Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia
201703076th ASEAN Forum
Okamoto Masaaki(CSEAS, Kyoto University)
Bandung City Command Center
Drone School in West Kalimantan
ASEAN in the Last 15 Years & the Coming 15 Years?
•Coming and Rapid Development of ICT Society
• The Industries of the Future (by Alec Ross)
Disparity in the Post-Cold War Eastern Europe
vsEstonia(1.31 Mil.)
Ukrine(45.20 Mil.)
The Future of Technology Development
•The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces that will shape our future
DematerializationDecentralizationReal-time On DemandPlatform SynergyClouds
Becoming, Cognifying, Flowing, Screening, Accessing, Sharing, Filtering, Remixing, Interacting, Tracking, Questioning, Beginning
Dematerialization
•Using Less Material
• Digital Technology
The total amount of material the US citizen useto generate a unit of GDP
In 1870, 4kg In 1930, 1kg In 1977, 0.61kg In 2000, 0.28kg
Products to ServicesOwnership to Access
ICT-ized ASEAN CountriesNumber of Internet Users in 2000 and 2016
(Japan and ASEAN Countries)
Population(2016)
Internet User(2000)
Internet User(2016, 6)
Increasing Rate
(00→16)
Penetration
Japan 126 Mil. 47 Mil. 115 Mil. 1.4 91%ASEAN Countries 643 Mil. 11.44Mil. 275Mil. 23.0 43%
Population(2016)
Internet User(2000)
Internet User(2016,6)
Increase(00→16)
PenetrationFacebooker
(2016,6)Facebook
Penetration
Indonesia 258,316,051 2,000,000 88,000,000 43times 34.1% 88,000,000 34.1%
Malaysia 30,949,962 3,700,000 21,090,777 4.7times 68.1% 19,000,000 61.4%
Myanmar 56,890,418 1,000 11,000,000 10999times 19.3% 11,000,000 19.3%
Philippines 102,624,209 2,000,000 54,000,000 26times 52.6% 54,000,000 52.6%
Thailand 68,200,824 2,300,000 41,000,000 16.8times 60.1% 41,000,000 60.1%
Vietnam 95,261,021 200,000 49,063,762 244.3times 51.5% 40,000,000 42.0%
ASEAN Countries
[Source:http://www.internetworldstats.com]
ICT-ized ASEAN Countries(2016)
Mobile HP Owners
PopulationRatio
% of the Adult Population
HP Smart Phone PC TabletJapan 173.3Mil. 137% 88% 54% 89% 18%Indonesia 326.3Mil. 126% 85% 43% 15% 4%Malaysia 43.4Mil. 142% 96% 71% 35% 14%Philippines 119.2Mil. 117% 87% 55% 43% 24%Singapore 8.2Mil. 145% 96% 88% 71% 42%Thailand 82.8Mil. 122% 96% 64% 27% 11%Vietnam 143.0Mil. 152% 93% 55% 46% 12%
[Source:http://wearesocial.com]
Internet population is still growing Fast• Indonesia Internet users 100m users in 2016 (40% penetration)• Majority Internet users are 15-24, University GraduatesSrc: eMarketer 2015
76%
[source: Enda Nasution 2017]
But, in Indonesia…
[source: Enda Nasution 2017]
Question
How Has ICT-ization Been Transforming the Society, Politics and Economy?
Cases from Local Indonesia
Light and Shadow of ICT-ization
•Significant Impacts on Every Aspect of Life in Southeast Asia
(Government)Transparency, Speedy, Decentralization, Participation, Equalization(Global) Online Network
Less Private Space, Surveillance Society, Always-Online, Myopic, Demystifying Vertical Authority, Frequent Terorism
Could be bad or good, up to Actors
The Fourth Industrial Revolution?
Key: Z Generation (Born in 1995-2010)
Socio-political Transformation in ASEAN Countries
Democratization(Undermining Socialist/Authoritarian States):
Equalization:Bangkokian Lifestyle in Northeast Thailand
Accelerated LGBT MovementInclusion:
Anti Street Plant Cutting in Hanoi
Bersih Movement in Malaysia
Rise of Opposition Party in 2013 Election in Cambodia
Sinar Project in Constrained Environment of Malaysia
To SEA:
Socio-political Transformation in ASEAN Countries
Disparity: Digital Divide
Divided Online Access in Bersih Movement in Malaysia
State-Surveillance: Crack Down on Red Shirt by Thai Military
Indonesia?
Exclusion: Fierce (Religious, Nationalistic, Moral) Backlash against LGBT Movement
Impact of ICT-ization in Indonesia
• Idol Twitter, Idol Voting
• Online Hijabers Community
Lonely Suicide Terrorism using Online Bomb Making ManualRapid Increase of Radical Islamism Website(Government Ban on 22 Websites in 2016)
• Mobile Quran, Online Religious Advice(→Changing Reference on the Justice)
Social and Political Impact
• Election of Joko Widodo as President
Born in a Poor Family→Famous University→Businessman
→Mayor→Jakarta Governor→President
∵Democratization(1998-)Decentralization(2001-)
Local Head’s Political Will and Achievement for Success and Popularity
ICT: Cyberspace Strategy(Election, Policy, PR)
Focus:Transformation in Local Indonesia
In Urban and Rural Areas
ICT-ization in Local Indonesia
• Jembrana District (Bali)
•Surabaya City (East Java)
• Jogjakarta City
J-ID (Welfare, Voting and others)
e-Musrenbang, e-Budgeting, Surabaya Single Window
e-Office, e-Procurement
☓Banten: Fake e-Procurement
ICT-ization in Local Indonesia: Bandung City
Bandung Mayor: Ridwan Kamil
One of the Three Reformist Local Heads
Leading E-governance
Population:2.4 Million
Facebooker:2.1 Million
Cf. Mayor’s Instagram:4 Million!
60% of the Population: <40
Higher Institutes:30<
SMEs:55% of GRDP
Keys:Reformation Collaboration and Decentralization
Smart City Award (Digital Economy No.1))(2016)
UNESCO Creative City Network (Design)(2015)
Online Power
•New Business Promotion
Registration is Enough for a Business with USD 5000 (30,000 New Businesses in Six Months)
Capital Fund with Less than USD 3000:No Collateral For a Group (More than 5 Persons) Finance(10,000 Finance Plans in One Year, No Arrear)
Market: Collaboration with Onlines Shop (Tokopedia) (Annual 16 Million Transaction)
Special Page for Bandung City in Facebook(First in ASEAN)
Online Power
• More Than 50 Mayor’s Routine Authorities to Sub-District Heads
• Rp.100 Mil. to Each of 1561 Neighborhood Associations
• Rp.100 Mil. to Each of 151 Town-Level Groups
• Decentralization
• Transparency
• Online Everyday Report Obligation by Town Head, Sub-district Head
• Obligation to Prompt Response to Community’s Complaints
Mayor’s Popularity: 80%
Just in a City?
Bottom-up Rural Transformation
Momentum: Village Law in 2014
→Decentralization to Villages(Third Wave of Democratization)
Road Map for Village Fund (2015-2019)2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Allocation toLocalGovernments 637,975.10 723,191.20 811,843.70 1,037,911.60 1,118,401.70Percentage ofVillageFund 1.42% 6.40% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%AmountofVillageFund(millionrupiah) 9,066.20 46,982.10 81,184.30 103,791.10 111,840.20PercentageofVillageFund perVillage(millionrupiah) 122.4 628.5 1,095.70 1,400.80 1,509.50
TotalAmountofAllocationforAlltheVillages(fromNationalandLocalGovs.) 44,589.00 86,356.40 126,204.20 162,786.30 175,494.90
Total AllocationtoEachVillage(millionrupiah) 601.8 1,115.20 1,703.30 2,197.10 2,368.60
Village Empowerment for Sustainability, Democracy and Autonomy
Economic Benefit
22
Village Empowerment?
• In Java:Easier(→Utilization of Online Application)
Game My Village
Bojonegoro District:Data Revolution at Village(NGO+CSR)
Village Empowerment?
•Out of Java:Starting from Almost Nothing, Bordering Village, Certifying Land(←a Must for Village Fund and Mid-Term Village Plan)
Long-Term Perspective+Trail and Error: Worthy of Trial for Sustainably Village Empowerment
Ex: Utilization of Drone
Conclusion• ICT-ization: Positive and Negative, but Noticeable Positive Side at Local-level (at Least until now)
•Positive Transformation Movement Down to Rural Areas For a While→Digital Dividend
•Enhance the Social/Economic/Political Life in General, but not always Lead to Reduce the Regional and Local Disparity→Continuing Digital Divide
• ICT Trial: Business as Usual in the Future→Slowing Down the Reformation Process
Conclusion
• Political Factors such as Change of Local Head→Serious Destabilizing Factors for Further Reformation
• Sharing the Idea of “Persistence Pays Off” among Stakeholders: Key for Long-term Local Development
• ICT-ization: Positive Transformation at Local Level, but Positive at National and Global Level?