations
Gives legal advice
15 Judges
9 years
Hague, Netherlands
Page 160
UN
Secretariat
Executive
Administrative Issues
General Assembly
Security Council
Page 161
The European Union
Economic Supranational State
Benelux
Economic Free Zone
Europe
Desire for greater power
Become more economically competitive
Pull together
Page 162
OEEC
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
ECSC
European Coal and Steel Community
Free movement of Steel
EEC / Common Market
European Economic Community
Greater Economic Freedom / Trade
Page 163
EC
European Community
Growth of EEC
Move beyond Economics
EU
European Union
Trade, Governance, Policy
Currency
Ties European Economies
Page 164
Red = Euro
Blue = No Euro
Page 165
EU Problems
Lots of different people / histories
Richer v Poorer
Debt Crisis
Losing Autonomy
Page 166
EU
Turkey
Some like / Some Don’t
Human Rights
Not “European”
Greece & Cyprus
Turkey turns East
Page 167
1991
Fall of the Soviet Union
Post WWII
Two Camps
Democratic / Communists
World Domination / Power
Page 168
Rise of China / India
Page 169
World Shrinks
Greater Connection
Sharing
Clash of Cultures
How do we “deal” with eachother?
Page 170
Nuclear Weapons
Iran, Pakistan, India, North Korea
Human Rights Issues
Terrorism