“NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT”

SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE FULFILMENT OF THE COURSE TITLED -

POLITICAL SCIENCE-2POLITICAL SCIENCE-2

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr.S.P.Singh Rohit sinha(601)

Faculty, (Pol.science) 1st year 2nd semester

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The views, opinions, statements and conclusions contained in this project are those of the

author, and also represent official statements or opinions. Any errors or misstatements in this

project are exclusively those of the author. These guidelines are provided by the POL.

SCIENCE faculty DR. S.P.SINGH in an effort to provide better understanding of and the

implication process.. They simplify and broadly generalize complex issues of History. II

appreciate the assistance of my friends (LL.B’s), who provided the initial drafts of the

materials in this assignment.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of the topic NON ALIGN MOVEMENT

through decisions and suggestions and different writings. The aim has been to come to a

conclusion very much indigenous.

Scope and Limitations:

Though the topic is NON ALIGN MOVEMENT an immense project and pages can be

written over the topic but because of certain restrictions and limitations we might not have

dealt with the topic in great detail. Cause for calling conference is dealt in detail.

Sources of Data

The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project-

1. Books

2. Website

Method of Writing and Mode of Citation:

The method of writing followed in the course of this research paper is primarily analytical.

The researcher has followed Uniform method of citation throughout the course of this

research paper.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 05

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................... 06

3. ARTICLE IN CONSTITUTION...................................................... 08

4. HOW TO ACQUIRE CITIZENSHIP IN INDIA............................10

5. OCI....................................................................................................12

6. CONCLUSION.................................................................................14

7. BILIOGRAPHY................................................................................15

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INTRODUCTION

Non aligned movement is an international organisation of states considering themselves not

formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in 1950s; as of 2007 it

has 118 members. The purpose of the organisation as stated in the Havana declaration of

1979 is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of

non aligned counties in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo- colonialism,

racism and all form of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony

as well as against great power and block politics. They represent nearly two third of united

nation members and comprises 55% of the world population.

Important members have included Yugoslavia, Brazil, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba,

Pakistan, South Africa, Iran ,Malaysia. Brazil has never been a formal member of the

movement, but shares many of the aim with NAM and frequently send observer to Non

Alignment Movement Submit.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The after effects of the second world-war were actually the reason for the origin of non-

alignment, which came into the scene after the victory of the Allied Powers in the Second

World-War. Each of the allies, the British, the Americans and the Russians were anxious to

enlarge and expand its area of influence in the new shape of Europe. During the Cold War,

between the USSR and Eastern Europe on the one hand and the USA and Western Europe on

the other, the world split into two camps. However, during the 1960s a third camp, the non-

aligned movement emerged. Made up of countries that had gained independence from the

European empires in the period after World War II, the movement tried to act as a stabilizing

force between the two superpower blocs, as well as giving its members a more powerful

voice through unity. So basically the theory of non-alignment rests on the principle of

national independence and self-reliance on one hand and international co-operation on the

other. When India got freedom, Russia was spreading its ideological concept over a large

number of countries, whereas America was entering into military alliance with newly

emerging states. But country like India successfully resisted such pressures because of her

firm convictions and practical reasons and did not join any of the blocks. This mature

consideration gave birth to the concept of non-alignment.

NON ALIGNMENT AND COLD WAR

During the Cold War, members of the non-aligned movement were often the targets of US

imperialism and Soviet imperialism, as both the USA and Soviet Union tried to attract non-

aligned countries into their respective camps. Monetary aid was given to development

projects, such as the Soviet funding of Egypt's Aswan High Dam project during the 1960s.

The non-aligned movement was not a strongly unified group like the North Atlantic Treaty

organisation (NATO) or the Warsaw pact, and its members were weaker economically and

militarily than the superpower blocs. Therefore, although its members were able to increase

their status through unity and cooperative voting in the UN General Assembly, they were

never able to challenge the dominance of the two superpowers.

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WORD ‘‘NON ALIGNMENT”

The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his speech at UN in 1953 which

was later used by Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954

in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide

for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai.

Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-

Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

2. Mutual non-aggression

3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs

4. Equality and mutual benefit

5. Peaceful co-existence

Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of nonalignment brought India considerable international prestige

among newly independent states that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation

between the superpowers and the influence of the former colonial powers. New Delhi used

nonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent

world in such multilateral organizations as the United Nations (UN) and the Nonaligned

Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India

and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller

neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned nation and

led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's relations

with countries outside South Asia.

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MEANING OF NON ALIGNMENT MOTION

Non-alignment presupposes participation in international politics without having bloc

affiliation. At the same time it does not mean passive neutrality. It is neither a policy of

silence for fear of others, nor a policy of isolation from the world politics. But it is rather a

path of taking decisions on all issues according to one's judgment of right and wrong. At

seventh Non-Aligned Summit-in New Delhi in March 1983, India's Prime Minister addressed

a meeting by saying, "Non-Alignment is too vague, not negative, not neutral and we cannot

risk any shadow on our freedom of judgment and action. We have no*quarrel with any group

of nations. But we speak out against injustice."

The non-aligned nations have grown into a great moral force in international politics. They

have stood separately as-well-as united for world peace, understanding and co-operation

amongst the nations of the world. They have criticized the wrong and unjust and supported

the right and just without fear and favour, they are in favour of disarmament and against

social discrimination.

The principle of non-alignment has received wider acceptance, while the second Non-

Aligned Conference held in October 1964 was attended by 47 participant countries and 10

observers. The third conference held at Lusaka in 1970 was attended by 54 participants and

11 observers and the fourth Summit Conference held at Algiers in December 1973 by 75

participants and 14 observers. The participant included countries not only from West Asia

and South Asia, but also from Africa, the Caribbean’s and Latin America. The eighth Non-

Aligned Summit held in Harare in Sept. 1986 was attended by over a hundred countries

representing all the continents and bulk of humanity.1

The seventh Non-Aligned Summit Conference was held in New Delhi in March, 1983 and it

reiterated its decision on all important issues before the world community and appealed to the

big powers to co-operate willingly in the efforts of creating a new order in the world.2

The policy of non-alignment has over the year won worldwide appreciation as a sound and

lasting instrument of world co-operation and world peace. Even the people who were once

1 www.nam.gov2 ibid

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against this policy have come round to view that greater peace, co-operation and prosperity

are possible not by military alliances and power blocs and sorting out of problems by resort to

arms, but by giving up die-hard colonial and imperialistic policies in favour of the policy of

"live and let live" by pursuing the attitude of friendship with all and ill-will towards none.

In certain quarters, the concept of non-alignment was misinterpreted. It was regarded as a

negative concept leading to isolation. But Jawaharlal Nehru cleared this concept in 1949 by

saying," When I say that we should not align ourselves with any power bloc, obviously it

does not mean that we should not be closer in our relations with some countries than with

others. That depends on entirely different factors chiefly economic, political, agricultural and

many other factors. These close relations will no doubt develop and we will encourage them

to develop, but we do not wish to place ourselves in a position, where poetically speaking, we

are just lined up with a particular group or bound up to in regard to our future 'foreign

activities." This statement made India's position very clear in so far as. the policy of non-

alignment was concerned.3

MOTIVE OF NON- ALIGNMENT

Every foreign policy has some definite motives, even though the basic motive of all foreign

policies is to promote the national interest. The chief motives of non- alignment are as

follows:

(1)Urge for independence in formulation of policy:

All the erstwhile colonies after throwing off the bondage were keen to secure their hard won

independence. As they were economically, politically, militarily quite weak and could not

3 PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA,COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATION,CBDPUBLICATION,206

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compete favourably with the older and stronger nations, they felt it desirable to keep out of

power blocks so that they may be able to pursue an independent foreign policy.

(2)Desire to avoid involvement in general war:

The non aligned nation want to avoid entangling themselves in the various political feuds so

that they may be able concentrate fully on the economic and material development of their

people. The non-aligned nations are quite aware that in case of general war they will not be

able to escape its impact, yet they are determined to avoid direct involvement in such wars as

possible

(3) To help U.N. to function successfully:

Another motive of the non-aligned nations is to ensure that U.N functions successfully in the

fulfilling its objectives especially of preservation of world peace and economic development.

This is possible only if this forum is freed from the game of power politics. The non-aligned

states who constitute the third forces, can play a useful role in international politics by

judging each issue on its merits and finding valuable solution4.

NEGATIVE ELEMENTS

(1) Opposition to Cold War-----The new states were keen to avoid the cold war, as it

was considered to be highly dangerous development for international peace and

security. They felt that cold war can lead to a new war and hence wanted to seriously

limit rather virtually end their independence of action.

(2) Opposition to military alliance ---- Establishment of military alliance wad an

important feature of cold war era but the non aligned felt that these alliance were

harmful for world peace as well as keep out of the alliance. Hence they decided to

remain out of alliance and power politics of the super powers. This aspect, combined

with opposition to cold war provided a formidable basis for the origin of non

alignment.

(3) Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-colonialism--- In contemporary

times the need to meet and overcome the threat posed by neo colonialism to the

independence, stability and security of the new states, further upholds the case for

4 www.nam-math.org

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adoption of non-alignment, which alone can provide a chance for a united cooperation

and struggle against forces of neo colonism5.

(4) Desire of independent foreign policy: Non alignment was adopted because it helped

the new states to preserve their individuality. While justifying non aligned movement,

Nehru again declared, policy itself can only be a policy of acting according to our best

judgement. We must be free to judge issues on their merits. Alignment means only

one thing- to relinquish the right to free judgement and action. New states were not

prepared to accept such a position and hence they adopted Non- alignment.

(5) Love for peace and peaceful means: Another positive reason which lead to the

adoption of Non alignment was the acceptance of peace and peaceful means as the

fundamental values. The struggle for independence that took place in most of the

states was governed by the values of peace and prosperity. The newly emerged

independent nations, like India felt greatly concerned and wanted to help the

preservation of world peace, with which was linked their own peace and chance of

development. Non alignment was regarded as the best principle designed to prevent

the spread of cold war and alliance as well as the tensions that these two generated. It

was adopted by them with a view to strengthen the chances of peace against war.

NAM Summits at a glance6

First Conference - Belgrade, September 1-6, 1961 Second Conference - Cairo, October 5-10, 1964 Third Conference - Lusaka, September 8-10, 1970 Fourth Conference - Algiers, September 5-9, 1973 Fifth Conference - Colombo, August 16-19, 1976 Sixth Conference - Havana, September 3-9, 1979 Seventh Conference - New Delhi, march 7-12, 1983 Eighth Conference - Harare, September 1-6, 1986 Ninth Conference - Belgrade, September 4-7, 1989 Tenth Conference - Jakarta, September 1-7, 1992 Eleventh Conference - Cartagena de Indias, October 18-20, 1995

It is necessary that the NAM countries elected to the Security Council, and who form

the NAM Caucus in the Security Council, constantly strive to adopt unified positions,

and that the decisions and the positions of NAM as adopted at its Summits and

Ministerial Conferences and by the Coordinating Bureau be properly reflected by

them in the Security Council, without prejudice to their sovereign rights. At the 5 ibid6 ibid

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Cartagena Summit the Heads of State or Government called for the need to continue

to enhance this coordination, including the possibility of holding consultations on a

regular basis, between members of the NAM Caucus and other members of the

Coordinating Bureau.

The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau in New York should attend and address the

Security Council on matters of particular importance to members of the Movement.

To enlarge the scope of coordination, the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau may

at the invitation of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus attend the meetings of

the Caucus.

The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau should hold regular meetings with each

coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus with a view to being briefed

on the work of the Council and in turn, to convey to the Caucus coordinator the

positions of the Movement. Similarly, the Caucus coordinator should keep the Chair

apprised of upcoming discussions and issues of general importance to the Movement.

The Coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus should also

periodically brief the Movement through the Coordinating Bureau.

INDIA AND NON ALIGNMENT

The movement had its origins in the 1947 Asian Relations Meeting in New Delhi and the

1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. India also participated in the 1961

Belgrade Conference that officially established the Nonaligned Movement, but Jawaharlal

Nehru's declining prestige limited his influence. In the 1960s and 1970s, New Delhi

concentrated on internal problems and bilateral relations, yet retained membership in an

increasingly factionalized and radicalized movement. During the contentious 1979 Havana

summit, India worked with moderate nations to reject Cubanpresident Fidel Castro's

proposition that "socialism" (that is, the Soviet Union) was the "natural ally" of

nonalignment.

IN 1980

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Under Indira Gandhi in the early 1980s, India attempted to reassert its prominent role in the

Nonaligned Movement by focusing on the relationship between disarmament and economic

development. By appealing to the economic grievances of developing countries, Indira

Gandhi and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Nonaligned Movement,

diverting it from some of the War issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting.

Although hosting the 1983 summit boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its close

relations with the Soviet Union and its pro-Soviet positions

on Afghanistan and Cambodia limited its influence.7

The end of the Cold War left the Nonaligned Movement without its original raison d'être, and

its membership became deeply divided over international disputes, strategy, and organization.

During the 1992 Jakarta summit, India took a middle position between countries favoring

confrontation with developed nations on international economic issues, such as Malaysia, and

those that favoured a more cooperative approach, such as Indonesia. Although New Delhi

played a minor role compared with Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta on most issues facing the

summit, India formulated the Nonaligned Movement position opposing developed countries'

linkage of foreign aid to human rights criteria. The early 1990s demise of the bipolar world

system, which had existed since the end of World War II, shook the underpinnings of India's

foreign policy. The Cold War system of alliances had been rendered meaningless by the

collapse of the East European communist states, the dissolution of the Warsaw Treaty

Organization (Warsaw Pact), and the demise of the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, most

colonies had become independent, and apartheid in South Africa was being dismantled,

diminishing the value of ant colonialism and making it impossible for antiracism to serve as a

rallying point for international political action (India and South Africa restored full

diplomatic relations in 1993 after a thirty nine year lapse). The Panchsheel (Panch Shila),

peaceful resolution of international disputes, and international cooperation to spur economic

development which was being enhanced by domestic economic reforms were broad

objectives in a changing world. Thus, the 1990s saw India redefining nonalignment and the

view of India's place in the world.8

7 S.K.KAPOOR,CONCEPT OF NAM,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW AGENCY,206

8 MACLAM.D.EVANS,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,OXFORD publication

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India also is a founding member of the Group of fifteen, a group of developing nations

established at the ninth Nonaligned Movement summit in Belgrade in 1989 to facilitate

dialogue with the industrialized countries. India played host to the fourth Group of Fifteen

summit in March 1994. At the summit, Prime Minister Narsimha Rao and other leaders

expressed concern over new trade barriers being raised by the industrialized countries despite

the conclusion of a new world trade agreement.

CONCLUSION

There were three basic elements that influenced the approaches of the Movement to

international issues the right of independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and

neo-colonialism, and the use of moderation in relations with all big powers. The Movement

also worked towards the restructuring of the international economic order.

Non-Alignment has made self-determination and equality of all peoples, the free

development of the individual, the economic and social progress of society and of nations its

central preoccupations. By combining the question of peace and development with the

emancipation of peoples from all forms of subordination and exploitation, Non- Alignment

has become one of the principal promoters of a positive development of international

relations on a global scale and a movement whose political stance, concepts and strategy are

of worldwide relevance.

The Non-Aligned Movement can also be seen in terms of the Movement of the newly-

independent countries from the 1940s to 1960s. They strived for Non-Alignment to make

their voice heard on the international stage. The Cold War, the imminent danger of

confrontation, the necessity to defeat colonialism in its orthodox or new form, the necessity to

erase the global causes of anomaly for even distribution of wealth and technology, but mainly

the necessity of consolidating independence for the newly independent countries and of

creating a new code of interstate relations strengthened the Non-Aligned Movement.

The Movement in a real sense represents the poor of the world. Over eighty per cent of those

countries classified as being the world’s least developed belong to the Non-Aligned

Movement. Most of the countries which are seriously affected by the balance of payment

deficits, food scarcity and inflation are members of the Movement. Whether one looks at life

in terms of the Gross National Product, terms of trade, industrial stagnation, caloric intake,

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health and service delivery, adult literacy, population growth or life expectancy at birth, the

non-aligned countries are among the world's disadvantaged.

The Jakarta Summit in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since it was the first

Summit after the end of the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus from the

rhetoric of the past to concrete work. The emphasis has shifted from the demands from the

developed countries to cooperation with the developed countries.

The Non-Aligned Movement does not have a formal constitution or a permanent secretariat.

It has a practice of a rotating Chair, under which its Chair is formally rotated to the Head of

State or Government of the host country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent

Mission in New York of the Chair at the same time assume the responsibility of the

administrative management of the Movement. The Co-coordinating Bureau (CoB) at the

United Nations in New York forms the focal point for coordination among the NAM

Members.

Since the Non-Aligned countries meet regularly at the UN and conduct much of their work

there, the Chairs' Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York functions as

the Chair of the CoB. The Bureau reviews and facilitates the harmonization of the work of

the NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees.

Some of the Working Groups, Task Forces and Committees formed by NAM are: High-Level

Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations, Working Group on Human

Rights, Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations, Working Group on Disarmament,

Committee on Palestine, Task Force on Somalia, Non-Aligned Security Caucus, Standing

Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation, and Joint Coordinating Committee

(chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM).

An important mechanism of NAM is the Troika of past, serving and future Chairs. This

concept is operationalized at the discretion of the incumbent Chair and can act as a

clearinghouse for solutions of problems and issues confronting developing countries on

which the Movement must take a position.

The fifteenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Heads of State or Government took place at Sharm

El-Sheikh in Egypt in 2009 and the next Summit is scheduled to be held in Tehran in 2012.

Apart from Belgrade, where the first and the ninth Summits were held, Summits have been

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held at Cairo, Lusaka, Algiers, Colombo, Havana, New Delhi, Harare, Jakarta, Cartagena de

India's, Durban and Kuala Lumpur.

The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN

structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilized by powerful

states in ways that violate the principles of NAM. It has made a number of recommendations

aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. NAM considers

the UN Security Council to be the most distorted and undemocratic of all UN Organs.

Hence, it demands for reshaping and restructuring of the Security Council. NAM accepts the

universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenization. In

line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural

diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio- cultural, and historical particularities that

define human rights in a specific region.

Lately, NAM has collaborated with other organizations of the developing world, primarily

the Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and

documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation

can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster

its political clout.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA,COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATION,CBDPUBLICATION,206

2. A.C. KAPOOR,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE,S.CHAND,210

3.Ram jai jai upadhyaa,LOCAL ORGANISATION , central law publication, 2010

4MACLAM.D.EVANS,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,OXFORD PUBLICATION

5.S.K.KAPOOR,CONCEPT OF NAM,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW AGENCY,206

6.Dr.H.O.Agrawal, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW PUBLICATION,340

7.Dr.S.R.Myneni,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW,ALLAHABAD LAW PUBLICATION,356

8.www.nam.gov

9.www.nam-math.org

10.www.namresturant.com

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