Population as a System In-migrants Total Population Population
Gain Population Loss + _ + _ Migrational Change Natural Change
Births DeathsOut-migrants Task 1: After discussing the terminology
above, complete worksheet-Population as a system
Slide 3
Factors affecting fertility Population fertility (A factor
affecting population change) Measurements of fertility: Crude birth
rate is the common method of measuring fertility. CBR = Total
number of births X1000 or X100(%) Total population CBR does not
take into account the age and gender (sex) of the population. In
1997 this was 24 per 1000.
Slide 4
Crude Birth Rates 1991
Slide 5
Birth rate figures
Slide 6
Crude Birth Rates - Asia Annual births per 1,000 population
40.00 to 53.00 28.00 to 39.99 21.00 to 27.99 13.00 to 20.99 8.00 to
12.99
Slide 7
Birth Rate (births per 1,000 population) Afghanistan42
Bangladesh29 Bhutan37 Brunei25 Burma29 Cambodia42 China16 Hong
Kong13 India26 Indonesia23 Sri Lanka18 Taiwan15 Thailand17
Vietnam22 Iran31 Japan10 Laos41 Macau13 Malaysia27 Maldives40
Mongolia24 Nepal36 North Korea17 Pakistan34 Philippines28
Singapore14 South Korea16 CRUDE BR - ASIA Task 2: List the CBR from
5 countries that you are likely to remember in Asia. You must be
able to remember these for your exam.
Slide 8
CRUDE BR - EUROPE 40.00 to 53.00 28.00 to 39.99 21.00 to 27.99
13.00 to 20.99 8.00 to 12.99 Annual births per 1,000
population
Slide 9
CRUDE BR - EUROPE Birth rate (births per 1,000 population)
Albania21 Austria10 Belgium10 Bosnia 9 Croatia10 Denmark12
Finland11 France12 Germany9 Greece10 Hungary11 Iceland15 Ireland13
Italy9 Luxembourg11 Netherlands12 Norway13 Poland10 Portugal11
Russia28 Serbia13 Spain10 Sweden12 Switzerland11 Ukraine10 UK12
Task 3: List the CBR from 5 countries that you are likely to
remember in Europe
Slide 10
Crude birth rate: number of live births per 1000 people per
year.http://www.undp.org/http://www.undp.org/ Crude due to not
taking into account pop structure (i.e. whole pop used) and many
births not registered in LEDCs. Task 4: Look at page 357 in Waugh
Third edition (fig 13.19 and describe (say what you see) the
patterns of crude birth rate globally. Use continents, countries,
compass directions, coastal etc and relate to key areas around the
world.
Slide 11
Total fertility rate is the number of children born to a women
during her lifetime (Child bearing years is usually referred to as
15-50). Hence more accurate than Crude Birth rate. TFR obviously
varies across the world and currently the world TFR is 3.1. The TFR
for the UK is 1.8 and in Sierra Leone (West Africa) it is 6.5. Age
specific fertility rate (ASFR) is a measure of the number of
children born to each age group, in relation to the number of woman
in that age group Seven age groups are conventionally used across
the span 15-49 years. ASFRs are normally expressed as per 1000
women in each age group. More definitions
Slide 12
Slide 13
Age Specific Fertility Rates
Slide 14
General Fertility Rate (GFR) Is the number of live births per
1000 women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) in a
specific year. Task 5: Handout worksheet Fertility3a-Students to
read and answer the questions. Task 6: Complete all questions on
the Fertility questions Worksheet 3b Task 7 (Short H/W task): Go to
the website on the worksheet (7), and complete the missing
figures.
Slide 15
Replacement level fertility When there is just enough children
born to balance the numbers that die i.e. keep the population
totals constant. The figure is about 2.1(TFR). The figure is over 2
due to child mortality rates/females dying during the child bearing
period and therefore some females do not go through the full child
bearing age and have less children and on average there are
slightly more boys than girls born. Example 100 females have 210
children and 10 die before they reach child bearing age etc.
Slide 16
Slide 17
The replacement rate is not met in the following countries: UK
(TFR) 1.7, China and Germany 1.3, Spain and Italy 1.3. Task 8: View
the graphs on page 47 P,R & D and describe the changes and
predicted changes since 1955 in replacement levels. Try and give
reasons for this trend. Task 9: Using pages 51 and 52 of Pop,
resources and development, make notes under the following headings:
Demographic factors Sociocultural factors Economic factors
Slide 18
Slide 19
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE 1996
Slide 20
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
Slide 21
PERCENTAGE CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, 1997
Slide 22
Abortion Laws Task 10: Hand out worksheet 4c-Factors affecting
Fertility Sexual union-Students read & highlight and staple
into their workbooks
Slide 23
Fertility Rates and Education Levels
Slide 24
Spatial patterns of fertility: Aims: To understand the broad,
global patterns of fertility and be able to describe and account
for these patterns (See page 28 in booklet). Age of marriage e.g.
marriage generally is younger in sub Saharan Africa than Europe.
Monogamy/Pologamy (e.g. muslims having more than one wife)
Widowhood/divorce Spousal separation (i.e away working elsewhere
e.g. urban migrants in LEDCs. Coital frequency (how often you have
sex) Post birth abstinence (not wanting sex after a child) Natural
sterility (Inability to conceive or have a child) Pathological
sterility (Disease related due to infections e.g. gonorrhoea)
Lactational amenorrhea (cant get pregnant whilst breast feeding
Contraceptive use Spontaneous abortion Induced abortion
Emancipation of women/status of women (Freedom)/ religious
beliefs/literacy rates. Government policies- (see sheet) The value
of children Ways in which birth rates can be changed. Economic cost
of children Level of education Nature of Employment Type of
residence Religious beliefs Health care Family status.
Slide 25
Task 11: Produce a table placing each factor of fertility in
the correct column. (Columns should be, biological, economic,
socio-cultural, political) Fertility trends and their effects on
population trends. Task: Pages 10-13 (Human systems) Read and
perform the four tasks. Teacher Note: Hand out How Fertility is
influenced by different factors sheet 4a
Slide 26
Biologi cal Socio- cultur al Exam ples Econo mic Exam ples
Politic al Exam ples
Slide 27
BENEFITSCOSTS ECONOMIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLO GICAL The value of
having Children Categories the factors below into the table above
Security in old age Overcrowding of family residence Living through
children Food, clothing & shelter all have to be provided
Continuation of family name Marital bonds strengthened Help with
domestic chores Emotional strain Companionship, love, happiness
Disciplinary problems Mental strain Expense of education Fulfilment
Incentive to succeed Loss of parental wage earnings Parents feeling
tied down Financial contribution to household Task 12: On the
worksheet, place the factors on the right in the correct
box(Worksheet 4b)
Slide 28
Answers BENEFITSCOSTS ECONOMIC Help with domestic chores
Financial contribution to household Security in old age Expense of
education Food, clothing & shelter all have to be provided Loss
of parental wage earnings SOCIALCompanionship, love, happiness
Marital bonds strengthened Continuation of family name Mental
strain Overcrowding of family residence PSYCHOLOGIC AL Fulfilment
Living through children Incentive to succeed Parents feeling tied
down Emotional strain Disciplinary problems
Slide 29
Homework-Research and Present: In pairs, you will be given one
of the following continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, South America,
North America, Oceania. Choose 5 countries from your continent and
find out their fertility rates. http://www.undp.org:
http://www.undp.org Use an outline map to show the countries Give
factors, be as specific as you can to explain the fertility rates
from research, knowledge and articles in the booklet. Present this
as a PPT, and print handout slides for other students and present
your findings to the rest of the group.
Slide 30
Homework : View a fertility map. Using the map and fertility
rates from the sheet etc. http://www.undp.org:http://www.undp.org
Use the information from the presentations to answer the structured
essay question found on page 38 of your booklet. Get map and
question off link and learn. For exam question must include:
Describe: General spatial pattern TFRs including listing countries.
Geographical patterns, areas of the world, continents, tropical
regions etc. similarities between regions.
Slide 31
Explanation: Refer to specific countries within continents.
Explain why TFR are high or low (i.e. the factors which contribute
to this) Use both general and specific examples. Use the
terminology requested e.g. environmental, economic, social,
cultural, political factors e.g. Chinas decrease in TFR is
influenced by the political factor of the governments intervention
of the One Child Policy. etc,.