Polymer Ppts

1Preapred by: Mr. Harminder Singh

A polymer is a high molar mass molecular compound made up of many repeating chemical units.

Naturally occurring polymers• Proteins• Nucleic acids• Cellulose• Rubber

Synthetic polymers• Nylon• Dacron• Lucite

A polymer is a large molecule made by linking togetherrepeating units of small molecules called monomers




Characterizing a Polymer

• Structure • Classification • Synthesis

Structure of a Polymer

• Skeletal Structure • Chemical Structure

Skeletal Structure• Linear – a chain with two ends

Skeletal Structure• Branched – have side chains

Skeletal Structure• Crosslinked (Networked) – chains are

connected to other chains


The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.

Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer

( CF2 CF2 )n

Teflon

( CH2 CH2 )n

Polyethylene

( CH2 CH )n

Cl

PVC

25.2

Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers

Styrene-butadiene rubber

( CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 )n


Classifications

• Thermoplastic• Elastomer• Thermoset

Thermoplastics

• Linear or branched polymers which can be melted when heat is applied.

• Can be molded into any shape with processing techniques such as injection molding or extrusion.

• Most common “plastics”

Thermoplastics

• Plastics – bottles, grocery bags, water piping, rope, fishing line, car parts

• Most are recyclable • Natural thermoplastics – silk,

cellulose (proteins), polylactic acid

Codes for Plastics

• 1 – PETE – soft drink bottles• 2 – LDPE – plastic bags, toys• 3 – PVC – water pipes• 4 – HDPE – milk jugs • 5 – PP – bottle caps• 6 – PS – styrofoam

1

Elastomers• Crosslinked (networked) rubbery

polymers that can be stretched easily (3-10x original size)

• Rapidly recover original dimensions when applied stress is released.

• Low degree of crosslinking

Elastomers

• Uses – examination gloves, rubber bands, bouncing balls

• Not recyclable –Degrades (burns/scorches) when

heat is added• Natural elastomers – natural rubber,

latex

Thermosets• Normally are rigid materials. • Network polymers in which chain

motion is greatly restricted by a high degree of crosslinking.

• Cannot be reshaped once formed.

epoxy

Thermosets

• Uses – high temperature electrical applications, super glue, counter top laminates, epoxy resins, tires (vulcanized rubber)

• Cannot be recycled (burn/scorch with heat)

• Natural* thermosets – vulcanized rubber

PolymerizationAddition PolymerizationCondensation Polymerization


Polyaddition

• Reactions in which monomers combine without the elimination of a small molecule. – Usually involves the breaking of a double

bond.

Polyaddition with Radicals

• Initiation – Creation of an active site (free radical).

• Propagation – Growth of polymer chain by addition of a monomer to an active site and the creation of a new active site.

Polyaddition with Radicals

• Termination – Growth of chain stops. – Combination – Two growing chains collide.– Disproportionation – A hydrogen atom is

added to the end of a growing chain.






Occurs in the presence of a Lewis acid






Polycondensation

• Reactions in which small molecules (H2O, HCl) are eliminated when the monomers combine. e.g. Nylon66

CH2

CC

O

OH

O

OH

4+

NH2

NH2

NH

NH2

CH2 CC

O

OH

O

4




Properties and uses• Good fibre-forming material and is converted into

commercial fibres.• Such fibres have high stretch resistance, high crease and

wrinkle resistance.• Highly resistant to mineral and organic acid, but is less

resistant to alkalies.• Used for making synthetic fibres like terylene, dacron etc.• For blending with wool to provise better crease and wrinkle

resistance.• A glass reinforcing material in safety helmets, aircraft battery

boxes, etc.


Date post:	21-Jul-2016
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Polymer Ppts

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