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Porous Pavement in Cold ClimatesPart: Performance and Cost
Onondaga Environmental Institute
17 March 2011
Thomas Ballestero, PhD, PE, PH, CGWP, PG,Robert Roseen, PE, PhD, D.WRE,
James Houle, CPSWQUniversity of New Hampshire Stormwater Center
Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire
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State of the Practice
Water quality performance is strong to
excellent depending on design
Hydraulic performance is excellent
Cold climate performance is strongWinter maintenance has tremendous
potential for salt reduction
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Concerns On Performance
Little removal of nitrogen
No removal of many common ionic forms
However, a large number of installations
STILL continue to be sub-standard
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Porous Pavement Design Overview
Porous pavements for new andredevelopment are a watershed-
based strategy that can bothmitigate impacts for newdevelopment and reverse impactsin areas with redevelopment.
Porous pavement (PP) systemscombine stormwater infiltration,storage, and structural pavementin a single system.
PP are a layer cake system, witheach layer possessing structuralor water quality purposes.
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Porous Asphalt Path, Grey Towers
National Historic Site, PA(Source: CH2M HILL)
Porous Asphalt Commercial Parking Lot,
Greenland Meadows, Greenland, NH(Source: UNHSC)
Porous Asphalt Section of State Highway,
South Portland, ME (Source: ME DOT)
Porous Asphalt Basketball Court,Upper Darby, PA
(Source: CH2M HILL)
Porous Asphalt Residential Lane, Pelham, NH
(Source: UNHSC)
Parking Lot with Standard Aisle and
Porous Asphalt Stalls, Morris Arboretum,
Philadelphia, PA (Source: CH2M HILL)
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Typical Porous Pavement
System Sections
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Choker Course: 4-8 10 20 cm minimum
Pervious pavement: 4-6 (10 - 15 cm) of porous asphalt
Filter Course: 8 - 12 (20 - 30 cm) minimum thickness of subbase(aka. bank run gravel or modified 304.1)
Native materials
Filter Blanket: intermediate settin bed: 3 8 cm thickness of 3/8 1 cm ea ravel
Reservoir Course: 4 (10 cm) minimum thickness of 3/4 (2 cm) crushed stone for
frost rotection 4-6 10-15 cm diameter erforated subdrains with 2 cover
Optional-Liner for land uses where infiltration is undesirable(e.g., hazardous materials handling, sole-source aquifer protection)
Section with Filter Course for Water Quality
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Water Quality
Performance Results
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Porous Pavements and Pond Water
Quality100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
%Remo
valEfficiency
Porous AsphaltPervious ConcreteRetention Pond
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TSS Removal Performance
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HydrologicPerformance Results
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Hydrrologic Performance of
Porous PavementsPervious Concrete (HSG-B)Porous Asphalt (HSG-C)
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Lag Time (kL) Peak Reduction (kP)
5 2 1 0.5 0.1
Hydraulic Performance
3/22/2011
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Curve Number
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Method 1
Q-P
Method 3
Q p
Method 3
Q p
Tbase Tpeak Tcentroid NRCS Folmar
88 7 1 1 1 28
90 1 1 1 1 5
10 15 2 2 2 37
Method 2
Lag
Mean
Median
Standar Deviation
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Porous Asphalt Surface Infiltration Rates
Low maintenance sensitivity due to excess infiltration capacity
Clogged areas can drain to adjacent unclogged areas
Even with 99% clogging the IR=10in/hr > most sands & soils
Worst case scenario, no maintenance performed for 3 yrs Certain areas have reduced IC (drive lanes) while parking areas
remain unchanged
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New England Sites
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Infiltration Capacity by Age
315
7,0454,013
2,598 2,905
54
2,354
140
4,365
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
URI-
PA-02
UNH-
PA-04
URI-
PA-04
Grswld-
PC-05
Frpt-
PA-06
Sski-
PA-06
SlvrLk-
PA-06
StoYo-
PA-06
UNH-
PC-07
ICv
ia
SItest(cm/h
r)
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How Do They Really Work?
43 in rainfall event in 3 minutes!
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Cold ClimatePerformance Results
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Frost Penetration
Can be related to pavement failure
Measured with a field-assembled
frost gauge (Ricard et al., 1976)
Show relationships betweenpavements and soils
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Porous Asphalt Frost Penetration
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Winter Maintenance &
Salt Reduction
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Where should reductions occur?
Sources of Salt Loading
From Vehicular Surface Deicing
(Rockingham County, NH)(NHDES 2007)
50%
3%27%
9%
11%
Parking Lots
Private Roads
Municipal Roads
State Roads
Other
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Measuring Skid Resistance w/ BPT
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Lots one-hour after plowing, -4*C (11AM on 2/3/07)
PA/DMA Snow & Ice Cover
PA DMA
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Conditions after thawing and subsequent refreezing (9AM on 3/18/07)
No black ice formation on PA
PA/DMA Snow & Ice Cover
PA DMA
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PC Snow & Ice Cover
Conditions after thawing and subsequent refreezing (1PM on 2/16/08)
No black ice formation on PC
PC Stnd. Asphalt Ref. Lot
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Shading contributes to amount of cover on PC
PC Snow & Ice Cover
PC in sun
PC in partialsunPC in shade
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PA after spring rain on snow event
DMA after spring rain on snow event
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Effective Salt Reductions
PavementType
2006-2007 2007-2008 Reductions Possible
when compared to
DMA with
100% App. RateAnti-
Icing
Apps.
Deicing
Apps.
Anti-
Icing
Apps.
Deicing
Apps. App.
Rate
Average
Mass
Reduction*
(06-08)DMA 15 14 23 22 100% 0%
PA 15 6 23 27 25% 75%
PC -
shade - - 23 31 100% -20%
PC - sun - - 23 23 100% -2%
* Reduction possible with no loss in skid resistance (safety)
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Winter Maintenance GuidanceMixed precipitation and compact snow or ice is
particularly problematic for porous surfaces. This isprevented by appropriate plowing and corrected by
application of excess deicing chemicals. In certain instances of compact snow and ice,
excess salt may be required, however loading is
offset by the overall reduced salt during routinewinter maintenance and salt reduction.
With good sun exposure some porous asphalt
installations will require no deicing. Porous asphalt provides exceptional treatment for
rain on snow events which commonly result indangerous refreezing
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Future Research Needed
Additional research is needed to examinesalting loading at high loading rates
common to commercial applications
MN Recommended application rates of
3lbs per 1000 square feet appear to beexceptionally low in comparison tocommercial rates.
Salt substitutes: water, viscous brine
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Cost of Porous Materials
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C
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Cost Information
~10-20% more for materials
2009, DMA $75-100/ton, PA $89-125/ton placed
by machine for parking and residential road anddriveways
Complicated jobs with handwork are more
expensiveDMA $2.25/sf, PA $2.80/sf, not including
subbase
Costs offset by lack of stormwater infrastructureCost break even is achieved when designing for
quantity management ~Q10-Q25
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Maintenance
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P T E t t f D b i /Cl i
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Pre-Tx Extent of Debris/Clogging
Infiltration capacity via the Pre-Tx DRI test varied from 0 to 53
cm/hr, all effectively clogged when slope is considered. 48
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Treatment Effectiveness for Clogged
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Treatment Effectiveness for Clogged
Locations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PW & Vac Soap, PW, & Vac
Cleaning Treatment
Mea
nIC
(cm/hr)
Pre-Tx IC
Post-Tx IC
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P i C t S lli
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Pervious Concrete Spalling
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Boulder Hills Pelham NH
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Boulder Hills, Pelham, NH 2009 Installation of 900 of
first PA private residentialroad in Northeast
Site will be nearly Zerodischarge
LID subdivision 55+ ActiveAdult Community
Large sand deposit
Cost 25% greater per toninstalled
3/22/2011 59
But there is more
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But there is more
Salted twice, then never again (less salt to receivingstream)
Better traction than standard DMA Fire fighting storage from rooftop capture No concern about mosquitoes in the ponds
Very little site runoff (pollutant load to stream verysmall, no thermal pollution) Receiving stream geomorphic equilibrium not taxed
The project sold 2 units in 2009, and 11 units sinceJanuary 2010much easier to sell GREEN
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Questions?