+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Pope Pius IX

Pope Pius IX

Date post: 05-Nov-2015
Category:
Upload: menilanjan89nl
View: 234 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
Description:
Pope John Pius IXi, papacy, church, christianity, wikipedia, christianity, papacy, pope, wikia
21
 Pope Pius IX Pope Pi us IX  (Latin:  Pi us IX ; 13 May 1792 7 Fe bru ary 187 8), born  Gio van ni Mari a Masta i- Ferretti, [lower-alpha 1] reigned from 16 June 1846 to his death in 1878. He was the longest-reigning elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church – over 31 years. Durin g his pont ic ate, he con ve ned the  First Va tican Council (1869–70), which decree d papal infallibility, but the council was cut short due to the  loss of the Papal States. Pius IX dened the  dogma  of the  Immaculate Concep- tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without ori gina l sin . Piu s IX als o co nf err ed the title  Our Mother of Perpetual Help  on a famous Byzan- tine icon from Crete entrusted to the  Redemptorists. He was also the last pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to the  Italian army in 1870 and were incorporated into the  Kingdom of Italy. After this, he was referred to – chiey by himself – as the "Prisoner of the Vatican". After his death in 1878, his  canonization  process was opened on 11 February 1907 by Pope Pius X and it drew considerable controversy over the years. It was closed on several occasions during the ponticates of  Pope Bene- dict XV and  Pope Pius XI . On 7 December 1954,  Pope Pius XII re-opened the cause and Pope John Paul II  pro- claimed him Venera ble on 6 July 1985. Tog ether with Pope John XXIII  he was  beatied on 3 September 2000 after the recognition of a miracle and was assigned the liturgical feast day of February 7 which is the date of his death. 1 Ov ervi ew Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midst of con sid erab le poli tic al fe rme nt when the bis hop of Spoleto, Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was elected pope. He took the name  Pius, after his generous patr on and the lon g-s uerin g prisone r of Napo leo n Bona - parte,  Pius VII. He had been elected by the faction of cardinals sympathetic to the political liberalization cours- ing across Europe, and his initial governance of the Pa- pal States gives evidence of his own liberal sympathies: Unde r his direction various sorts of politi cal prisoners in the Papal States were released and the city of Rome was granted a constitutional framework under guidance of his friend, philosopher-prince Antonio Rosmini-Se rbati . A series of terrorist acts sponsored by Italian liberals and Pope Pius IX nationalists, which included the assassination of his Min- ister of the Interior,  Pellegrino Rossi , among others, and which forced him briey to ee Rome in 1848 led to his growin g ske pticis m towar ds the liberal, nationa list age nda. Thro ugh the 1850s and 1860s, Italia n nation- alists made military gains against the Papal States, which culminated in the seizure of the city of Rome in 1870. Thereafter, Pius IX refused to accept the Law of Guaran- tees from the Italian go ver nment, whi ch would hav e made the Holy See dependent on legislation that the Italian par- liamen t could modif y at any time. His Church polic ies towards other countries, such as Russia, Germany and France, were not always successful, due in part, to chang- ing secular institutions and internal deve lopme nts within these countrie s. How eve r,  concordats  were concluded with numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador and Haiti. Many contem porary Church historians [4] and journalis ts questi on his approac hes. [5] His appeal for public world- wide support of the Holy See after he became “The pris- oner of the Vatican” resulted in the revival and spread to the whole Catholic Church of  Peter’s Pence, which is used today to enable the Pope “to respond to those who 1
Transcript
  • Pope Pius IX

    Pope Pius IX (Latin: Pius IX ; 13 May 1792 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti,[lower-alpha 1] reigned from 16 June 1846 to hisdeath in 1878. He was the longest-reigning elected popein the history of the Catholic Church over 31 years.During his ponticate, he convened the First VaticanCouncil (186970), which decreed papal infallibility, butthe council was cut short due to the loss of the PapalStates.Pius IX dened the dogma of the Immaculate Concep-tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary wasconceived without original sin. Pius IX also conferred thetitle Our Mother of Perpetual Help on a famous Byzan-tine icon from Crete entrusted to the Redemptorists.He was also the last pope to rule as the Sovereign of thePapal States, which fell completely to the Italian army in1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.After this, he was referred to chiey by himself as the"Prisoner of the Vatican".After his death in 1878, his canonization process wasopened on 11 February 1907 by Pope Pius X and it drewconsiderable controversy over the years. It was closed onseveral occasions during the ponticates of Pope Bene-dict XV and Pope Pius XI. On 7 December 1954, PopePius XII re-opened the cause and Pope John Paul II pro-claimed him Venerable on 6 July 1985. Together withPope John XXIII he was beatied on 3 September 2000after the recognition of a miracle and was assigned theliturgical feast day of February 7 which is the date of hisdeath.

    1 Overview

    Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midstof considerable political ferment when the bishop ofSpoleto, Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, waselected pope. He took the name Pius, after his generouspatron and the long-suering prisoner of Napoleon Bona-parte, Pius VII. He had been elected by the faction ofcardinals sympathetic to the political liberalization cours-ing across Europe, and his initial governance of the Pa-pal States gives evidence of his own liberal sympathies:Under his direction various sorts of political prisoners inthe Papal States were released and the city of Rome wasgranted a constitutional framework under guidance of hisfriend, philosopher-prince Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. Aseries of terrorist acts sponsored by Italian liberals and

    Pope Pius IX

    nationalists, which included the assassination of his Min-ister of the Interior, Pellegrino Rossi, among others, andwhich forced him briey to ee Rome in 1848 led tohis growing skepticism towards the liberal, nationalistagenda. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nation-alists made military gains against the Papal States, whichculminated in the seizure of the city of Rome in 1870.Thereafter, Pius IX refused to accept the Law of Guaran-tees from the Italian government, which would have madethe Holy See dependent on legislation that the Italian par-liament could modify at any time. His Church policiestowards other countries, such as Russia, Germany andFrance, were not always successful, due in part, to chang-ing secular institutions and internal developments withinthese countries. However, concordats were concludedwith numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal,Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras,El Salvador and Haiti.Many contemporary Church historians[4] and journalistsquestion his approaches.[5] His appeal for public world-wide support of the Holy See after he became The pris-oner of the Vatican resulted in the revival and spreadto the whole Catholic Church of Peters Pence, which isused today to enable the Pope to respond to those who

    1

  • 2 3 PAPAL ELECTION

    are suering as a result of war, oppression, natural disas-ter, and disease.[6] In his Syllabus of Errors, still highlycontroversial,[7] Pius IX condemned the heresies of sec-ular society, especially modernism.He was a Marian pope, who in his encyclical Ubi primumdescribed Mary as a Mediatrix of salvation. In 1854,he promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Concep-tion, articulating a long-held Catholic belief that Mary,the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin.In 1862, he convened 300 bishops to the Vatican for thecanonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan. His mostimportant legacy is the First Vatican Council, which con-vened in 1869. This Council discussedmany issues, espe-cially the dogma of papal infallibility, which Pius was ea-ger to have ocially dened by the council; but the coun-cil was interrupted as Italian nationalist troops threatenedRome. The council is considered to have contributed toa centralization of the Church in the Vatican.[8]

    Pius IX, who suered from epilepsy,[9] was beatied byPope John Paul II on 3 September 2000. His Feast Dayis 7 February.[10]

    2 Early life and ministry

    An 1819 picture showing Mastai-Ferretti at his rst Holy Mass

    Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was the ninth child bornin Senigallia into the noble family of Girolamo dei conti

    Ferretti, and was baptized on the same day of his birthwith the name of Giovanni Maria Giambattista PietroPellegrino Isidoro. He was educated at the Piarist Col-lege in Volterra and in Rome. As a theology student inhis hometown Sinigaglia, in 1814 he met Pope Pius VII,who had returned from French captivity. In 1815, he en-tered the Papal Noble Guard but was soon dismissed af-ter an epileptic seizure.[5] He threw himself at the feet ofPius VII, who elevated him and supported his continuedtheological studies.The pope originally insisted that another priest shouldassist Mastai during Holy Mass, a stipulation that waslater rescinded, after the seizure attacks became lessfrequent.[11] Mastai was ordained priest in April 1819.He initially worked as the rector of the Tata Giovanni In-stitute in Rome. Shortly before his death, Pius VII senthim as Auditor to Chile and Peru in 1823 and 1825 toassist the Apostolic Nuncio, Monsignore Giovanni MuziandMonsignore BradleyKane, in the rstmission to post-revolutionary South America.[12] Themission had the ob-jective to map out the role of the Catholic Church in thenewly independent South American republics. He wasthus the rst pope ever to have been in America. Whenhe returned to Rome, the successor of Pius VII, Pope LeoXII appointed him head of the hospital of San Michelein Rome (18251827) and canon of Santa Maria in ViaLata.Pope Leo XII appointed Father Mastai-FerrettiArchbishop of Spoleto, his own hometown, in 1827 atthe age of 35.[11] In 1831, the abortive revolution thathad begun in Parma and Modena spread to Spoleto;the Archbishop obtained a general pardon after it wassuppressed, gaining him a reputation for being liberal.During an earthquake, he made a reputation as anecient organizer of relief and great charity.[11] Thefollowing year he was moved to the more prestigiousdiocese of Imola, was made a cardinal in pectore in 1839,and in 1840 was publicly announced as Cardinal-Priestof Santi Marcellino e Pietro. As in Spoleto, his episcopalpriorities were the formation of priests through improvededucation and charities. He became known for visitingprisoners in jail, and for programs for street children.[13]According to historians, Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti wasconsidered a liberal during his episcopate in Spoleto andImola because he supported administrative changes inthe Papal States and sympathized with the nationalistmovement in Italy.

    3 Papal electionMain article: Papal conclave, 1846The conclave of 1846, following the death of Pope Gre-gory XVI (183146), took place in an unsettled politi-cal climate within Italy. Because of this, many foreignCardinals decided not to attend the conclave. At its start,only 46 out of 62 cardinals were present.

  • 3An 1846 picture of Pope Pius IX soon after his election to thepapacy.

    Moreover, the conclave of 1846 was steeped in a factionaldivision between conservatives and liberals. The con-servatives supported Luigi Lambruschini, Gregory XVI'sCardinal Secretary of State. Liberals supported two can-didates: Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi and the then 54-year-old Mastai-Ferretti.[14] A fourth papabile was CardinalLudovico Micara the Dean of the College of Cardinalswho was favored by the residents of Rome itself but henever gained support among the cardinals.[15]

    During the rst ballot, Mastai-Ferretti received 15 votes,the rest going to Cardinal Lambruschini and CardinalGizzi. Lambruschini received a majority of the votesin the early ballots, but failed to achieve the requiredtwo-thirds majority. Cardinal Gizzi was favored by theFrench government but failed to get further support fromthe cardinals and the conclave ended up ultimately asa contest between Cardinals Lambruschini and Mastai-Ferretti.[15] In the meantime, Cardinal Tommaso Ber-netti reportedly received information that Karl Kajetanvon Gaisruck the Austrian Archbishop of Milan was onhis way to the conclave to veto the election of Mastai-Ferretti. According to historian Valrie Pirie, CardinalBernetti realized that if Lambruschini was to be stoppedand Mastai-Ferretti was to be elected he had to con-vince the cardinals within a few hours or accept the elec-tion of Lambruschini.[15] Bernetti then on his own ini-tiative personally convinced the majority of the electorsto switch their support to Mastai-Ferretti.[15] CardinalMastai-Ferretti himself however made no eort to cam-paign for the papacy, made no promises and maintainedaloofness throughout the process.[15]

    Faced with deadlock and persuaded by Bernetti to keepLambruschini from being elected pope, liberals and mod-erates decided to cast their votes for Mastai-Ferretti in

    a move that contradicted the general mood throughoutEurope. By the second day of the conclave, on 16June 1846, during an evening ballot, Mastai-Ferretti waselected pope. He was a glamorous candidate, ardent,emotional with a gift for friendship and a track-record ofgenerosity even towards anti-Clericals and Carbonari. Hewas a patriot, known to be critical of Gregory XVI "[14]Because it was night, no formal announcement was given,just the signal of white smoke. Many Catholics had as-sumed that Gizzi had been elected successor of St. Peter.In fact, celebrations began to take place in his hometown,and his personal sta, following a long-standing tradition,burned his cardinalitial vestments.On the following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon,Tommaso Riario Sforza, announced the election ofMastai-Ferretti before a crowd of faithful Catholics.WhenMastai-Ferretti appeared on the balcony, the moodbecame joyous. Mastai-Ferretti chose the name of PiusIX in honor of Pope Pius VII (180023), who had encour-aged his vocation to the priesthood despite his childhoodepilepsy.However, Mastai-Ferretti, now Pope Pius IX, had lit-tle diplomatic and no curial experience at all, which didcause some controversy. The government of the Em-pire of Austria as represented by Prince Metternich inits foreign aairs objected to even the possible electionof Mastai-Ferretti. Thus, Cardinal Gaisruck, Archbishopof Milan, was sent to present the Austrian ocial vetoagainst Mastai-Ferretti. However, Gaisruck arrived toolate; the new Pope was already elected.[16] Pius IX wascrowned on 21 June 1846.

    4 Papacy

    The election of the liberal Pius IX created much enthusi-asm in Europe and elsewhere. Although he was not un-known and had done nothing on an administrative levelbefore his election, and although there were no utterancesfrom him, he increased in fame and popularity.

    For the next twenty months after the election,Pius IX was the most popular man on the Ital-ian peninsula, where the exclamation Longlife to Pius IX!" was often heard.[17]

    English Protestants celebrated him as a friend of light anda reformer of Europe towards freedom and progress.[18]He was elected without political inuences from outsideand in the best years of his life. Hewas pious, progressive,intellectual, decent, friendly, and open to everybody.[19]

  • 4 4 PAPACY

    Cardinal Secretary of State Antonelli

    4.1 Governing the Church4.1.1 Centralization

    The end of the Papal States was not the only importantevent in the long ponticate of Pius. His leadership ofthe Church contributed to an ever-increasing centraliza-tion and consolidation of power in Rome and the papacy.While his political views and policies were hotly debated,his personal life style was above any criticism; he was con-sidered a model of simplicity and poverty in his every dayaairs.[20] More than his predecessors, Pius used the pa-pal pulpit to address the bishops of the world. The FirstVatican Council, which he convened to consolidate papalauthority further, was considered a milestone not only inhis ponticate but also for Church history.[8]

    4.1.2 Church rights

    The Church policies of Pius IX were dominated with adefence of the rights of the Church and the free exerciseof religion for Catholics in countries like Russia and theOttoman Empire. He also fought against what he per-ceived to be anti-Catholic philosophies in countries likeItaly, Germany and France. Many of the Popes subjectswanted to be Italian instead. The soldiers who guardedthe Pope from Italians (between 1849 and 1870) were

    largely French and Austrian. The Pope considered mov-ing to Germany (see below).After the French loss in the Franco-Prussian War of18701871, the Papal States lost its protector and wereabsorbed by Italy. Germany actively persecuted theChurch for a decade after the war.[21]

    Pope Pius IX, Basilica Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy.

    4.1.3 Jubilees

    Pius IX celebrated several jubilees including the 300thanniversary of the Council of Trent. Pius celebrated the1,800th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Apostle Pe-ter and Apostle Paul on 29 June 1867 with 512 bishops,20,000 priests and 140,000 lay persons in Rome.[22] Alarge gathering was organized in 1871 to commemoratethe 25th anniversary of his papacy. The Italian govern-ment in 1870 outlawed many popular pilgrimages. Thefaithful of Bologna organized a nationwide spiritual pil-grimage to the pope and the tombs of the apostles in1873.[23] In 1875, Pius declared a Holy Year that wascelebrated throughout the Catholic world. On the 50thanniversary of his episcopal consecration, people fromall parts of the world came to see the old ponti from 30

  • 5.1 Reforms in the Papal States 5

    April 1877 to 15 June 1877. He was a bit shy, but he val-ued initiative within the Church and created several newtitles, rewards and orders to elevate those who in his viewdeserved merit.[24]

    4.1.4 Consistories

    Main article: Cardinals created by Pius IX

    Pius IX created a total of 122 new Cardinals the limit ofthe College of Cardinals was 70 of which 64 were aliveat his death. Noteworthy elevations included VincenzoPecci, his eventual successor Leo XIII; Nicholas Wise-man of Westminster; Henry Edward Manning; and JohnMcCloskey, the rst American ever to be elevated intothe College of Cardinals.[25]

    5 Sovereign of the Papal StatesMain article: Papal States under Pope Pius IXPius IX was not only pope, but until 1870, also the

    An 1870 German drawing shows Pius IX as Papst und Knig,Pope and King'

    Sovereign Ruler of the Papal States. His rule was consid-ered secular, and as such, he was occasionally accordedthe title king.[26] However, whether this was ever a titleaccepted by the Holy See is unclear. One of the mostfervent contemporary critics of his infallibility dogma,Ignaz von Dllinger, considered the political regime ofthe pope in the Papal States as wise, well-intentioned,mild-natured, frugal and open for innovations.[27] Yetthere was controversy. In the period before the 1848 rev-olution, Pius was a most ardent reformer advised by suchinnovative thinkers as Rosmini who were able to recon-cile the new free thinking concerning human rights withthe classical natural law tradition of the Churchs teach-ing in political aairs and economic order (social justiceteachings). After the revolution however, his political re-forms and constitutional improvements were consideredminimalist, remaining largely within the framework ofthe 1850 laws mentioned above.[28]

    5.1 Reforms in the Papal States

    St.Peters Plaza before Pius IX added statues of Peter and Paul

    As liberal Europe applauded his election, he introducedpolitical reforms on a broad scale. He initiated the con-struction of railways, and the installation of street lightingthroughout Rome. He improved agricultural technologyand productivity via farmer education in newly createdscientic agricultural institutes. He abolished the require-ments for Jews to attend Christian services and sermonsand opened the papal charities to the needy of them.[14]He gave much to charities, living like a pauper. The newpope freed all political prisoners by giving amnesty to rev-olutionaries, which horried the conservative monarchiesin the Austrian Empire and elsewhere[14] Within one yearof his election, he appointed an assembly of lay peopleto assist in the governing of the Papal States. His ac-tions were applauded by Protestant statesmen. He wascelebrated in New York, London and Berlin as a modelruler.[14]

  • 6 5 SOVEREIGN OF THE PAPAL STATES

    5.2 Governmental structureIn 1848, Pius IX released a new constitution titled theFundamental Statute for the Secular Government of theStates of the Church. The governmental structure of thePapal States reected the dual spiritual-secular characterof the papacy. The secular or laypersons were stronglyin the majority with 6,850 persons versus 300 membersof the clergy. Nevertheless, the clergy made key deci-sions and every job applicant had to present a characterevaluation from his parish priest to be considered.[29]

    5.3 Finance

    A view of the pastoral setting in the centre of Rome showing theColoseum and Foro Romano around 1870

    Financial administration in the Papal States under Pius IXwas increasingly put in the hands of laypersons. The bud-get and nancial administration in the Papal States hadlong been subject to criticism even before Pius IX, anddid not end with his papacy. In 1850, he created a govern-mental nance congregation consisting of four laypersonswith nance background for the 20 provinces.

    5.4 Commerce and tradePius IX is credited with systematic eorts to improvemanufacturing and trade by giving advantages and papalprizes to domestic producers of wool, silk and othermate-rials destined for export. He improved the transportationsystem by building roads, viaducts, bridges and seaports.A series of new railway links connected the Papal Statesto northern Italy. It became soon visible, that the North-ern Italians were more adept to exploit economically themodern means of communication than the inhabitants incentral and Southern Italy.[30]

    5.5 JusticeThe justice system of the Papal States was subject to nu-merous accusations, not unlike the justice systems in therest of Italy. There was a general lack of legal booksand standards and accusations of partiality of the judges.

    Throughout Italy but also in the Papal States, maa-type criminal bands threatened commerce and travellersin several regions, engaging in robbery and murder atwill.[31]

    133 people were executed during Pius IXs rule in thePapal States.

    5.6 MilitaryA unique position was granted to the papal army, at thattime consisting almost exclusively of foreigners: the Ro-man Black Nobility was not willing to serve, and the pop-ulation resisted military service despite a decent salarystructure and the potential for promotion. A main ele-ment of the papal army was the Swiss Guard. The num-ber of papal soldiers in 1859 was 15,000.[32]

    5.6.1 Universities

    The two papal universities in Rome and Bologna sueredmuch from revolutionary activities in 1848 but their stan-dards in the areas of science, mathematics, philosophyand theology were considered adequate.[33] Pius recog-

  • 5.7 Social life 7

    Papal soldiers around 1860

    A hagiographic presentation of Pius IX from 1873

    nized that much had to be done and instituted a reformcommission in 1851.During his tenure, Catholics and Protestants collaboratedto found a school in Rome to study international lawand train international mediators committed to conictresolution.[34]

    5.7 Social lifeThere was one newspaper, Giornale di Roma, and one pe-riodical, Civilta Cattolica, run by Jesuits.[33] When Mar-cantonio Pacelli, the grandfather of Eugenio Pacelli, ap-proached Pius about an ocial newspaper, LOsservatoreRomano, which printed what the pope said and did theprevious day, Pius turned him down. Pacelli publishedanyway, and Leo XIII bought it from him a few yearslater.

    5.8 Arts

    An 1870 view of the Lateran

    Likemost of his predecessors, Pius IXwas a patron of thearts. He supported art, architecture, painting, sculpture,music, goldsmiths, coppersmiths and more, and handedout numerous rewards to its representatives.[35] Muchof his eorts were oriented to Churches in Rome andin the Papal States, many of which were renovated andimproved.[36]

    5.8.1 Restorations and discoveries

    Great eorts were undertaken to restore historic walls,fountains, streets and bridges. He ordered the excavationof Roman sites, which led to several major discoveries.He ordered the strengthening of the Colosseum, whichwas threatened with collapse.[37] Huge sums were spentin the discovery of Christian catacombs, for which Piuscreated a new archaeological commission in 1853.

    5.9 Protestants and JewsMain article: Pope Pius IX and Judaism

    The Papal States were a theocracy in which the CatholicChurch and Catholics had more rights than members ofother religions. Pius IXs policies became increasinglyreactionary over time: At the beginning of his ponti-cate, together with other liberal measures, Pius openedthe Jewish ghetto in Rome. After returning from exile

  • 8 6 POLICIES TOWARD OTHER NATIONS

    in 1850, during which the Roman Republic issued sharpanti-Churchmeasures,[38] the Pope issued a series of anti-liberal measures, including re-instituting the Ghetto.[39]

    In 1858, in a highly publicized case, the police of the Pa-pal States seized a 6-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mor-tara, from his parents. A Christian servant girl of thefamily, fearing he would die, had reportedly baptized himwhile he was ill. The Papal state law did not permit Chris-tians to be raised by Jews, even their own parents. Piusraised the boy in the papal household and the boy laterwas ordained a priest.

    6 Policies toward other nations

    The statue of Saint Peter was placed in the basilica by Pope PiusIX

    Pius IX was the last pope who was also a secular ruleras monarch of the Papal States. As sovereign-ruler ofthe Papal States, he ruled over 3 million people and con-ducted diplomatic relations with other states, the mostimportant of which was Italy, which in 1870 ended theindependent Papal States and reduced the papacy to aminiature state.

    6.1 Italy

    Main article: Pope Pius IX and ItalyWell aware of the political pressures within the PapalStates, Pius IXs rst act of general amnesty for politicalprisoners did not consider the potential implications andconsequences: The freed revolutionaries merely resumed

    their previous activities and his concessions only pro-voked greater demands as patriotic Italian groups soughtnot only a constitutional government which he was sym-pathetic to but also the Unication of Italy under hisleadership and a war of liberation against Catholic Aus-tria, which claimed the northern Italian provinces as itsown.[40]

    By early 1848, all of Western Europe began to be con-vulsed in various revolutionary movements.[41] The Pope,claiming to be above national interests, refused to go towar with Austria, which totally reversed the up to nowpopular view of him in his native Italy.[40] In a calcu-lated, well-prepared move, Rossi was assassinated on 15November 1848, and in the days following, the SwissGuards were disarmed, making the Pope a prisoner in hispalace.[42]

    A Roman Republic was declared in February 1849.Pius responded from his exile by excommunicating allparticipants.[43]

    He visited the hospitals to comfort the wounded and sickbut he seemed to have lost both some of his liberal tastesand his condence in the Romans, who had turned againsthim in 1848. Pius decided to move his residence from theQuirinal Palace inside Rome to the Vatican, where popeshave lived ever since.[27] He reformed the governmentalstructure of the Papal States on 10 September 1850 andits nances on 28 October in the same year.

  • 6.3 United Kingdom 9

    Inside of Saint Peters around 1870

    End of the Papal States

    After defeating the papal army on 18 September 1860at the Battle of Casteldardo, and on 30 September atAncona, Victor Emmanuel took all the Papal territoriesexcept Latium with Rome. In 1866 he granted Pius IXthe Law of Guarantees (13 May 1871) which gave thePope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereigntyover this territory, nevertheless granting him the right tosend and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25 mil-lion liras annually. Pius IX ocially rejected this oer(encyclical Ubi nos, 15 May 1871), retaining his claim toall the conquered territory.

    6.2 MexicoWith Napoleon IIIs establishment of the Second Mex-ican Empire and Maximilian I of Mexico as its rulerin 1864, the Church was looking for some relief froma friendly government after the anti-clerical actions ofBenito Jurez. Jurez had recently suspended paymenton foreign debt and seized Church property.Pius had blessed Maximilian and his wife Charlotte ofBelgium before they set o for Mexico to begin theirreign.[44] But the friction between the Vatican and Mex-ico would continue with the new Emperor when Maxim-ilian insisted on freedom of religion, which Pius opposed.Relations with the Vatican would only be resumed whenMaximilian sent a recently converted American Catholicpriest Father Fischer to Rome as his envoy.Contrary to Fischers reports back to Maximilian, thenegotiations did not go well and the Vatican would notbudge.[45] Maximilian sent his wife Charlotte to Europeto plead against the withdrawal of French troops. Af-ter an unsuccessful attempt at negotiating with NapoleonIII, Charlotte then traveled to Rome to plead with Pius in1866. As the days passed Charlottes mental state becameovertly paranoid.She sought refuge with the pope, and she would eat anddrink only what was prepared for him, fearful that every-thing else might be poisoned. The pope, though alarmed,was accommodating to her and even agreed to let her stay

    in the Vatican one night after she voiced anxiety about hersafety. She and her assistant were the rst women to staythe night inside the Vatican.[46]

    6.3 United Kingdom

    England for centuries was considered missionary terri-tory for the Catholic Church.[47] Pius IX changed thatwith the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae (29 September 1850).He re-established the Catholic hierarchy in England andWales, under the newly appointed Archbishop and Car-dinal Nicholas Wiseman with 12 additional episcopalseats: Southwark, Hexham, Beverly, Liverpool, Salford,Shrewsbury, Newport, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham,Birmingham and Northampton.[48] Some violent streetprotests against the papal aggression resulted in theEcclesiastical Titles Act 1851 being passed by Parlia-ment, which on penalty of imprisonment and nes for-bade any Catholic bishop to use any episcopal title 'of anycity, town or place, or of any territory or district (underany designation or description whatsoever), in the UnitedKingdom'.[49] The law was never enforced and was re-voked twenty years later.[50]

    6.4 Netherlands

    The Dutch government instituted religious freedom forCatholics in 1848. In 1853, Pius erected the Archdioceseof Utrecht and four dioceses in Haarlem, Den Bosch,Breda and Roermond under it. As in England, this re-sulted in a popular outburst of anti-Catholic sentiment,which as in England, soon subsided.[51]

    6.5 Spain

    Spain traditionally Catholic oered a challenge toPius IX as anti-clerical governments were in power from1832, resulting in the expulsion of religious orders, theclosing of convents, the closing of Catholic schools andlibraries, the seizure and sale of churches and religiousproperties and the inability of the Church to ll vacantdioceses.[52] In 1851, Pius IX concluded a concordat withQueen Isabella II, which stipulated that unsold Churchproperties were to be returned, while the Church re-nounced properties that had already passed owners. Thisexibility of Pius led to Spain guaranteeing the freedomof the Church in religious education.[52]

    6.6 United States

    Main article: Pope Pius IX and the United States

    Pope Pius IX approved the unanimous request ofAmerican bishops that the Immaculate Conception be in-

  • 10 6 POLICIES TOWARD OTHER NATIONS

    Pius IX elevated John McCloskey as the rst American to theCollege of Cardinals on 15 March 1875.

    voked as the Patroness of the United States of Americaon 7 February 1847.A letter Pius IX wrote to Jeerson Davis, addressing himas the Illustrious and Honorable President of the Con-federate States of America, was seen by some as thehighest international recognition the Confederate Statesof America ever received.[53]

    Pius IX elevated John McCloskey as the rst Americanto the College of Cardinals on 15 March 1875.

    6.7 Canada

    Pius IX increased the number of Canadian dioceses fromfour to 21 with 1,340 churches and 1,620 priests in1874.[54]

    6.8 Concordats

    Pius IX signed concordats with Spain, Austria, Tuscany,Portugal, Haiti, Honduras, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Sal-vador and Russia.[25]

    6.9 AustriaThe 1848 revolution had mixed results for the CatholicChurch in Austria-Hungary. It freed the Church from theheavy hand of the state in its internal aairs, which wasapplauded by Pius IX. Similar to other countries, Austria-Hungary had signicant anti-Catholic political move-ments, mainly liberals, which forced the emperor Franz-Joseph I in 1870, to renounce the 1855 concordat with theVatican. Austria had already in 1866 nullied several ofits sections concerning the freedom of Catholic schoolsand prohibition of civil marriages.[55] After diplomaticapproaches failed, Pius responded with an encyclical on7 March 1874, demanding religious freedom and free-dom of education. Despite these developments, therewas no equivalent to the German Kulturkampf in Aus-tria, and Pius created new dioceses throughout Austria-Hungary.[56]

    Expulsion of the Russian envoy to the Holy See Felix von Meyen-dor by Pope Pius IX for insulting the Catholic faith

    6.10 RussiaMain article: Pope Pius IX and Russia

    The Ponticate of Pius IX began in 1847 with an Acco-modamento, a generous agreement, which allowed Piusto ll vacant Episcopal Sees of the Latin rites both in Rus-sia (Baltic countries) and the Polish provinces of Rus-sia. The short-lived freedoms were undermined by theOrthodox Church, Polish political aspirations in the oc-cupied lands and the tendency of imperial Russia to actagainst any dissent. Pius rst tried to position himself inthe middle, strongly opposing revolutionary and violentopposition against the Russian authorities, and, appeal-ing to them for more Church freedom. After the failureof the Polish uprising in 1863, Pius sided with the perse-cuted Poles, protesting their persecutions, infuriating theTsarist government to the point that all Catholic dioceseswere eliminated by 1870.[57] Pius criticized the Tsarwithout naming himfor expatriating whole communi-

  • 11

    ties to Siberia, exiling priests, condemning them to labourcamps and abolishing Catholic dioceses. He pointed toSiberian villages Tounka and Irkout, where in 1868, 150Catholic priests were awaiting death.[58]

    6.11 PolandMain article: Pope Pius IX and Poland

    7 Plans to leave Rome

    The Lateran Basilica

    Several times during his ponticate, Pius IX consid-ered leaving Rome. One occurrence was in 1862, whenGiuseppe Garibaldi was in Sicily gathering volunteers fora campaign to take Rome under the slogan Roma o Morte(Rome or Death). On 26 July 1862, before Garibaldi andhis volunteers were stopped at Aspromonte:

    Pius IX conded his fears to Lord OdoRussell, the British Minister in Rome, andasked whether he would be granted politicalasylum in England after the Italian troops hadmarched in. Odo Russell assured him that hewould be granted asylum if the need arose, butsaid that he was sure that the Popes fears wereunfounded.[59]

    Two other instances occurred after the Capture of Romeand the suspension of the First Vatican Council. Otto vonBismarck conded these to Moritz Busch:

    As amatter of fact, he [Pius IX] has alreadyasked whether we could grant him asylum. Ihave no objection to itCologne or Fulda. Itwould be passing strange, but after all not soinexplicable, and it would be very useful to usto be recognised by Catholics as what we reallyare, that is to say, the sole power now existing

    that is capable of protecting the head of theirChurch. [...] But the King [William I] willnot consent. He is terribly afraid. He thinksall Prussia would be perverted and he himselfwould be obliged to become a Catholic. I toldhim, however, that if the Pope begged for asy-lum he could not refuse it. He would have togrant it as ruler of ten million Catholic sub-jects who would desire to see the head of theirChurch protected.[60]

    Rumours have already been circulated onvarious occasions to the eect that the Popeintends to leave Rome. According to the lat-est of these the Council, which was adjournedin the summer, will be reopened at anotherplace, some personsmentioningMalta and oth-ers Trient. [... ] Doubtless the main objectof this gathering will be to elicit from the as-sembled fathers a strong declaration in favourof the necessity of the Temporal Power. Ob-viously a secondary object of this Parliamentof Bishops, convoked away from Rome, wouldbe to demonstrate to Europe that the Vaticandoes not enjoy the necessary liberty, althoughthe Act of Guarantee proves that the ItalianGovernment, in its desire for reconciliation andits readiness to meet the wishes of the Cu-ria, has actually done everything that lies in itspower.[61]

    8 TheologyMain article: Theology of Pope Pius IXPius was adamant about his role as the highest teachingauthority in the Church.[62] He promoted the foundationsof Catholic Universities in Belgium and France and sup-ported Catholic associations with the intellectual aim toexplain the faith to non-believers and non-Catholics. TheAmbrosian Circle in Italy, the Union of Catholic Workersin France and the Pius Verein and the Deutsche Katholis-che Gesellschaft in Germany all tried to bring the Catholicfaith in its fullness to people outside of the Church.[63]

    8.1 Mariology

    Pius shared a strong devotion to the Virgin Mary withmany of his contemporaries, who contributed to RomanCatholic Mariology. Marian doctrines featured promi-nently in 19th century theology, especially the issue ofthe Immaculate Conception of Mary. During his pon-ticate, petitions increased requesting the dogmatizationof the Immaculate Conception. In 1848 Pius appointeda theological commission to analyze the possibility for aMarian dogma.[64]

  • 12 9 LAST YEARS AND DEATH

    Pope Pius IX proclaimed two dogmas

    8.2 Thirty-eight Encyclicals

    Main article: List of encyclicals of Pope Pius IX

    Pius issued a record 38 encyclicals. They include:Qui pluribus (1846) dealt with faith and religion;Praedecessores nostros (1847) with aid for Ireland; Ubiprimum 1848 with The Immaculate Conception; Nostiset nobiscum 1849 with the Church in the Papal States;Neminem vestrum 1854 with the bloody Persecution ofArmenians; Cum nuper 1858 with the care for Cler-ics; Amantissimus 1862 with the Care of the Churches;Meridionali Americae 1865 with the Seminary for theNative Clergy; Omnem sollicitudinem 1874 about theGreek-Ruthenian Rite; Quod nunquam 1875 the Churchin Prussia. On 7 February 1862 he issued the papal con-stitution Ad universalis Ecclesiae, dealing with the condi-tions for admission to religious orders of men in whichsolemn vows are prescribed. Unlike popes in the 20thcentury, Pius IX did not use encyclicals to explain thefaith, but to condemn what he considered errors.[65] PiusIX was the rst pope to popularize encyclicals on a largescale to foster his views.

    8.3 First Vatican Council

    Pius decisively acted on the century-old disagreement be-tweenDominicans and Franciscans regarding the Immac-ulate Conception of Mary, deciding in favor of the Fran-ciscan view.[66] However, this decision, which he formu-lated as an infallible dogma, raised a question: Can a

    The First Vatican Council presided by Pius IX

    popemake such decisions without the bishops? This fore-shadowed one topic of the First Vatican Council, whichhe later convened for 1869.[67] The Pope did consult thebishops beforehand with his encyclical Ubi primum (seebelow), but insisted on having this issue claried never-theless. The Council was to deal with Papal Infallibility,enhancing the role of the papacy and decreasing the roleof the bishops.[67] The role of the bishops was to be dealtwith at the Council, but it was disbanded because of theimminent attack by Italy against the Papal States. Thus,the major achievements of Pius IX are his Mariology andVatican I.[67]

    8.4 Inuence

    Pius IX approved 74 new religious congregations forwomen alone.[68] In France, Pius IX created over 200new dioceses and created new hierarchies in severalcountries.[68]

    9 Last years and deathPius IX lived just long enough to witness the death ofhis old adversary, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy in Jan-uary 1878. As soon as he learned about the serious-ness of the situation of the king, he absolved him of allexcommunications and other ecclesiastical punishments.Pius IX died one month later on 7 February 1878 at 5:40pm, of epilepsy, which led to a seizure and a sudden heartattack, while saying the rosary with his sta.[69]

    Since 1868, the Pope was plagued rst by facial erysipelasand then by open sores on his legs.[70] Nevertheless,he insisted on celebrating daily Mass. The extraordi-nary heat of the summer of 1877 worsened the soresto the eect that he had to be carried. He underwentseveral painful medical procedures, which he undertookwith remarkable patience. He spent most of his lastfew weeks in his library, where he received cardinalsand held audiences.[71] On 8 December, the Feast of theImmaculate Conception, his situation improvedmarkedlyto the point that he could walk again. By February, he

  • 13

    Pius IX in 1877

    could say Mass again on his own in standing position, en-joying the popular celebration of the 75th anniversary ofhis rst communion. Bronchitis, a fall to the oor, andrising temperature worsened his situation after 4 Febru-ary 1878. He continued joking about himself, when theCardinal Vicar of Rome ordered bell-ringing and non-stop prayers for his recuperation. Why do you want tostopme from going to heaven?" he asked with a smile. Hetold his doctor that his time had come.[72] Pope Pius IXdied on 7 February 1878, aged 85, concluding the longestponticate in papal history, after that of St Peter whomtradition holds had reigned for 37 years. His last wordswere Guard the church I loved so well and sacredly, asrecorded by the Cardinals kneeling beside his bedside.His body was originally buried in St. Peters grotto, butwas moved in a night procession on 13 July 1881 to theBasilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls. When thecortege approached the Tiber River, a group of anticler-ical Romans threatened to throw the con into the riverbut a contingent of militia arrived.[73]

    10 BeaticationThe process for his beatication, which in the early stageswas strongly opposed by the Italian government, wasbegun on 11 February 1907, and recommenced three

    Pius IX death mask

    Obelisk in honor of Pope Pius IX. Jalisco, Mexico

    times.[74] The Italian government had since 1878 stronglyopposed beatication of Pius IX. Without Italian opposi-tion, Pope John Paul II declared him venerable on 6 July1985, and beatied him on 3 September 2000 (his com-memoration is 7 February).The beatication of Pius IX was controversial, and wascriticized by some Jews and Christians because of whatwas perceived as his authoritarian, reactionary politics;the accusation of abuse of episcopal powers; and per-ceived anti-Semitism (specically, in the case of EdgardoMortara).[75]

  • 14 12 PHOTOS OF POPE PIUS IX

    A painting of the pope.

    Card. Pecci (Leo XIII) certies the death of Pope Pius IX

    11 Legacy

    Tomb of Blessed Pius IX

    Pius IX celebrated his silver jubilee in 1871, going on tohave the longest reign in the history of the post-apostolicpapacy, 31 years, 7 months and 23 days. As his tempo-ral sovereignty was lost, the Church rallied around him,and the papacy became more centralized, to which hispersonal life-style of simplicity and poverty is consideredto have contributed.[76] From this point on, the papacybecame and continues to become increasingly a spiri-tual, and less a temporal, authority. Pius IXs ponticatemarks the beginning of the modern papacy.Having started as a liberal, Pius IX turned conservativeafter being thrown out of Rome. Thereafter, he was con-sidered politically conservative, but a restless and rad-ical reformer and innovator of Church life and struc-tures. Church life, religious vocations, new foundationsand religious enthusiasm all ourished at the end of hisponticate.[68][77] Politically, his ponticate ended withthe isolation of the papacy from most major powers ofthe world: The prisoner of the Vatican had poor rela-tions with Russia, Germany, and the United States, poorrelations with France and open hostility with Italy. Yet hewasmost popular with the faithful in all these countries, inmany of which Pope Pius associations were formed in hissupport. He made lasting Church history with his 1854infallible decision of the Immaculate Conception, whichwas the basis for the later dogma on the Assumption.His other lasting contribution is the invocation of theecumenical council Vatican One, which promulgated thedenition of Papal infallibility. With his advice he helpedSaint John Bosco found the Salesian Society, for whichreason he is also called don Boscos Pope.[78]

    The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy,is a list of 112 short phrases in Latin. They purport todescribe each of the popes. It describes Pius IX as Cruxde Cruce, Cross of the cross.

    12 Photos of Pope Pius IXThe art of photography developed during Pius IXs pon-ticate, and he was the rst pope to be photographed,mainly in his later years.Some contemporaries of Pius IX like Cardinal GiuseppePecci considered photography inferior to painting and re-fused to be photographed. Pius, however, was open to thenew form of art.

  • 15

    13 Memorabilia

    Picture showing the massacre of Perugia citizens by the papaltroops, 20 June 1859

    In two nights after his 1846 pardon freeing all po-litical prisoners, thousands of Romans with torchesroamed to the Quirinal Palace, where Pius IX lived,celebrating the pope with Evvivas, speeches andmu-sic through both nights. The Popewent several timesto the balcony to give his blessing. On the thirdday, when his horse-drawn carriage left the Palace tomove to the Vatican, Romans unhitched the horsesand pulled the papal carriage on their own[79]

    On 16 November 1848, an excited mob of revolu-tionaries moved to the Quirinal and the Parliamentto present to the Pope their demands, especially waragainst Austria. The Pope reportedly replied, hisdignity as head of state and of the Church does notpermit him to full conditions of rebels. Followingthis, the Quirinal was covered by cannon re, whichcaused several deaths. After that, to save lives, thePope agreed to a list of proposed ministers, althoughstating that he would abstain from any cooperationwith them.[80]

    After the French troops, who protected the PapalStates, left Rome, an Italian army with 60,000 menapproached the city, which was defended by only10,000 papal soldiers. The Pope instructed his sol-diers to give only token resistance and to enter anarmistice after the rst defeat because the Deputyof Christ does not shed blood. When the old PortaPia was bombarded, opening a huge hole for the in-vaders, the Pope asked the white ag to be shown. Itwas his last act as King of the Papal States.[81] Thelast papal shot at the Porta Pia was red by an Aus-trian alumnus of the Stella Matutina.[82]

    Pius IX was lampooned by reference to the Italianversion of his name (Pio Nono), as Pio No No.

    His occasional mood changes and emotional out-bursts have been interpreted as symptoms of hisepilepsy.[83][84]

    One enduring popular touch lies in Pius IXs artis-tic legacy as author of the Italian-language lyrics ofItalys best-known indigenous Christmas carol, Tuscendi dalle stelle (From starry skies descended),originally a Neapolitan language song written bySaint Alphonsus Liguori.

    During his stay at the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, on 8September 1849, Pope Pius IX had the experienceof a train trip from Portici to Pagani, so he becameenthusiastic about this modern invention. When hewent back to his seat in Rome, he promoted thegrowth of a railroad network, starting in 1856 withthe Rome and Frascati Rail Road. By 1870, thelength of railway lines built in the Papal States was317 kilometres (197 mi). He also introduced gaslighting and the telegraph to the Papal States.

    Pope Pius IX Funeral.

    To commemorate his term as pope, there is a streetin Montreal called Pie-IX (Pie-Neuf), French forPius IX. There is also a stop on the Montreal Metrosystem called Pie-IX serving the street, located atthe foot of the Olympic Stadium. In addition, thereare streets in Santiago, Chile, and Macon, Georgia,called Po Nono, Italian for Pius IX and a secondaryschool with the same name (Pio IX) in BuenosAires, Argentina.

    Pope Pius IX died aged 85 on 7 February 1878 af-ter a ponticate of 32 years. It was his last wishto be buried not in the Vatican but in the Basilicadi San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, his casket to be or-nated with a simple cross that was not to cost morethan 400 Scudi. At the request of Italian authorities,the funeral took place three years later in the middleof the night on 12/13 July 1881. It was accompa-nied by the clergy and Roman society. The housesalong the streets were illuminated with torches, andpeople threw owers from the window on the horse-drawn carriage. A group of anti-Catholic national-ists screaming, Long live Italy! Death to the Pope!Death to the Priests!" tried to steal the body of the

  • 16 15 REFERENCES

    pope and throw it into the Tiber River.[85] The sim-ple grave of Pius IX was changed by his successor,John Paul II, after his beatication.

    14 Notes[1] English: John Mary Mastai-Ferretti

    15 References[1] IL SEMINARIO PIO DI ROMA E LA DIOCESI DI

    SENIGALLIA (in Italian)". Papa Pio IX. Retrieved 18March 2015.

    [2] Cause of Beatication (in Italian)". Papa Pio IX. 2000.Retrieved 18 March 2015.

    [3] Cause of Beatication (in Italian)". Papa Pio IX. 2000.Retrieved 18 March 2015.

    [4] Eamon Duy, 222235

    [5] Van Biema, David Not So Saintly?" TIME magazine, 27August 2000

    [6] Peters Pence. Usccb.org. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [7] Challenge to the Church by William Pfa | The NewYork Review of Books. Nybooks.com. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [8] Franzen 363

    [9] Joseph I. Sirven, MD, Talks About the Epilepsy of PopePius IX, The Mayo Clinic, 3 Jan. 2008. Epilepsy.com.2008-01-03. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [10] Angelus, John Paul II, 8 February 2004

    [11] Schmidlin 8

    [12] El Papado y la Iglesia naciente en Amrica Latina (18081825) ". Viajeros.net. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [13] Schmidlin 10

    [14] Duy 222

    [15] Valrie Pirie. The Triple Crown: An Account of the Pa-pal Conclaves Pius IX (Mastai-Ferretti)".

    [16] Burkle-Young 2000, p. 34.

    [17] In den nchsten zwanzig Monaten war Pius IX. der pop-ulrste Mann der Halbinsel; des Rufes Evviva Pio nono!war kein Ende mehr. (Seppelt Ler: Papstgeschichte,Mnchen 1933, p. 408.). See archive.org (download)

    [18] Pougeous I, 215

    [19] Schmidlin 23

    [20] Franzen 357

    [21] Carroll, James (2001). Constantiness Sword. pp. 479494. ISBN 0-395-77927-8. Ch 48: Setting a Standard:The Church Against Bismarck

    [22] Schmidlin 294

    [23] Schmidlin 297

    [24] Schmidlin 299

    [25] Franzen 364

    [26] About, Ch I: The Pope as a King

    [27] Schmidlin 45

    [28] Schmidlin 47

    [29] Stehle 47

    [30] Schmidlin 52

    [31] Schmidlin 49

    [32] Schmidlin 50

    [33] Schmidlin 53

    [34] Gagliarducci, Andrea. Pope Francis carries forwardpapal commitment to peace, Catholic News Agency,September 77, 2013

    [35] Schmidlin 55

    [36] Capitelli, 17147.

    [37] Schmidlin 61

    [38] Pougeois II, p. 429.

    [39] Pougeois III,258

    [40] Duy 223

    [41] 1848: Year of Revolution, Michael Rapport.Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [42] Schmidlin 35

    [43] Piux IX, Roberto De Mattei, Page 33. Books.google.com.Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [44] casa imperial de Mexico. Casaimperial.org. Retrieved2013-06-23.

    [45] The Cactus Throne; the Tragedy of Maximilian and Car-lotta

    [46] Prince Michael (2002). The Empress of Farewells.Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-836-1.

    [47] Franzen. 363

    [48] Shea 195

    [49] Report of the House of Commons Select Committee onEcclesiastical Titles and Roman Catholic Relief Acts, 2August 1867, p. 89

  • 17

    [50] Text of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1871 as in force today(including any amendments) within the United Kingdom,from the UK Statute Law Database

    [51] Shea 205206

    [52] Shea 204

    [53] Google Books. Jeerson Davis: The Man and His HourEscrito by William C. Davis

    [54] Schmidlin 212

    [55] Franzen 362

    [56] Schmidlin 141143

    [57] Shea 274 .

    [58] Shea 277

    [59] [Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi, Viking Press, New York(1976) p. 535

    [60] Moritz Busch Bismarck: Some secret pages of his history,Vol. I, Macmillan (1898) p. 220, entry for 8 November1870

    [61] Moritz Busch Bismarck: Some secret pages of his history,Vol. II, Macmillan (1898) pp.4344, entry for 3 March1872

    [62] Schmidlin 313

    [63] Schmidlin 313315

    [64] Bumer 245

    [65] Italy, Switzerland, Prussia and others

    [66] Franzen, 340

    [67] Franzen 340

    [68] Duy 234

    [69] Schmidlin 100102

    [70] see Martina III, and http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20IX..html (German)

    [71] Schmidlin 101

    [72] Schmidlin 102

    [73] The Oxford Dictionary of Popes,J.N.D. Kelly, Oxford1987 p.310

    [74] Woodward 31011.

    [75] Milavec, Aaron (2007). Salvation is from the Jews (John4:22): saving grace in Judaism and messianic hope inChristianity. Liturgical Press. pp. 15960. ISBN 978-0-8146-5989-2.

    [76] Franzen Kirchengeschichte 336

    [77] Schmidlin pp292

    [78] IX. Piusz, don Bosco ppja, in: Don Bosco Kalendrium2011, Szalzi Szent Ferenc Trsasga Budapest 2010, site8.

    [79] Schmidlin 26

    [80] Schmidlin 29

    [81] Schmidlin 89.

    [82] Josef Knnz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 18561956J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956;

    [83] H. Schneble. Pope Pious IX, epilepsy. Famous peoplewho suered from epilepsy. Pious IX. Epilepsiemu-seum.de. Retrieved 2013-06-23.

    [84] Rita Watson, MPH, Joseph I. Sirven, MD, Talks About theEpilepsy of Pope Pius IX.

    [85] Schmidlin 103104

    16 Further reading About, Edmund (1859). The Roman Question. NewYork: D. Appleton and Company.

    Acta et decreta Pii IX, Ponticis Maximi, VolI-VII,Romae 1854

    Acta et decreta Leonis XIII, P.M. Vol I-XXII, Ro-mae, 1881,

    Actae Sanctae Sedis, (ASS), Romae, Vaticano 1865 Barwig, Regis N. (1978). More Than a Prophet:

    Day By Day With Pius IX. Altadena: Benziger Sis-ters.

    L. Boudou, Le S. Siege et la Russie, Paris, 1890 Burkle-Young, Francis A. (2000), Papal Elections

    in the Age of Transition, 18781922, LexingtonBooks, retrieved 2012-07-15.

    Capitelli, Giovanna, Mecenatismo ponticio e bor-bonico alla vigilia dell'unit, Viviani Editore, Rome,2011 ISBN 8879931482

    Chiron, Yves, Pope Pius IX: The Man and TheMyth, Angelus Press, Kansas City-MI, 2005 ISBN1-892331-31-4

    Corcoran, James A. Pius IX and His Ponticate,The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. III,1878.

    De Cesare, Raaele (1909). The Last Days of PapalRome. London: Archibald Constable & Co.

    Duy, Eamon, Saints and Sinners, a History of thePopes Yale University Press, 1997

    Franzen, August, Papstgeschichte, Herder, Freiburg,1988 (cit.Franzen)

    Franzen, August, Kleine Kirchengeschichte Herder,Freiburg, 1991 (cit.Franzen, Kirchengeschichte)

  • 18 17 EXTERNAL LINKS

    Hasler, August Bernhard (1981). How the Pope Be-came Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persua-sion. Doubleday.

    Hasler, August Bernhard (1979). Wie der Papst un-felhlbar wurde: Macht undOhnmacht eines Dogmas.R. Piper & Co. Verlag.

    Kertzer, David I. (2004). Prisoner of the Vatican:The Popes Secret Plot to Capture Rome from theNew Italian State. Houghton Miin. ISBN 0-618-22442-4.

    Martina, S.J. Pio IX (18461850) Roma: EditricePonticia Universita Gregoriana, Vol I-III, 19741991

    Mooney, JohnA. Pius IX and the Revolution, 18461848, The American Catholic Quarterly Review,Vol. XVII, 1892.

    Pougeois, Histoire de Pie IX, son ponticat et sonsiecle, Vol I-VI, Paris, 1877

    Schmidlin, Josef, Papstgeschichte, Vol I-IV, Kstel-Pusztet Mnchen, 19221939

    John Gilmary Shea, The Life of Pope Pius IX, NewYork, 1877

    Sylvain, Histoire de Pie IX le Grand et de son pon-ticat, Vol I,II, Paris, 1878

    Franz Spirago, Pldatr (Examples from life; from6. German edition translated Bezerdj Lszl),Szent Istvn-Trsulat Budapest, 1927

    Woodward, Kenneth L. (1996). Pius IX andthe Posthumous Politics of Canonization. Makingsaints: how the Catholic Church determines who be-comes a saint, who doesn't, and why. Simon andSchuster. pp. 30935. ISBN 978-0-684-81530-5.Retrieved 16 July 2010.

    17 External links Pope Pius IX (His Encyclical Writings) Biography with pictures (German) Pope Pius IX: text with concordances and frequencylist

    Catholic-Hierarchy entry The Last Days of Papal Rome by Raaele De Cesare(1909) London, Archibald Constable & Co.

    Pius IX (17921878)" by Derek Michaud in TheBoston Collaborative Encyclopedia ofWestern The-ology

  • 19

    18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses18.1 Text

    Pope Pius IX Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX?oldid=667713551 Contributors: Magnus Manske, TwoOneTwo,Mav, RobLa, Andre Engels, Danny, Panairjdde~enwiki, GrahamN, Montrealais, Edward, Michael Hardy, Isomorphic, Jtdirl, Gabbe,Looxix~enwiki, Ihcoyc, Docu, Angela, Vzbs34, Nikai, JamesReyes, John K, Charles Matthews, RickK, Zoicon5, Itai, Pietro, LordEmsworth, Wetman, Huangdi, Gentgeen, Robbot, Naddy, Rursus, JackofOz, Dmn, Marnanel, Everyking, Jacob1207, Finn-Zoltan,Jori~enwiki, Jastrow, Andycjp, Alexf, Zeimusu, HistoryBA, 1297, Oneiros, OwenBlacker, Jesster79, Sharavanabhava, Rlquall, Necrothesp,Coburnpharr04, Gerald Farinas, Willhsmit, TJSwoboda, Trilobite, Mennonot, Mike Rosoft, D6, Zarxos, Discospinster, Eb.hoop, RichFarmbrough, Guanabot, Ibagli, Bender235, A purple wikiuser, CanisRufus, Pjrich, Julius.kusuma, Lima, Senori, Bill Thayer, Bobo192,Shenme, Allthewhile, Dungodung, Anonymous Cow, Ardric47, Polylerus, Supersexyspacemonkey, ADM, Patsw, Alansohn, JYolkowski,PaulHanson, Schnell, LtNOWIS, AzaToth, Binabik80, Ahseaton, SteveHFish, Scarykitty, Kelly Martin, Rorschach, Woohookitty,FeanorStar7, Bratsche, Pol098, Je3000, Tabletop, Grace Note, GregorB, Isnow, Jhortman, Rchamberlain, J M Rice, Shanedidona, Palica,Bebenko, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Coemgenus, NatusRoma, Lionel Elie Mamane, BCV, Vegaswikian, Chekaz, Schaengel89~enwiki,FayssalF, FlaBot, Mathbot, Ysangkok, Kerowyn, RexNL, Karelj, Yggdrasilsroot, Str1977, Wlkernan, Chobot, Jaraalbe, Harvzsf, Krawun-sel, YurikBot, Jimp, RussBot, Briaboru, Gaius Cornelius, Kimchi.sg, NawlinWiki, Odejea, Grafen, Mhartl, Howcheng, Midnite Critic, StijnCalle, Mike H., Michael Drew, M3taphysical, Vlad, Bota47, Homagetocatalonia, Silverhorse, Contaldo80, Antipope, Whobot, Garion96,Kungfuadam, Ief, Fastifex, Philip Stevens, Entheta, West Virginian, Attilios, SmackBot, Unschool, Unyoyega, Elfsareus, Onebravemon-key, TypoDotOrg, Commander Keane bot, Chris the speller, TimBentley, Dahn, Russvdw, Derek72, Droll, Colonies Chris, GoodDay,Andrew Reynolds, NYKevin, Onorem, Jennica, EOZyo, Konczewski, Grover cleveland, Jmlk17, Savidan, Tim riley, Christian Emperor,TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Mathiasrex, Summerbell, Luiclemens, KarlM, Faysals,RandomCritic, JHunterJ, Hvn0413, STL Dilettante, 2T, Doczilla, Neddyseagoon, Bwpach, Caiaa, Dl2000, PaulGS, Iridescent, Alessan-dro57, Grblomerth, JoeBot, Walton One, Eguirald~enwiki, UncleDouggie, MJO, Adam sk, Jontomkittredge, Ehistory, Vjamesv, Fma12,Chnv, CmdrObot, Drinibot, Bilcarter, Mogilny, Treybien, MWaller, Roberta F., Lo2u, Thijs!bot, Barticus88, Barnej, Ericstoltz, Head-bomb, PsychoInltrator, Darev, The Hybrid, Mdriver1981, Oreo Priest, AntiVandalBot, Paste, Smith2006, Tjmayerinsf, Fayenatic london,A.M.962, The dominus, Giler, Interactbiz, Panarjedde, Hut 8.5, YK Times, Gndawydiak, Kikadue~enwiki, Italus, Miguelemejia, Jfpessoa,Ling.Nut, Hammojj0, Waacstats, Alekjds, MiPe, Textorus, Ekotkie, JNF Tveit, Kask, Ustye, AlexiusHoratius, Arighboke, Brian JosephMorgan, Kimse, DrKiernan, Weissmann~enwiki, Peter Chastain, Bhairava2, Yonidebot, OceGirl, SlowJog, Acalamari, LordAnubis-BOT, Mangwanani, Kansas Bear, Neighborhooddopeman, KylieTastic, STBotD, Uhai, Lucifero4, MishaPan, Jarry1250, Thismightbezach,Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Deor, VolkovBot, The Duke of Waltham, Tesscass, Majoreditor, Dominics Fire, WOSlinker, TXiKiBoT, Docan-ton, A4bot, Rei-bot, John Carter, Lradrama, Paul Jan, GirasoleDE, SieBot, Work permit, Alex Middleton, Keilana, Gotipe, Extrala,Monegasque, Darth Kalwejt, Phil Bridger, Oxymoron83, Lightmouse, Bede735, Fratrep, MrsKrishan, BluekittySC, Denisarona, Lloyd-baltazar, ImageRemovalBot, Enzoantonius, Martarius, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Fadesga, P0mbal, Arakunem, Marjaliisa,Drmies, Joao Xavier, Niceguyedc, Aaroncorey, Piledhigheranddeeper, Darth Vader7, Auntof6, DragonBot, Alexbot, GreenGourd, SunCreator, Ni'jluuseger, M.O.X, Elizium23, Eduhello, Snapish, HoboJunction, Ceartas, John Paul Parks, Versus22, Masternachos, Egmon-taz, DumZiBoT, , Redhill54, Ambrosius007, BaroloLover, Snapish57, TFBCT1, Gggh, Surtsicna, Anticipation of a New LoversArrival, The, Bazj, Addbot, Jojhutton, LightSpectra, Mukmak, Laurinavicius, , Wlumrc9182, LafcadioHearn, Mikenlesley, Bassbone-rocks, ProSaDomino, The Quill, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Kiril Simeonovski, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Worldbruce, Gambori,Donfbreed, Alexander336, KamikazeBot, Remclaecsec, Truthbetold200, AnomieBOT, Message From Xenu, Floozybackloves, Jim1138,Jmsukip, Glenfarclas, Jcrct, Citation bot, Audeamus.at, DynamoDegsy, LilHelpa, MauritsBot, Xqbot, La convivencia, JimVC3, XZe-roBot, Tad Lincoln, Jun Kayama, RibotBOT, Mathonius, Vlastimil Svoboda, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Vidboy10, Gottesmm, Citation bot1, AstaBOTh15, Kladderadatsch, Adlerbot, Turian, Carolina cotton, Frindro, TobeBot, Reaper Eternal, Ridiculus mus, DARTH SID-IOUS 2, Jldoane, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, RoyalStephens1655, Esoglou, EmausBot, John of Reading, Mogulero, Pjposullivan, Stebunik,Dewritech, Unklscrufy, Fex1993, Spongie555, Ungomma, Wikipelli, K6ka, Puresky, Dml0sc, Neun-x, Anir1uph, SporkBot, Burressd,Senjuto, Chewings72, Zavatter, Mentibot, ChuispastonBot, E. Fokker, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, ATX-NL, , CallidusUlixes,Frietjes, Hazhk, Mannanan51, Helpful Pixie Bot, Sverceluz, Pauldeeloret, CarloMartinelli, Ptarwala, Carsenegame, Historian1990, Suc-cursu, Kleshty, YFdyh-bot, Bryantmaquito, JYBot, Dexbot, Lugia2453, Jsepe, Matthewrobertolson, Nicholasemjohnson, Telfordbuck,Julian Felsenburgh, ThatoneGuy123, Unixbytes90, CutlerB, Evensteven, Lord Sidious 82, Livioandronico2013, Parmo22, Monkbot, Kun-yachica83, Bobby Martnen, Sanchejm, Superawesomeperson, Kar Almaguer, Harvzs, KasparBot, PaulBustion88, WDeFraine and Anony-mous: 321

    18.2 Images File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA

    3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li-

    cense: Public domain Contributors: Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54;

    Original artist: F l a n k e r File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.

    svg License: Public domain Contributors: Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54;

    Original artist: F l a n k e r File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

    artist: ? File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.

    svg License: Public domain Contributors:

  • 20 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a le by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of Vatican CityState.svg, who had created his le using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploadedthis version on 19 January 2007.

    File:Expulsion_of_the_Russian_envoy_to_the_Holy_See_Felix_von_Meyendorff_by_Pope_Pius_IX.PNG Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Expulsion_of_the_Russian_envoy_to_the_Holy_See_Felix_von_Meyendorff_by_Pope_Pius_IX.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/wgr/work/show/id/56/ordr/1 Original artist: JdrzejBrydak (1837-1876)

    File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

    File:Io9cardinal1846.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Io9cardinal1846.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-utors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Le_Pape_Pie_IX__Rome.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Le_Pape_Pie_IX_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zavatter

    File:LeopioIX.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/LeopioIX.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1879 book on Pope Leo XII Original artist: Benzinger

    File:Obelisco_Jamay.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Obelisco_Jamay.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arps9311

    File:Perugia_massacre_patriots_1859.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Perugia_massacre_patriots_1859.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Da Novara a Roma (old book) 1868 Original artist: Franco Mistrali

    File:Pij-IX_brown.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Pij-IX_brown.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Papstgeschichte Original artist: J. M. Aigner (1819-1886); book by Franz Xaver Seppelt und Klemens Ler

    File:Pio91877.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Pio91877.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:PiusbuchOriginal artist:A Russell

    File:Pio927y.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Pio927y.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1877 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Shea

    File:Pio9lateran.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/75/Pio9lateran.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Pio9macloskey.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/Pio9macloskey.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors:1877 book by SheaOriginal artist:Shea

    File:Pio9pepeking.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Pio9pepeking.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Pio9sanpietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b4/Pio9sanpietro.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Pio9soldiers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8b/Pio9soldiers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Pio9stpeters.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/Pio9stpeters.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Pio9vat1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Pio9vat1.jpgLicense: Public domainContributors: 873book on Pope Pius IX Original artist: Karl Benzinger

  • 18.3 Content license 21

    File:PioIXa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/PioIXa.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:PioIXmass.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/PioIXmass.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:PioLateran.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/20/PioLateran.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:PiusbuchOriginal artist:A Russell

    File:Pio_Nono.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Pio_Nono.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: alekjds (talk contribs)

    File:Pioantonelli.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Pioantonelli.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:PiusbuchOriginal artist:A Russell

    File:Pionono12.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Pionono12.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 PiusbookOriginal artist:A Russell

    File:PiusIX01227v.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/PiusIX01227v.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital IDpga.01227.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original artist: Published by P.D. Farrell, 23 & 25 Spring St. NY Entered according to the act of Congress in the year 1872 by P.D.FARRELL in the oce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington D.C.

    File:Pius_IX_-_funeral.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Pius_IX_-_funeral.jpg License: Public do-main Contributors: Library of Congress Original artist: Currier & Ives, New York

    File:Pius_PP._IX.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Pius_PP._IX.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-utors: http://orbiscatholicussecundus.blogspot.com/2012/04/study-of-papal-signatures.html Original artist: Superawesomeperson

    File:Piusixdeathmask.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Piusixdeathmask.jpg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: DanielHass

    File:Popepiusix.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Popepiusix.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: http://www.papapionono.it/bgimg/piocolor.jpg Original artist: George Peter Alexander Healy

    File:Romapio9col.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Romapio9col.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:1873 book on Pope Pius IXOriginal artist:Karl Benzinger

    File:Rome_basilica_st_peter_011c.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Rome_basilica_st_peter_011c.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Rome basilica st peter 011.JPG Original artist: Mattana (Crop of original picture)

    File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CCBY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Prol by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Prol

    File:Tomb_of_Pope_Pius_IX.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Tomb_of_Pope_Pius_IX.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Livioandronico2013

    File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

    18.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

    OverviewEarly life and ministryPapal electionPapacyGoverning the ChurchCentralizationChurch rightsJubileesConsistories

    Sovereign of the Papal StatesReforms in the Papal StatesGovernmental structureFinanceCommerce and tradeJusticeMilitaryUniversities

    Social lifeArtsRestorations and discoveries

    Protestants and Jews

    Policies toward other nationsItalyMexicoUnited KingdomNetherlandsSpainUnited StatesCanadaConcordatsAustriaRussiaPoland

    Plans to leave RomeTheologyMariologyThirty-eight EncyclicalsFirst Vatican CouncilInfluence

    Last years and deathBeatificationLegacyPhotos of Pope Pius IXMemorabiliaNotesReferencesFurther readingExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license


Recommended