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POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also known as poly-aromatic

hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, are potent atmospheric

pollutants that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or

carry substituents. Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur

in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning

(whether fossil fuel or biomass). As a pollutant, they are of concern because some

compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.

PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of

PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as

grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.

As for the kinds of polyaromatic hydrocarbons:

AcenaphtheneAcenaphthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting

ofnaphthalene with anethylene bridge connecting positions 1 and 8. An

alternative name, 1,2 dihydroacenaphthylena, emphasizes that it is a hydrogenated

form ofacenaphthylene. It is a constituent ofcoal tar.Acenaphthene was prepared

the first time from coal tar by Marcellin Berthelot and after that with Bardy he

synthesized it from -ethyl naphthalene.It is used in preparation of dyes,

pesticides and pharmaceuticals.It does not appear to be carcinogenic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_aromatic_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroatomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroatomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_aromatic_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic

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Struktur of Acenaphthene

AcenaphthyleneAcenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting

ofnaphthalene with an ethylene bridge connecting positions 1 and 8. It is a

constituent ofcoal tar. Reduction of the ethylene group gives the related

compound acenaphthene.Unlike most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, it has

no fluorescence.

Struktur ofAcenaphthylene

AnthraceneAnthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three

fused benzene rings. It is a component ofcoal-tar. Anthracene is used in

the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes. Anthracene is colorless but

exhibits a blue (400-500 nm peak) fluorescence underultraviolet light.

Struktur ofAnthracene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acenaphthene.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acenaphthene.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acenaphthene.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylene

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Benz[a]anthracene

benzo[a]pyreneBenzo[a]pyrene (C20H12) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon whose metabolites aremutagenic and highly carcinogenic.

Benzo[a]pyrene is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by theIARC. It belongs to a

class of polycyclic aromatic compounds known as benzopyrenes, which consist of

a benzene ring fused to a pyrene molecule. Benzo[a]pyrene is a product of

incompletecombustion at temperatures between 300 and 600C. Benzo[a]pyrene

was determined in 1933 to be the component ofcoal tar responsible for the first

recognized occupation-associated cancers, the sooty warts (cancers of

the scrotum) suffered by chimney sweeps in 18th century England. In the 19th

century, high incidences ofskin cancers were noted among fuel industry workers.

By the early 20th century, the toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene was demonstrated

whenmalignant skin tumors were produced in laboratory animals by repeatedly

painting them withcoal tar.

Struktur of Benzo[a]pyrene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz(a)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz(a)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz(a)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzopyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot_warthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_sweepshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_skin_tumourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_skin_tumourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_sweepshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot_warthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzopyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz(a)anthracene

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Benzo[e]pyreneBenzo[e]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical

formula C20H12. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.

Structur ofbenzo[e]pyrene

Benzo[b]fluorantheneStructur ofbenzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[ghi]peryleneBenzo[ghi]perylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical

formula C22H12.

Stucture of Benzo[ghi]perylene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_3_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(ghi)perylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(ghi)perylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(ghi)perylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(ghi)perylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(b)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_3_carcinogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(e)pyrene

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Benzo[j]fluorantheneBenzo[j]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical

formula C20H12.

Structure of Benzo[j]fluoranthene

Benzo[k]fluorantheneBenzo[k]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical

formula C20H12.

Structure of Benzo[k]fluoranthene

ChryseneChrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular

formula C18H12 that consists of four fused benzene rings. It is a natural constituent

ofcoal tar, from which it was first isolated and characterized. It is also found

in creosote, a chemical used to preserve wood.

Chrysene is formed in small amounts during the burning or distillation of

coal, crude oil, and plant material.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(k)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(k)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(k)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(k)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(j)fluoranthene

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The name "chrysene" originates from Greeko(chrysos), meaning

"gold", and is due to the golden-yellow color of the crystals of the hydrocarbon,

thought to be the proper color of the compound at the time of its isolation and

characterization. However, high purity chrysene is colorless, the yellow hue being

due to the traces of its yellow-orange isomer tetracene, which cannot be separated

easily. Related compounds chrysene is Pyrene, Tetracene,Triphenylene

Structure of Chrysene

CoroneneCoronene (also known as superbenzene) is a polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH) comprising six peri-fused benzene rings.[1]

It is a yellow

material that dissolves in such solvents as benzene, toluene, and dichloromethane.

Its solutions emit blue light fluorescence under UV light. Its emission spectrum is

not symmetrical with its excitation spectrum and varies in the number of bands

and their relative intensities depending on the solvent. It has been used as a

solvent probe, similar to pyrene.

It occurs naturally as the mineral carpathite, which is characterized by flakes

of pure coronene embedded in sedimentary rock. This mineral may result from

ancient hydrothermal vent activity.

Coronene is produced in the petroleum refining process of hydrocracking, where

it can dimerize to a fifteen ring PAH, trivially named "dicoronylene" (formally

named benzo[10,11]phenanthro[2',3',4',5',6':4,5,6,7]chryseno[1,2,3-bc]coronene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronene#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronene#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronene#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicoronylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicoronylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronene#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracene

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or benzo[1,2,3-bc:4,5,6-b'c']dicoronene). Coronene has been seen on the surface

ofTitan (Saturn's moon). It can cause DNA damage in mammals.

The compound is of theoretical interest to organic chemists because of

its aromaticity. It can be described by 20 resonance structures or by a set of three

mobile Clar sextets. In the Clar sextet case the most stable structure for coronene

has only the three isolated outer sextets as fully aromatic

although superaromaticity would still be possible when these sextets are able to

migrate into the next ring.

Structure of Coronene

Dibenz(a,h)anthraceneDibenz(a,h)anthracene is an organic compound with the chemical

formula C22H14.

Stucture ofDibenz(a,h)anthracene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%27s_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superaromaticity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenz(a,h)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenz(a,h)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenz(a,h)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenz(a,h)anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superaromaticity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%27s_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)

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FluorantheneFluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of

a naphthalene and abenzene unit connected by a five-membered ring. It is a

member of the class of PAHs known as non-alternant PAHs because it has rings

other than those with six carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of the alternant

PAH pyrene. It is not as thermodynamically stable as pyrene because its electrons

cannot resonate throughout the complete structure as the corresponding ones in

pyrene.

Fluoranthene is found in many combustion products, along with other PAHs.

Its presence is an indicator of less efficient or lower-temperature combustion,

since non-alternant PAHs are less preferred in formation than alternant PAHs.

Fluoranthene is one of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 16 priority

pollutant PAHs and is a carcinogen.

Fluoranthene has been isolated from coal tar pitch. Its name is derived from

its fluorescenceunder UV light.

Structure ofFluoranthene

FluoreneFluorene or 9H-fluorene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It forms white

crystals that exhibit a characteristic, aromatic odor similar to that ofnaphthalene.

It is combustible. It has a violet fluorescence, hence its name. For commercial

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purposes it is obtained from coal tar. It is insoluble in water and soluble

in benzene and ether.

Fluorene is a precursor to other fluorene compounds; the parent species has

few applications. Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid is a precursor to pharmaceuticals. 2-

Aminofluorene, 3,6-bis-(dimethylaminofluorene), and 2,7-diiodofluorene are

precursors to dyes. Oxidation of fluorene gives fluorenone, which is nitrated to

give commercially useful derivatives. 9-Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (Fmoc

chloride) is used to introduce the 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc)protecting

group on amines in peptide synthesis.[2]

Polyfluorene polymers (where carbon 7 of one unit is linked to carbon 2 of

the next one, displacing two hydrogens) are electrically

conductive and electroluminescent, and have been much investigated for use as

a luminophore in organic light-emitting diodes.

Structure offluorene

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

PhenanthrenePhenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three

fused benzene rings. The name phenanthrene is a composite

ofphenyl and anthracene. In its pure form, it is found incigarette smoke and is a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Fluorenylmethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene#cite_note-Ullmanns-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene#cite_note-Ullmanns-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene#cite_note-Ullmanns-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfluorenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(tobacco_residue)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(tobacco_residue)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfluorenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene#cite_note-Ullmanns-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Fluorenylmethyl_chloroformatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar

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known irritant, photosensitizing skin to light. Phenanthrene appears as a white

powder having blue fluorescence.

Phenanthrene is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in most organic

solvents such astoluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic

acid and benzene.

The compound with a phenanthrene skeleton and nitrogens at the 4 and 5

positions is known asphenanthroline.

Structure ofphenanthrene

Pyrene

Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four

fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. This colourless solid is

the smallest peri-fused PAH (one where the rings are fused through more than one

face). Pyrene forms during incomplete combustion of organic compounds.

Related compound pyrene is benzopyrene.

Structure of pyrene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitivity_in_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion#Incompletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion#Incompletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitivity_in_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis (PAH)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) analysis is a quantitative

technique used for the determination of PAHs (parent compounds and

homologues) in extracts of sediment, water, and tissue. PAH analysis is performed

using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in selected ion

monitoring (SIM) mode. Method detection limits for PAHs using this method are

extremely.

The GC is temperature programmed, operated in splitless mode, and carrier

flow is by electronic pressure control. The capillary column is a J&W DB-

5MS

(60 m long by 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 mm film thickness) or equivalent. The

data acquisition system allows continuous acquisition and storage of all data

during analysis and is capable of displaying ion abundance versus time or scan

number.

A sample batch is analyzed as an analytical set including samples along

with the following specified quality control samples: method-blank, matrix-spike,

duplicate, matrix-spike duplicate, and standard reference material.

A calibration curve is established by analyzing each of five calibration

standards (analyte concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 1 mg/mL) and determining

a relative response factor (RRF) for each analyte. Calibration check standards are

interspersed throughout an analytical batch in order to insure the instruments

integrity. A diluted oil standard is used as a retention index solution for

compounds not found in the calibration solution. Analyte concentrations are

determined using the internal standard method and analyte concentrations are

corrected for surrogate recovery.

http://www.tdi-bi.com/analytical_services/mdls.htmlhttp://www.tdi-bi.com/analytical_services/mdls.html

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Individual Task

Kapita selekta Analitik

The Types of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

NAMA : MURNIYATI MUIS

NIM : H311 08 007

JURUSAN KIMIA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

MAKASSAR

2011