Politics and Government of Indonesia

Politik dan Pemerintahan Indonesia

Devindra Ramkas OktavianoStudent Number: 1101122039

Department of International Relations – University of Riau2013

Southeast Asia Study

Brief ProfileUnitary Republic of IndonesiaNegara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia

Capital: Jakarta

Total area: 1,904,569 km2

Total Population: 249.6 million (2012)

Gross Domestic Product: US$ 878.2 billion (2012)

GNI/capita:US$ 3420 (2012)

“Garuda Pancasila”Official symbol of Indonesia

“Red-White”Official flag of Indonesia

Kingdoms Period1. Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms2. Rise of Islamic States

Colonizationby:1. Portuguese2. British3. Dutch4. Japan

Independence1. Old Orde (1945-1965)2. New Orde(1966-1998)3. Reformation(1999-now)

History sejarah

Ideology & Constitution

• Ideology of Indonesia is Pancasila (the five principles): 1. Divinity / ketuhanan2. Humanity / kemanusiaan3. Unity / persatuan4. Deliberation / permusyawaratan5. Social Justice / keadilan sosial.

• Indonesian constitution established in 1945

Riau Islands

Aceh

North Sumatra

Riau

WestSumatra Jambi

Bengkulu

SouthSumatra

Bangka- Belitung

Lampung

WestKalimantan

Banten

Jakarta

WestJava

Yogyakarta

CentralJava East

Java Bali

CentralKalimantan

EastKalimantan

SouthKalimantan

West NusaTenggara

East NusaTenggara

SouthSulawesi

SoutheastSulawesi

WestSulawesi

CentralSulawesi

NorthSulawesiGorontalo

Maluku

NorthMaluku

WestPapua

Papua

Provinces in Indonesia

Decentralisation desentralisasi

• Reformation era demand for decentralisation of power and establishing of Regional Autonomy (Otonomi Daerah) by 1999.

• Today, Indonesia has 34 provinces that consists of: Jakarta Capital Territory (DKI Jakarta), 31 Regional Autonomies, and 2 Special Regional Autonomies (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam & Papua)

• North Kalimantan (Kalimantan Utara) is new-established province (since 2012).

Executive eksekutif

• Executive power headed by a president and ministers (presidential system).

• President directly elected by people for 5 years term and can be re-elected for one period.

• Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) is current (6th) president that re-elected for second period (2009-2014) and also leader of Democrat Party.

Susilo Bambang YudhoyonoIndonesia’s current president

The authorities of The President:

Presidential Seal

Merdeka Palacethe official residence of the President

a) Make government regulations;

b) Submit bills (Rancangan UU);

c) Passing laws with DPR to reach an agreement;

d) Supreme leader of army force and declare war;

e) Appoint Ambassador and consul;

f) Appoint supreme judges as nominated by Judicial Commission and confirmed by DPR.

Upper HouseHouse of Regional

Representative

• 1 term (5 years)• Speaker: Irman Gusman• Established: 2001 (first term: 2004-2009)

http://dpd.go.id/

LEGISLATIVE

People’s Consultative AssemblyMajelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat

Lower HouseHouse of People Representative

• unlimited (5 years)• Speaker: Marzuki Alie• Established: 1945 (de facto: 1915)

http://dpr.go.id/

DPD Session in Parliament Complex, Jakarta

House of Regional RepresentativeDewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD)

DPD has legislation, consideration, and supervision functions.

DPD power limited to several fields of work:

1. regional autonomy

2. central and local relations

3. Formation and expansion

4. financial balancing and implementation

5. tax, education, and religion

MPR/DPR Building

House of People RepresentativeDewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)

DPR has legislation, budgeting, and oversight functions.

DPR has power to:

1. submit and passess law.

2. Produces annual budget together with President (taking into consideration DPD).

3. Designate member of Financial Auditor Body (BPK), taking into consideration DPD.

4. Accept and discuss bills submitted by DPD.

Judicative

SupremeCourt

Established:August 1945

Chief: M. Hatta Ali

Constitutional

CourtEstablished:August 2003

Chief: Hamdan Zoelva

JudicialCommission

EstablishedAugust 2005

Chief: Suparman M.

• Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) sits above the other courts and is the final court of appeal (kasasi).

• There are 4 types courts below the Supreme Court:

1. General Courts (pengadilan negeri)

2. Religious Courts (pengadilan agama)

3. Military Courts (pengadilan militer)

4. Administrative Courts (pengadilan tata

usaha negara).

• Both of Supreme Court and Constitutional Court have right to Judicial Review (level of review is different)

.

Insignia of “Mahkamah Agung”

Judicative

• Contitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) has jurisdiction over the cases of:

1. constitutional review of legislation

2. dispute over authority of state institution

3. dissolution of political parties

4. dispute over election results

5. impeachment of the president

• Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) has authority to:

1. nominating chief for Supreme Court

2. maintain judges dignity and behavior

3. establish code of conduct of judges

Judicative

Hamdan Zoelvanew elected chief judge of Constitutional Court

http://www.demokrat.or.id/

Democrat Party (ruling party)

http://www.pdiperjuangan.or.id/

http://ppp.or.id/

http://www.golkar.or.id/

www.partainasdem.org/

http://partaigerindra.or.id/

http://hanura.com/10/

http://pan.or.id/

http://www.pkb.or.id/

http://www.pks.or.id/

Election pemilihan

• The President is elected by absolute majority vote to serve a 5-year term.

• In the DPD, 132 members are elected by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms.

• In the DPR 560 members are elected by open list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies to serve 5-year terms.

• Presidential Threshold: 20%, 25% of votes in the last DPR election

• Parliamentary Threshold: 2.5%• Voting is not compulsory.

Military militer

• According to globalfirepower, Indonesia ranked 15th in military strength in 2013.

• Government and military conducting Revolution of Military Affairs (RMA) to improve and increase national defence through concept of Kekuatan Pokok Minimum (Minimum Essential Force) by 2019.

• Nowadays, Indonesia doing cooperations with many countries to reduce defence dependency with several state.

Domestic Issues:

Corruption

• From Jan-Nov 2013, corruption in Indonesia have been involved senior police officer, judge of Constitutional Court, ministers, governors, and cader of ruling party

• Commission of Corruption Eradication (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi – KPK) become most respected and trusted government’s legal institution by public after dismantling many cases of corruption.

Commission of Corruption Eradication (KPK) building, Jakarta

Domestic Issues:

Communal conflict

• Indonesia is a very heterogen country and thus have very big potential of communal conflict.

• Other causes of this communal conflict are:– Disobedience of local wisdom (pengabaian kearifan lokal)– Legal uncertainty (ketidakpastian hukum)– Economic trouble (himpitan ekonomi)– Indecisiveness leadership (ketidaktegasan pemerintah)– Decentralisation (desentralisasi)– Democratisation process (proses demokratisasi)– Crisis of public confidence (kepercayaan publik) in government

Communal Conflict in Indonesia

Foreign Policy Kebijakan Luar Negeri

“a thousands friends – zero enemy” (contemporary slogan of Indonesian foreign policy)

Indonesia active in participating and organizing international conferences on security, economic and trade, democracy, and environmental issues.

As the most populous muslim country, Indonesia shows more attention to muslim-invoved issues. ex: Palestine, Rohingya, Arab Spring.

• Indonesia maintaining its doctrine of foreign policy since independence, namely, Bebas dan Aktif (free and active).

• Other focus of foreign policy:

a. investment policyb. migrant workers (TKI)c. national unityd. international justice and

ordere. regional integration

President SBY and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon

Indonesia Foreign MinisterMarty Natalegawa

Indonesia and ASEAN

Indonesia is one of ASEAN’S founding fathers.

ASEAN is Indonesia’s foreign policy priority.

The host of ASEAN annual meeting for 3 times (1976, 2003, 2011) and also the country where ASEAN secretariat located.

ASEAN Secretariat BuildingJakarta - Indonesia

Indonesia as Chairman of ASEAN andhost of ASEAN Summit 2011

Indonesia and ASEAN

Indonesia actively encourage region stabilisation and multidimension cooperation to prepare ASEAN Community 2015.

Indonesia plays role in many issues in southeast Asia:- Phillipine – MNLF reconciliation

- conflict and democratisation in Myanmar

- East Timor membership in ASEAN - South China Sea disputes

Transnational Issues / Isu Transnasional

Indonesia – Australia on illegal immigrant issue.

Indonesia – Malaysia on maritim boundary issue.

Indonesia – Singapore on maritim boundary

issue.

etc.

TERIMAKASIH