+ All Categories
Home > Education > POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Date post: 11-Jun-2015
Category:
Upload: mariel-marjes
View: 67 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
18
Population: Groups of a Single Species in One Place
Transcript
Page 1: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Population: Groups of a

Single Species in One Place

Page 2: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with  the  dynamics  of species populations and  how  these populations  interact with  the environment.  It  is  the  study of how the population sizes of species  living together  in groups change over time and space.

Population is  a  summation  of  all  the organisms  of  the  same  group  or species,  who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

Page 3: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Three characteristics of population ecology are:

1. Population range, the area throughout which a population occurs 

2. The pattern of spacing of individuals within that range

3. How the population changes  in size through time. 

Page 4: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A population’s geographic distribution is termed its range

Range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species 

can be found.

Page 5: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A population’s geographic distribution is termed its range

Organisms must be adapted for the environment in which they occur.

Each population has its own requirements – temperature,  humidity, certain types of food, and a host of other factors – that determine where it can live and reproduce and 

where it can’t.  

Page 6: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Ranges undergo expansion and contraction

Population ranges are not static but change through time.

Factors are, the environment changes like as climates warmed, species experienced in the elevation at which 

they could  live.  

Population can expand their ranges  when they are able to circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, 

previously unoccupied areas. 

Page 7: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

25°

221

_

26°

131

_

27°

151

_

29°

90

_

29°

189

_

28°

254

_

28°

279

_

27°

422

_

27°

403

_

27°

412

_

26°

354

_

25°

322

_ Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

 

 Temperatures °C (degrees Celsius) in Manila

 Rainfall (mm) in Manil(Average values for each month)

Page 8: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Ranges undergo expansion and contractionThe human effect

Humans have served as an agent of dispersal for many species.

Page 9: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Ranges undergo expansion and contractionDispersal Mechanism

Seeds have evolved a number of 

different means of facilitating dispersal from their maternal plant. Some seeds can be transported 

great distances by the wind, whereas seeds enclosed in adherent or 

fleshy fruits can be transported by animals.

Page 10: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

Spacing patterns are the distribution of a certain specie in a given area or an 

environment

Page 11: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

Random Spacing

Random spacing of individuals within population occurs when they do not interact strongly with one another and when they are not affected by nonuniform 

aspects of their environment. also known as unpredictable

spacing

Page 12: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

Uniform Spacing

Uniform spacing within a population may often, but not always, result from 

competition for resources. 

also known as even distribution, or evenly spaced

Page 13: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

Individuals in populations exhibit different spacing patterns

Clumped Spacing

Individuals clumped into groups or clusters in response to uneven 

distribution of resources in their immediate environments.

Page 14: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A metapopulation comprises distinct populations that may exchange members

Metapopulation  is  when  species  often  exist as  a  network  of  distinct  populations  that interact  with  one  another  by  exchanging individuals, and usually occur  in areas  in which suitable  habitat  is  patchily  distributed  and  is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat.

Page 15: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

The  term  metapopulation  was  coined by Richard Levins in  1970  to  describe  a model  of  population  dynamics  of  insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been  most  broadly  applied  to  species  in naturally  or  artificially  fragmented habitats.  In  Levins'  own words,  it  consists of "a population of populations".

A metapopulation comprises distinct populations that may exchange members

Page 16: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A metapopulation comprises distinct populations that may exchange membersDispersal and habitat occupancy

The  degree  to  which  populations  within  a metapopulation  interact  depends  on  the  amount of  dispersal;  this  interaction  is  often  not symmetrical:  Populations increasing in size tend to send out many dispersers, whereas populations at low levels tend to receive more immigrants than they send off. In  addition,  relatively  isolated  populations tends to receive relatively few arrivals. 

Page 17: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A metapopulation comprises distinct populations that may exchange membersSource-sink metapopulations

The  populations  in  the  better  areas,  (the sources)  continually  send  out  dispersers that bolster the populations  in the poorer habitats (the sinks). In he absence od such continual  replenishment,  the  sink populations would have a negative growth rate and would eventually become extinct.

Page 18: POPULATION: GROUP OF SINGLE SPECIES IN ONE PLACE

A metapopulation comprises distinct populations that may exchange members

Metapopulation  has  two  important implications  for  the  range  of  species,    it prevents  long  term  extinction  and  in source-sink  metapopulations,  the  species occupies  a  larger  area  than  it  otherwise might,  including marginal areas that could not  support  a  population  without  a continual influx of immigrants. 


Recommended