Population Changes and Vermont State Revenue · 1/10/2020 · homestead property taxes accounting...

Population Changes and Vermont State RevenuePRESENTATION TO SENATE FINANCE COMMITTEE

JANUARY 10, 2020

S EA N S H EEH A N, S TA F F D I R ECT O R , TA X S T RU CT U R E CO M M I S S I O N

1/10/2020 VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 2

After decades of growth, Vermont’s total population has barely changed over the last dozen years

Source: U.S. Census decennial census (1950-2010) and American Community Survey estimate (2019)

The entire Northeast has only grown an estimated 0.1%/year since 2010


Average Annual Growth Rate by Census Region,

2010-2019

Northeast 0.1%

Midwest 0.2%

South 1.0%

West 0.9%

Northeast Population Average Annual Growth Rate, 2010-2019

But within that lack of change in total population lie three trends that will impact how we earn, spend, live... and raise revenue.

Presentation Overview


More Seniors, Fewer Children,

and Fewer Working-age

Adults

TREND #1


Share of Vermont Population by Age Group

Source: U.S. Census decennial census and estimates and Vermont consensus Administration and Legislative Joint Fiscal Office projections


0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

Age

0 4 8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

56

60

64

68

72

76

80

84

88

92

96

10

0+

U.S

. Po

pu

lati

on

U.S. Population by Single Year of Age, 2018

U.S.

Source: U.S. Census 2018 American Community Survey estimate of single year of age.

Baby Boom Generation


0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

U.S

. Po

pu

lati

on

VT

Pop

ula

tio

n

Vermont's Population by Single Year of Age vs. U.S., 2018

VT U.S.

Source: U.S. Census 2018 American Community Survey estimate of single year of age with adjustments by JFO using 2010 proportions of single year of age for VT ages 85 through 100+.

Baby Boom Generation

College


More Metropolitan,

Less RuralTREND #2

Change in County Population from 2000 to 2018


Graph on left from USDA using data from U.S. Census. Graph on right from Peter Nelson of Middlebury College using data from U.S. Census on population change, 2010-2017.

Vermont’s population shift into its metro area is consistent with regional and national trends. As the nation’s two most rural states, Maine and Vermont are particularly impacted.

VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 12

More Households with Fewer

People

TREND #3


The average Vermont household has fewer members than it did a decade ago, countering a national trend. Vermont’s trend has been driven by a decrease in members per owner-occupied household.

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

Peo

ple

per

Ho

use

ho

ld

Average Size of Owner-Occupied Households

ACS 5-Yr, 2005-2009 ACS 5-Yr, 2013-2017

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

Peo

ple

per

Ho

use

ho

ld

Average Size of Renter Households

ACS 5-Yr, 2005-2009 ACS 5-Yr, 2013-2017

Source: Five-year data from U.S. Census 2009 and 2017 American Community Survey (ACS), data from 2005-2009 and 2013-2017


The average Vermont household is five percent smaller than it was in 2000 and is statistically tied with Maine and North Dakota as the smallest in the nation.

Source: U.S. Census

1/10/2020SOURCE: FIVE-YEAR DATA FROM U.S. CENSUS 2009 AND 2017 AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY

(ACS), DATA FROM 2005-2009 AND 2013-2017 16

Composition of All Households (Owner-occupied and Renter)

22%

25%

28%

31%

34%

US ME MA NH NY VT

% o

f al

l ho

use

ho

lds

Living Alone

ACS 5-Yr, 2005-2009 ACS 5-Yr, 2009-2013 ACS 5-Yr, 2013-2017

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

US ME MA NH NY VT

% o

f al

l ho

use

ho

lds

Non-family Households


10%

13%

16%

19%

22%

US ME MA NH NY VT

% o

f al

l ho

use

ho

lds

Single-parent Families


43%

46%

49%

52%

55%

US ME MA NH NY VT% o

f al

l ho

use

ho

lds

Married Couple - with or without Children


5x U.S. rate of

increase

Owner-occupied households are more likely to be one-person in Vermont than in any other state in the Northeast


Impacts

Vermont’s three largest sources of state revenue:

• Personal Income Tax is the largest source of revenue in Vermont, accounting for nearly two-thirds of General Fund dollars.

• Consumption Taxes support both the Education Fund (100% of Sales and Use and 25% of Meals and Rooms revenue) and General Fund (75% of Meals and Rooms).

• Education Property Tax accounts for two-thirds of Education Fund dollars, with non-homestead property taxes accounting for 41% of the Fund’s revenue and the homestead education tax accounting for 26%.


We expect all three sources to be impacted by demographic trends. Lastmonth’s paper (and this presentation) explores the impact on income and consumption tax revenue. A subsequent paper on the state’s education finance system will discuss the impact on property taxes.

Income Tax

Income tax revenue faces downward pressure due to:

1) Fewer workers;

2) Lower incomes in retirement and early working years;

3) Seniors’ income less likely to be taxable.


Fewer workers

-- Fitch Ratings, 2018

“[W]orking age populations are projected to decline approximately 0.5% between 2017 and 2026. This trend will strain economic growth….with knock-on implications for revenue growth prospects”


-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84

Last decade, Vermont benefited from a large increase in workers in the midst of their peak earning years

early working years

peak earning years

traditional retirementyears

children college

Sources: U.S. Census 2000 Decennial Census by single year of age; American Community Survey estimate of 2018 population by single year of age

Percentage change in population by single year of age, 2000-20151/10/2020 23

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%0 2 4 6 8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

Over the next decade, Vermont will see a decrease of peak earners and increase of retirees and workers in their early years

early working years peak earning years

traditional retirementyears

children college

Sources: American Community Survey estimate of 2018 population by single year of age; JFO projection of 2030 population by single year of age

Projected percentage change in population by single year of age, 2015-20301/10/2020 24

Lower incomes in retirement and early working years.

Proportion of Vermont population, tax returns, and taxes paid, 2018

• Younger baby boomers (age 55-64) are the largest age group in the state - they account for more than a fifth of tax returns and more than a quarter of all income tax dollars.

• Vermonters age 45-65 pay the most income tax relative to population size.

• As baby boomers transition into retirement and paying less income tax, the smaller generation that follows can be expected to not cover the full gap, creating downward pressure on income tax revenue.

Source: 2018 estimated income tax by age group, residents only, using Chainbridge model. Population from U.S. Census estimates.1/10/2020 VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 25

Projected change in income tax per capita, 2011-2030

A 2013 report by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City projected that demographic change would lead Vermont’s per capita income tax revenue to fall 4% by 2030.

Several less aged states, particularly those with extensive tax breaks for retirement income, projected larger drops.

Graph from Mullis, data from Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City (Felix and Watkins)..1/10/2020 VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 26

41.8%

56.8%68.4% 69.1%

82.5% 86.8% 88.3% 89.8%

Elderly Income Tax Liability as Percent of Non-Elderly Liability in 2013

As of 2013, depending on the state, seniors could pay as little as 42% of the income tax they would have paid on the same income as a non-senior (in Georgia), or nearly 90% (in Rhode Island). Seniors in six states had less than 50% of the liability of non-seniors, while seniors in ten states (plus the District of Columbia) paid over 80%.

Source: “Protecting the Vulnerable or Ripe for Reform, State Income Tax Breaks for the Elderly: Then and Now,” Brewer, Ben, Karen Smith Conway, and Jonathan C. Rork, Public Finance Review, Vol. 45, No. 4. VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 27

Revenue Result

Income Taxes Consumption Taxes Property Taxes

Social and Economic Impact

How We Earn How We Spend How We Live

Income tax revenue faces downward pressure due to:

1) Fewer workers;2) Lower incomes in retirement and early working years;3) Seniors’ income less likely to be taxable.

Recap

Revenue decreases could be partially offset to the

extent the following occur:

• Workers retire later;

• Higher salaries paid to workers moving into

more senior positions at a younger age;

• In-migration to fill job vacancies, including

jobs taking care of seniors.


Consumption Taxes

Projected change in sales tax per capita, 2011-2030

The same 2013 report by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City projected that demographic change would lead Vermont’s per capita sales tax revenue to fall ~1.5% by 2030.

Graph from Mullis, data from Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City (Felix and Watkins)..1/10/2020 VERMONT TAX STRUCTURE COMMISSION 30

Consumption tax revenue faces downward pressure due to:1) Lower overall income (fewer peak earners) leads to lower overall spending

U.S. Spending by Age Group, 2018


Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2018

Consumption tax revenue faces downward pressure due to:1) Lower overall income (fewer peak earners) leads to lower overall spending

2) Seniors’ spending typically shifts from goods (generally taxable) to services (mostly not taxable)

Proportion of Age Groups’ Spending on Select Categories


Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2018

Revenue decreases could be offset for

several years to the extent…

1. Incomes stay high due to older workers retiring later and younger

workers being promoted earlier, and then spending follows suit

2. Tourism spending increases

• Vermont’s Agency of Commerce and Community Development estimates that out-of-

state visitors account for roughly 50 percent of meals and over 95 percent rooms

• Empty nesters and recent retirees from northeastern states are an important source of

tourism for northern New England

3. Higher wealth enables higher spending



Higher wealth: The typical family headed by a 75+ year-old has more wealth than any other age cohort and nearly twice as much wealth as a 75+ family in 1989

Source: Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances

Revenue Result

Income Taxes Consumption Taxes Property Taxes

Social and Economic Impact

How We Earn How We Spend How We Live

Consumption tax revenue faces downward pressure due to:

1) Lower overall income (fewer peak earners) leads to lower overall spending;2) Seniors’ spending typically shifts from goods (generally taxable) to services (generally not taxable).

Recap

Revenue decreases could be offset for several years

to the extent:

• Incomes stay high and spending follows suit;

• Tourism spending by empty nesters and

recent retirees drives strong meals and

rooms receipts;

• Higher wealth enables higher spending.


Conclusion

The Wildcards

• Trends Can and Do Change

• Housing – A Population Constraint or Impending Boom?

• In-migration – Both Domestic and International



Immigration Young adult migration

Findings

1) Vermont attracted a lot of baby boomers. As baby boomers age, Vermont gains seniors and loses working age adults and children.

2) Vermonters are shifting toward its one metropolitan area and away from rural areas.

3) More households with fewer people result in household growth without population growth.

4) Population changes will put downward pressure on personal income tax.

5) Relative to other states, Vermont’s tax structure provides more income tax stability.

6) Population changes will likely have minimal impact on consumption tax for several years.

7) Trends can and do change. Of the trends outlined in this paper, “More Seniors” seems the least likely to reverse course in the coming decade.

8) In-migration, both domestic and international, is crucial for maintaining population stability, achieving generational balance, and addressing workforce shortages...which will then benefit the State’s revenue system.



Population Changes and Vermont State Revenue

Executive Summary – Full Report

Tax Structure Commission website: https://ljfo.vermont.gov/committees-and-studies/tax-structure-commission

https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Subjects/Commission-Resources/b388881108/Population-Changes-and-Vermont-State-Revenue-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY.pdf

https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Subjects/Commission-Resources/05a742b874/Population-Changes-and-Vermont-State-Revenue-FULL-REPORT.pdf

https://ljfo.vermont.gov/committees-and-studies/tax-structure-commission

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Population Changes and Vermont State Revenue · 1/10/2020 · homestead property taxes accounting...

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