Political Risk
By: Ying Lu
Introduction Political exposure: the degree to which a
company’s value is threatened by political events America’s presidential or congressional elections
Political risk: the variability in the value of the firm (or subsidiary) that is caused by uncertainty about political or policy changes
Effect Host country of Policies
Host country’s DFI policies Countries prohibit investments threatening national security
Dubai port issue, maritime and airport cabotage In cases of JV, some countries require majority ownership by “host”
partner Thailand and India
Host countries often try to protect domestic firms and industries from foreign competition This may induce more FDI
Toyota and Hyundai have built plants in the US to circumvent trade barriers
Host country continuumFriendliness to FDI
Complete prohibition
Enormous incentives
North Korea Ireland and Singapore
India U.S
Effect of home-country and third-country policies
Home country policies: MNC home country’s policies that restrict trade and investment activities
Often overlooked but very important in formulating a corporate strategy to deal with political risk
US embargo against Cuba Tend to have technology restrictions to protect
national security US defense firms probably shouldn’t be able to sell nuclear
technology to Iran (they aren’t)
Reasons for FDI policies
Often driven by foreign policy Some Arab nations prohibit trade between themselves and Israel
Want to protect domestic industry Protectionist policies to protect constituents
Taxation has a large role as part FDI policies Aaron’s presentation Companies seek out countries with the lowest tax rate Countries with a lot of foreign trade/direct investment may find it
necessary to lower tax rates to increase tax revenues
Nature of political risk
Host country policy
Taxation Expropriation and nationalization Foreign exchange control
Price control
Forces JV
Equity dilution
Nature of political risk
Home country policy
Required divestment
SanctionsLicensing requirements
Change in tax treatment of foreign income (the tax holiday)
Transfer prices
Multilateral Policies
UNCTC: United Nations Center on Transnational Corporation
OECD: Organization for Economic cooperation and Development
WTO: World Trade Organization EU: European Union
Serve as checklists for mutual privileges and responsibilities
General vs. Selective
General policy changes: not directed at FDI Any change in tax code or government policies can
effect everyone Selective policy changes: directed mainly at FDI
Usually industry specific Most costly kind of government policy
Drives away FDI Less tax revenue for government May reduce total investment
Benefits and costs of hostility toward FDI
Benefits Expropriation: firm’s assets Currency controls: more
macroeconomic control More regulation:
microeconomic control over affected industry
Tax: increase in tax revenue
Cost Expropriation: less FDI
decline in economic base, higher unemployment, and less technology transfer
Macroeconomic controls: general stagnation
Tax: reduction in tax revenues because firms will begin to shop for more favorable tax rates
Bargaining Power (host country)
Size of market Wealth of market Abundance of raw materials Host country has more bargaining power if they
are strong in these areas Can play companies against one another Intervention is likely to takes place when bargaining
power of the country exceeds that of company
Bargaining power (firm)
Uniqueness of product or technology required to produce it
Rate of technological advancement Size of company Growth in operations
Usually not at the same rate as the host country Brazil vs. Bolivia
Change of PowerB
arga
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g po
wer
Bar
gain
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pow
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TimeTime
Bargaining power of country
Bargaining power of country
Bargaining power of company
Bargaining power of company
Intervention more likely to occur.Countries want to be here
Intervention more likely to occur.Countries want to be here
Companies want to be here
Companies want to be here
Political Risk Assessment (host country)
The “macro approach” Aggregation of subjective assessments by a panel of
experts on various economic, social, and political factors Global Research Center Political Risk Yearbook (Political Risk Services of East
Syracuse, New York) International Country Guide The Economist Intelligence Unit
Provides quarterly ratings and individual report on each country
Political Risk Assessment (host country)
Aggregate Summary Average Overall Risk
Avg Pol
Avg Eco
Avg Leg
Avg Tax
Avg Ope
Avg Sec
All Countries 2.76 2.76 2.87 2.62 2.5 2.88 2.63
Asia-Pacific 2.82 2.76 3.06 2.48 2.62 3.08 2.53
CIS 3.4 3.44 3.44 3.46 3.06 3.52 3.4
Europe 1.93 1.91 1.97 1.76 1.83 2.04 1.91
Latin America and Caribbean 2.55 2.55 2.8 2.38 2.05 2.59 2.4
Middle East and North Africa 2.93 2.9 2.77 3.04 2.69 3.1 3.07
North America 1.46 1.5 1.5 1 1 1.5 2
Sub-Saharan Africa 3.37 3.43 3.45 3.3 3.19 3.44 3.14
Political Risk Assessment (home country)
Trade climates Investment attitudes Potential for embargos Forced divestments
Political Risk Assessment (micro approach)
Micro approach: industry-specific and firm specific factors Political risk depends directly on the characteristic of
foreign investment Who owns it? What technology does it use? What is its economic sector?
Political Risk Assessment (take away)
It can be diversified away High risk (variance) is usually associated with high (mean)
returns. Most of the variance in returns to investment is driven by
local and global economic conditions. Global economic conditions account for the portion of risk
you cannot diversify away (the covariant portion of your cash flows from investments in various parts of the world). Political risk is local and residual (not correlated with global economic conditions). Therefore, you ought to be able to diversify it away.
Managing Political Risk (ex ante) OPIC: Overseas Private Investment Corporation
50% of firm must be own by US citizens Foreign corporation: 95% must be owned by US entity
Subsidiary MIGA: World Bank Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency Incorporation in member nation Majority own by citizens of member nation
97 countries have signed MIGA convention, 71 have ratified Ratification is required to participate Host country need to also be a member of MIGA
Lloyds of London private insurance firm
Types of Coverage
Expropriation: protects against partial or total loss of investment as result of governmental actions Losses are assessed based on book value
Currency inconvertibility: protection against losses arising from an investor’s inability to convert local currency into the foreign currency specified in the policy Devaluation is not covered Date of loss is considered to be the date when the request for
funds transfer is denied, not on the expiration date of the stated waiting period
Types of Coverage con’t
War and civil disturbance: protects against losses resulting from damage, destruction or disappearance of assets as the result of acts of war or civil disturbance Covers: revolution, insurrection, coup d`etats, sabotage, and
terrorism In case of war firms do not have to loss property to file a claim,
they do have to show interruption to business Losses are assessed at book value
Breach of contract: protects against a host country’s breach or repudiation of the investor’s contract Covers losses on project investments not loss of profits
Managing Political Incidents (ex post)
Follow the law and alter operations accordingly Firm with low bargaining power usually have no
choice but to do so Discontinue operations
The law may hurt your operations to such an extent that following the law is not acceptable (IBM)
Negotiate a settlement Firm can use threat to discontinue operations to
negotiate favorable treatment, but only if the country stands to lose if the firm leaves
Private vs. Gov’t Insurance
Private Not host country nationality
requirements Will insure new and existing
projects Shorter terms (3 year basis--
renewable) More flexibility and opportunity
to negotiate policy provisions Non-disclosure provision Harder to collect on your claim
Government Usually requires “home”
country citizenship Only insure new projects and
expansion to existing ones Longer terms (15-20 years) Usually cheaper than private
insurance Less flexibility in policy
provisions Full disclosure to host
government Easier to collect on claim
De Facto Political Risk Insurance
Joint venture Borrow from a local bank Get a multilateral institutions to be an investor
World bank or Inter-American Development Bank