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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009 Polygeneration Polygeneration Technologies Technologies and and Experiences Experiences Dr. Joan Dr. Joan Carles Carles Bruno Bruno Universitat Universitat Rovira i Rovira i Virgili Virgili CREVER CREVER - - Group Group of of Applied Applied Thermal Thermal Engineering Engineering Tarragona ( Tarragona ( Spain Spain ) )
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Page 1: Polygeneration Technologies and Experiences (1.8 MB)six6.region-stuttgart.de/sixcms/media.php/773/JC_Bruno_Poly... · Polygeneration Technologies and Experiences ... Waste Heat Recovery

Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

PolygenerationPolygeneration Technologies Technologies andand ExperiencesExperiences

Dr. Joan Dr. Joan CarlesCarles BrunoBrunoUniversitatUniversitat Rovira i Rovira i VirgiliVirgili

CREVER CREVER -- GroupGroup ofof AppliedApplied ThermalThermal EngineeringEngineeringTarragona (Tarragona (SpainSpain))

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

PresentationPresentation contentcontent

Polygeneration concept

Performance calculation

Review of Polygeneration technologies (cogeneration, thermal cooling,…)

Practical examples

Conclusions

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

1 1 –– Introduction: Polygeneration conceptIntroduction: Polygeneration conceptThere is not an standard definition for the term “polygeneration”.

It is usually used to identify an energy supply system which delivers simultaneously more than one form of energy to the final user, for example: electricity, heating and cooling and in many cases also use one or a combination of primary energy sources such as several fossil fuels and renewable primary energy sources: solar energy, biomass, geothermal energy, etc.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

1 1 –– Introduction: Polygeneration conceptIntroduction: Polygeneration concept

If only power and heat is produced it is referred to as ”Cogeneration” or ”Combined Heat and Power” (CHP) or ”trigeneration” if cooling is also one of the energy services delivered.

In some cases to emphasize the decentralised nature of Polygeneration technologies with respect to central power stations these technologies are also named as ”Distributed Generation” technologies or ”Distribued multi-generation” technologies if the idea of multiple energy outputs is to be highlighted.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

2 2 –– Assessment of Polygeneration plants Assessment of Polygeneration plants performanceperformance

Electric Grid, ηe

Boiler, ηq

EnergyUser

E

Q

PEe

PEq

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMCONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

COGENERATION SYSTEMCOGENERATION SYSTEM

Electric Grid, ηe

Boiler, ηq’

EnergyUser

E

Q

PEe’

PEcg Cogeneration System, ηcg

Ea

Ecg

QcgPEq’

Eex

QexQa

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

2 2 –– Assessment of Polygeneration plants Assessment of Polygeneration plants performanceperformance

SPeη

SPtη

SPCOP

The potential energy saving from any kind of trigeneration plant can be estimated using the Trigeneration Primary Energy Saving (TPES) parameter:

( )SPSPe

cSPt

hZ

ZSP

ZSP

COPQQ

CW

FF

FFTPES

⋅++

−=−

=

ηη

1

Fz overall fossil fuel thermal energy input to the trigeneration system.FSP total fossil fuel thermal energy input required for the separate production

(SP) of the same energy services Wz, Qz and Rz produced by the trigeneration system.

Wz net trigenerated electricity output (including the electricity sold to the grid).Qh net useful trigenerated heat output (excluding the non-recovered waste heat).Qc net trigenerated cooling output.

reference efficiencies for electrical and thermal power of the SP system COP of the compression chiller selected.

SPeηSPeη

SPtη

SPeη

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

2 2 –– Assessment of Polygeneration plants Assessment of Polygeneration plants performanceperformance

Carbon dioxide emissions depend primarily on the type, quality and quantity of the fuel used. To a satisfactory approximation, complete combustion can be assumed, which is very close to reality, when combustion takes place with excess air and the combustion equipment is in good condition and adjusted correctly.

Then, the quantity of the emitted CO2 is calculated by the equation:

2 2CO CO fm m= μ

mass of emitted CO2

2COμ emissions of CO2 per unit mass of fuel (e.g. kg CO2/kg fuel),

mass fuel consumption,

mCO2

mf

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3 3 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Cogeneration TechnologiesCogeneration Technologies

Engines

Internal Combustión engines

External Combustión engines

Reciprocating

Rotary

Reciprocating

Rotary

Steam engines

Steam turbines

Otto Cycle

Diesel Cycle

Gas turbines

Main classification of combustion engines for cogeneration

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.1 3.1 –– Steam TurbinesSteam Turbines

Electrical power capacity: 50 kW – 300 MW

Electrical efficiency: 7 – 20 %

Investment cost: 1000 – 2000 €/kW

Steam turbines for power generation Steam turbines for power and heating

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.2 3.2 –– Reciprocating enginesReciprocating engines

Least expensive and most commonly used CHP prime movers

Type of engines:• Spark ignited: natural gas• compression ignition: diesel

Good part load operation

Electrical power capacity: 5 kW – 20 MW

Electrical efficiency: 25 – 42 %

Investment cost: 350 - 1000 €/kW

Typical waste heat sources

Lubricating oilcooling

Enginecooling

Exhaustgas

cooling

Intercooler

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.3 3.3 –– Gas TurbinesGas Turbines

1212

2828

Loss

es

6060HeatElectricity

100100

~ 450°C

Exhaust gas

Natural gasNatural gas1212

2828

Loss

es

6060HeatElectricity

100100

~ 450°C

Exhaust gas

Natural gasNatural gas

Electrical power capacity: 1 MW – 250 MW

Electrical efficiency: 25 – 40 %

Investment cost: 1000 €/kW

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.4 3.4 –– Combined cyclesCombined cyclesCombined cycles consist of the combination of basic thermodynamic cycles in order to obtain better performance.The Brayton (Gas Turbine) /Rankine (Steam Turbine) Cycle is the most developed and wide-spread of all the conceived combined cycles.Main characteristics: high efficiency (close to 55%). Adequate for high power capacities (> 20 MW).

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.5 3.5 –– Micro Gas TurbinesMicro Gas TurbinesSmall turbines with regeneration

Capacity range: 25 kW to 200 kW

Electrical Efficiency Range: 25% to 30%

Thermal (Recoverable) Energy: exhaust gases

Advantages: • Compact Size• Low Emissions• Fuel Flexibility• Modular• Lower Maintenance

Disadvantages:• Moderate Conversion Efficiencies• Poor Part Load Operation

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.6 3.6 –– Organic Rankine CyclesOrganic Rankine CyclesThe Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is similar to that of a conventional steam turbine cycle, except for the fluid that drives the turbine, which is a high molecular mass organic fluid or fluids commonly used as refrigerants.

7

1 2 34

5

67

8

910

1112

1314

Turbine

ElectricGenerator

Superheater Evaporator Preheater

Waste Heat Recovery Boiler

Regenerator

Air-cooler

Pump

Water Organic fluid

Good applications:

- Low temperature heat sources- Small-medium size plants

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.7 3.7 –– Stirling EnginesStirling Engines

Crank-driven piston Free piston

A gas in a closed cycle is heated and cooled sequentially. Externally fired engine.

Working fluid: air, hydrogen but helium is the most used.

Stirling engines have not reached a mature phase of development (only very fewmanufaturers) and are only available ar a relatively low power level (< 50 kWe).

Main applications: biomass and thermal solar energy (Solar Dish).

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.8 3.8 –– Fuel CellsFuel Cells

Types of FC: AFC (Alkaline Fuel Cell)PAFC (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell)PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell)MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell)SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell)

Low Temperature

High Temperature

Fuel Cells convert the chemical energyof the fuel directly into electricity, and are not restricted by the Carnot efficiency.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

3.8 3.8 –– Fuel CellsFuel CellsHydrogen production

Steam Reforming of light hydrocarbons (natural gas, LPG, … ):

CH4 + H2O 3 H2 + CO (endothermic reaction)CO + H2O H2 + CO2 (catalytic reaction)

Partial Oxidation of heavy hydrocarbons:

2 CH4 + O2 2 CO + H2 (low in O2, 1000ºC thermic, 700ºC catalytic)

Electrolysis:

2 H2O O2 + 2 H2

Biomass gasification: CHxOyNzSn H2 + CO + CO2 + …

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

4 4 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Biomass and biofuel technologiesBiomass and biofuel technologies

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

4 4 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Biomass and biofuel technologiesBiomass and biofuel technologies

The gasification process takes place at high temperature and needs a supply of oxidant lower than required for a combustion process.Application of the produced gas: Fuel or Raw material for chemicals

Higher electric plantefficiency than steam or ORC biomass combustiontechnologies specially forsmall-scale systems.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

5 5 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Thermal Cooling technologiesThermal Cooling technologies

ComparisonComparison ofof thethe main main CoolingCooling production technologiesproduction technologies

Coefficient of performance : COPCoefficient of performance : COP

Expansion valve

High pressure

Low pressure

Mechanical energy

Compressor

Condenser

Evaporator

Vapour compression system Absorption cooling system

compressorthetoinputWorkenergyusefulThermalCOP=

generatorthetoinputHeatenergyusefulThermalCOP =

Expansionvalve

Thermal compression

Heat Generator

Heat exchanger

Condenser

Evaporator

High pressure

Low pressure

Absorber

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

5.1 5.1 –– Absorption systemsAbsorption systems

Fan-coil Unit

Heat Medium

Cooling TowerDiesel/Gas Engine Generator or Fuel Cell

WFC-SC (H)

Fuel Electric Power

(Hot Water)

Cooling Water

Chilled-hot Water

Cool air

Water / Lithium Bromide Technology

Chilled water temperature: 7ºC (fan coils)15 – 18ºC (cold ceilings)

COP: 0.7 (single effect chillers)1.1 – 1.3 (double effect chillers)

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

5.1 5.1 –– Absorption systemsAbsorption systemsAmmonia / Water Technology

As opposite to water/LiBr chillers,possibility to produce refrigerationbelow 0ºC.

Higher driving temperatures.

Need for rectification of the refrigerant stream.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

5.2 5.2 –– Adsorption systemsAdsorption systemsAdsorption chillers are driven by thermal energy like absorption chillers but a solid medium is used as sorbent instead of a liquid.

An adsorption chiller is by nature a discontinuous cycle. To obtain continuouscooling a multiple bed system is used, typically two adsorbent beds out of phase.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

5.3 5.3 –– Desiccant cooling systemsDesiccant cooling systemsChemical dehumidification removes the water vapour from the air by transferring ittowards a desiccant material. Desiccants are materials with a high affinity forwater vapour and may be solid or liquid.

“Regeneration” heat must be supplied in order to remove the adsorbed water fromthe desiccant material.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

6 6 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Thermal Solar EnergyThermal Solar Energy

Solar thermal and cogeneration technologies are in many cases complementary technologies.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

7 7 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Electric driven heat pump and chillersElectric driven heat pump and chillers

A heat pump extracts energy from a low temperature heat source and transformsit into energy at a desirable temperature level. A reversible heat pump produces air conditioning in summer and heating in winter.

Ambient air is by far the most common heat source for heat pump applicationsworldwide and have an acceptable performance in the more temperate areasof Europe. The combination with radiant floor is the most energy efficient systemfor the distribution of the thermal energy.

Other heat sources are: ground or surface water, soil or rock.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

8 8 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Desalination technologiesDesalination technologies

ALIMENTACIÓN PRECALENTADA

ALIMENTACIÓN

RECHAZO

VAPOR(v)

PRODUCTO

VAPOREXTERNO(v1)

(1) (2)

ALIMENTACIÓN PRECALENTADA

ALIMENTACIÓN

RECHAZO

VAPOR(v)

PRODUCTO

VAPOREXTERNO(v1)

(1) (2)

SALMUERA DE RECHAZO

PRODUCTO

ALIMENTACIÓN

VAPOR EXTERNO(mv)

(1)

(3)(2)

(m)

SALMUERA DE RECHAZO

PRODUCTO

ALIMENTACIÓN

VAPOR EXTERNO(mv)

(1)

(3)(2)

(m)

The term desalination refers to the process of withdrawing the solvent water from seawater or brackish water obtaining almost pure water with a very low content of dissolved salts and a brine with a high concentration of solutes.

Most common desalination processesMED, Multi-Effect Distillation MSF, Multi-Stage-Flash

RO, ReverseOsmosis

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

9 9 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Thermal energy storageThermal energy storage

Why, in which context ?Why, in which context ?The maximum chilling load is much higher than the medium chillinThe maximum chilling load is much higher than the medium chilling loadg loadAn important difference between the daily and the nightly electrAn important difference between the daily and the nightly electricity cost icity cost An insufficient capacity of the existing chillers An insufficient capacity of the existing chillers Extension contexts : Investment costs in new chillers too highExtension contexts : Investment costs in new chillers too high

Risks and DisadvantagesRisks and Disadvantages ::Complex installations architectureComplex installations architectureHeat lossesHeat lossesSliding of chillers operation regime Sliding of chillers operation regime ⇒⇒ performances degradation under performances degradation under specific conditions at lower temperaturesspecific conditions at lower temperatures

Daily / peak periods storage (most widespread storage)

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

9 9 –– Polygeneration Technologies:Polygeneration Technologies:Thermal energy storageThermal energy storage

Full storage Partial storages

On-peak demand shaving On-peak demand reducing

Full storage Partial storages

On-peak demand shaving On-peak demand reducing

Technologies :

- Sensible energy change storage- Latent energy change storage

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10 10 –– Polygeneration Incentives, Polygeneration Incentives, Costs and ApplicationsCosts and Applications

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.1 10.1 –– Incentives and CostsIncentives and Costs• A Directive (Directive 2004/8/CE) was passed by the European parliament in February 2004 in the purpose of increasing CHP energy efficiency by creating a framework for the promotion of high efficiency cogeneration.

• The electricity purchase rate depends on the country and varies with time. It is the reason why cogeneration has been in strong development in some European

countries when the purchase rate was high and the natural gas cost was low.

• A well-designed and operated cogeneration scheme will always provide better energy efficiency than a conventional plant, leading to both energy and cost savings.

Estimated costs of cogeneration technologies

Installed cost (€/kW) O&M Cost (€/kWh)Gas Turbine 400 – 900 0.004 – 0.009 Natural gas Engine 600 – 1000 0.007 – 0.015 Diesel Engine 350 – 700 0.005 - 0.010 Steam Turbine 400 – 1500 0.0027 Combined Cycle 450 – 525 0.005 – 0.009 Micro gas turbine 750 - 1000 0.003 – 0.015

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.2 10.2 –– Polygeneration configurationsPolygeneration configurationsA trigeneration system is very attractive to produce air conditioning in summer when the demand for heating is lower and there is a need to use the waste heat from the CHP.

J. Ortiga, J.C. Bruno, A. Coronas, A modular formulation of mathematical programming models for the optimization of energy supply systems, Escape 19 - European symposium on computer aided process engineering, Krakow (Poland).

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.2 10.2 –– Polygeneration configurationsPolygeneration configurations

Heating

Boiler

Exhaust recuperator

MGTsMGTsMGTs

Cooling

NG

Absorp. Chiller

Biogas

Air Air cooling

Digesters

Biogas pretreatment

Heating

Boiler

Exhaust recuperator

MGTsMGTsMGTs

Cooling

NG

Absorp. Chiller

Biogas

Air Air cooling

Digesters

Biogas pretreatment

TRIGENERATION SYSTEM IN A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Heating

Biogas

Digesters

Boiler

FlareFlare

Natural Gas

Conventional situation Trigeneration system

Bruno, J.C., Ortega-López, V., Coronas, A., Integration of Absorption Cooling Systems intoMicro Gas Turbine Cogeneration Systems using Biogas: Case study of a Sewage TreatmentPlant, Applied Energy, 86, 837-847, 2009.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.2 10.2 –– Polygeneration configurationsPolygeneration configurationsPRODUCTION OF DESALTED WATER WITH THE POTENCIAL CAPACITY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY, HEAT AND COOLING

OSMOSOL PROJECT

Bruno, J.C., Letelier, E., Romera, S., López, J., Coronas, A., Modelling and Optimisationof Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Engines for Reverse Osmosis Desalination, Applied Thermal Engineering, 28, 2212-2226, 2008.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.3 10.3 –– Integration into BuildingsIntegration into BuildingsCogenerated heat can be used for domestic hot water, space heating or cooling, laundry facilities, dryers or swimming pool water heating.

The feasibility study and the final design of a cogeneration system must be based on the load profiles of the particular building; peak or average load values are not sufficient, because they may lead to wrong results and decisions due to the highVariability of the buildings energy demands usually closely related to climaticconditions.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.4 10.4 –– Integration into District Heating and Integration into District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networksCooling (DHC) networks

Three primary componentsThree primary components ::

The central plantThe central plantDifferent types of resources conceivableDifferent types of resources conceivableDifferent types of technologies Different types of technologies

The distribution networkThe distribution networkOften the most expensive portion of the Often the most expensive portion of the systemsystem

The consumer systemThe consumer system

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.4 10.4 –– Integration into District Heating and Integration into District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networksCooling (DHC) networks

Networks architecturesNetworks architectures

Tree structureEach substation fed by a single route

Mixed networkSeveral energy-supply routes for each substation

Direct network / consumer connection : Mixing of the primary and the secondary fluids

Indirect network / consumer connection :Heat exchanger between the two fluids

Higher investment costs but no risk of fluids contamination

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

10.4 10.4 –– Integration into District Heating and Integration into District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networksCooling (DHC) networks

Indirect connection – Substation for each energy consumer

• Four pipe lines, simultaneous supply of heating and cooling• Two pipe lines

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11 11 –– Practical ExperiencePractical Experience

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.1 11.1 –– Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain)Vallès, Spain)

The system consists of distributed polygeneration plants including renewable energysources connected to a district heating and cooling network (DHC) and exportingelectricity to the grid in Cerdanyola del Vallès (Spain).

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.1 11.1 –– Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain)Vallès, Spain)

Solar thermal plantBiomass gasification

High efficiencycogeneration

Adsorption chiller

DE Absorption chillers

SE Absorption chillersDistrict Heating & Cooling Network

Cooling & Heatingstorage system

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.1 11.1 –– Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain)Vallès, Spain)

Thermal cooling facilities:

- Single effect absorption chillers driven by hot water from the networkgenerated with the engines waste heat.

- Double effect absorption chiller directly driven by the hot exhaust gas from the engines.

Renewable energy sources:

- Biomass gasification plant using wood waste and byproductsintegrated with a cogeneration engine (1MWe)

- Thermal Solar plant with a total area up to 2000 m2

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.1 11.1 –– Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Polycity project (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain)Vallès, Spain)

214.070214.070112.900112.90010.62210.622281.070281.070Total (final stage)Total (final stage)13.10013.1009.6009.60016016020.80020.800Commercial areaCommercial area

2.9702.9709.3009.3008.3508.35012.27012.270Residential areaResidential area

30.20030.2003.8003.8000044.60044.600SynchrotronSynchrotron

167.800167.800(42.200)(42.200)

90.20090.200(25.200)(25.200)

2.1122.112203.400203.400(40.400)(40.400)

Science & Science & Technology ParkTechnology Park[1][1]

CoolingCoolingHeatingHeatingDHWDHW

Thermal demand (Thermal demand (MWhMWh/year)/year)Electric Electric demanddemand((MWhMWh/year)/year)

Area of the urban Area of the urban planplan

[1] Figures in brackets show the expected demand in the first stage of the urban development.Synchroton Light

Facility

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

Scharnhauser Park/Ostfildern

Renewable energy supply: 80%

Thermal power Biomass: 6.3 MWElectrical power ORC-Module: 1 MWCO2 Reduction: 10.000 t/aFossil energy saving: 3,5 Mio m³ Gas/a

70 kW of building integrated photovoltaics

Low energy residential buildings: First development phase: 16.000 m2

Commercial buildings: 18.000 m2

Pilot building Elektror:main features: thermal cooling, improved façade design, innovative distribution

11.2 11.2 –– Polycity project (Stuttgart, Germany)Polycity project (Stuttgart, Germany)

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

Arquata district

Reduction in conventional energy consumption: 46 %

Photovoltaic system50 kW integrated in the façade of ATC building100 KW on the roofs of the council buildings

Natural gas cogeneration plant0.9 MWel, 1.1 MWth

Innovative façade with PV, shading

Buildings:30 residential buildingsOne high rise commercial building (ATC)

11.3 11.3 –– Polycity project (Turin, Italy)Polycity project (Turin, Italy)

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.4 11.4 –– ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)Polygeneration plant for a District Heating and Cooling networkin a Business Park

Solar thermal Plant

CogenerationHot water storage

Absorption Cooling Mechanical cooling

Cooling water storage

COOLING DEMAND

HEATING DEMAND

ELECTRICITY

Solar PV

Auxiliary boiler

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.4 11.4 –– ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

Prim

ary

Ener

gy S

avin

g (M

Wh/

mon

th)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.4 11.4 –– ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)ParcBit (Mallorca, Spain)

ParcBit DHC Network

Production of hot water: 95ºCProduction of chilled water: 7ºCPressure: 4 kg/cm2

Four pipe network (2 forcooling and 2 for heating)

19900 m of preinsulated underground pipeline fitted with an automatic leak detection system

The total economic investment in year 2001 was 14.4 M€.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.5 11.5 –– Districlima (Barcelona, Spain)Districlima (Barcelona, Spain)

DHC system using LP steam from a neighbour “waste to energy” plant, up to 30 t/hr.

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

11.5 11.5 –– Districlima (Barcelona, Spain)Districlima (Barcelona, Spain)Energy production facilities:

Absorption chillers BROAD: 2 x 4.5 MW of cooling

Electrical chillers McQuay: 2 x 4.0 MW of cooling

Electrical chillers Johnson Controls International: 2 x 7.0 MW of cooling

Heat exchanger – Steam condenser: 4 x 5.0 MW of heating

Boiler: 1 x 20 MW of heating (back-up unit)

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Warsaw Summer School SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY CONCEPTS 31 August - 4 September 2009

12 12 –– ConclusionsConclusionsPolygeneration systems for single buildings or integrated into District Heating and Cooling networks can yield significant energy saving together with GHG emission mitigation with respect to a conventional systems with separate production of energy services.

Renewable energy polygeneration units with some auxiliary fossil primary energy as back-up if it is needed are always good solutions for the environment.

With increasing natural gas prices, they should become more and more attractive when renewable fuel (wood, biogas, etc.) is available at reasonable costs.


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