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•Political structures and forms of governance•Empires•Nations and nationalism•Revolts and revolutions•Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations
State-building, expansion, and conflict
1750-1914: European Hegemony!
The Balance of Power shifted after centuries of domination from Asia!
Absolutism vs. Enlightenment
New Economic and Social Ideas=Democracy
1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe, Muslim Empires and China were absolutist.
They held on to their power claiming Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of Heaven (China)
What Changed and Why?
Forces for Political Change
Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a king or noble to a nation
Britain and the Netherlands both had constitutional monarchies
Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and thedemands for political change by the end of the 19th c.
The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reasonled to serious questioning of absolutist govts.
This was influenced by previous eras such as Renaissance, the Protestant Reformationand the Scientific Rev.
The idea that people COULD figure things out and come up with better governments.
John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the right to overthrow the government if it was bad.
French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseauspread the new ideas to France which was the picture of absolutism.
New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no power. These self-made men were literate and supported the ideas of the Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power togo with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get all the power?
American
French
Haitian
Latin American
American Revolution:
•New political thought
•Upset with new taxes and trade controls
•Restrictions on moving west
•Declaration of Independence
•Constitution based on Enlightenment principles, butlimited the right to vote and kept slavery
The French Revolution
•Ancien Regime•Absolutist power for the king•Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisietake control and declare the National Assembly•Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen•Radical stage with Jacobins called the Reign of Terror•Napoleon seized the govt.
What arethe threeestates?
Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.
Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution
Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave
Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels.
Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerillatactics used by the Haitians.
L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804
Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; theFrench had to have money to finance the fighting.
South America led by Creole elites such as:Simon Bolivar in the north and in the southJose de San Martin (1821)
Brazil 1822
Mexico 1821 Father Miguel HidalgoBenito Juarez modeled the constitution after theUS, but after his death a series of dictators.
Results of Revolutions
•Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspireRevolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality,and justice
•Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy
•Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislatureand freedom from oppression more than equality
•Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasizedequality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists
PoliticalReforms
Abolition of slave trade then slavery
Women’s rights especiallysuffrage
Universal education
Labor lawsespeciallychild labor
Male suffrage
Other political reforms
•Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less intelligent and deserve their status; rich people arehard working and smart and deserve their status
•Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels said there would be a rev of the Proletariat
•Nationalism: new political concept of the nation; afeeling of identity among common groups of people
Germany
Otto von BismarckSecond Reich
Declared the beginning of the German Empire First was
HRE
Led to more competition among states.Created more nationalist movements.
ItalyCount Cavour in thenorth; occupied byAustria
Garibaldi in the south;occupied by Spain
The COMPLETEtakeover of an area withdominationeconomically,politically, and socio-culturally
Berlin Conference 1884-5
O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857
Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny
http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.
Opium Wars 1839-1842
•Qing Dynasty
•Treaty of Nanjing
•Spheres of Influence
•Taiping Rebellion1850-1864
•Boxer Rebellion1900
MEIJI RESTORATION
1914-Present
World Wars and the concept of Total War
The Cold War
The Nationalist Movements Part II
New Ideologies and Revolutions
Globalization
Total War!
Causes: nationalism,militarism, imperialism, Industrialization, alliances
Treaty of Versailles: Germany lost territory, military and they have to pay for it ALL OttomanEmpire done!
A-H no longer a hyphen!
Japan gets Germany’scolonies in Asia
President Wilson’s 14 Points and the idea ofself determination
League of Nations
New countries created:Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
Causes left over from the last war
Allied Powers: US, Great Britain, France, USSRAxis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy
Results in beginning of the Cold War and the United Nations
World War IITotal War!
1945-1991USA and our allies vs. USSR and their alliesStarted before the end of WWII
Yalta Conference
Postdam Conference
NATO
Nationalist Movements Part II or Decolonization Movements
Educated western elites lead the movements
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
African National Congress in South Africa anti-Apartheid
India gets independence Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) 1947
Southeast Asia: Indonesia throw off Dutch 1949; Philippines break from US 1946; Burma from Britain 1948; Indochina/Vietnam 1975 Ho Chi Minh
Latin America: Mexico nationalist movement with therevolution of 1910, new Constitution 1917, accept idea ofbeing Mexican (Villa and Zapata)
The rest of Latin America becomes controlled by *authoritarian regimes with violent repression; many inspired by communism after WWII
Brazil= VargasArgentina=PeronCuba=CastroChile=Pinochet
*Caudillos, Juntas, Oligarchical rule
Ideologies and Revolutions
•Communism: Russia=Lenin; China= Mao Zedong
•Fascism: developed in Italy=Mussolini; Hitler=Germany takes itand makes Nazism
•Stalinism: collectivization of agriculture little resemblance toMarxism
USSR and Gorbachev: Perestroika=eco. reforms; Glasnost=more openness loosened censorship
China: Mao, Great Leap Forward (not); Cultural Revolution; Deng Xiaoping institutes socialist market economy or market Socialism; Tiananmen Square
Gorbachev w/ Louis Vuitton Bag
Ideologies and Revolutions
Black Nationalist Movements
Feminist Movements
Iranian Revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini
21st century more internationally based due to internetand unprecedented globalization
Multi national corporations
Greenpeace and Green Movements
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch