=

OMN=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pTorCTroAi proVbv lc A CefMkbv BbTtbbk ufu Aka uu CbkTrov AK AnòaniNI AK BailaOI mK =BamontePI mK `ondoleo 4I `K qogliani R ABpToACT

=

qhe=assessment=çf=a=NNM=years=çld=masçnry=chimney= has=been=carried=çut= thrçugh=amultidisciélinary=aéérçach.=qhe=cçnstructiçn=aééertains= tç=çne=çf= the=mçst= cçmélete=and=better=éreserved=examéle=çf=wçrkers=and=manufacturing=settlement=in=sçuthern=burçéeI=and=belçngs=tç=the=rnescç=tçrld=eeritage.=qhe=chimneyI=aéérçximately=SR=m=highI=is=affected=by=a=curvature=çf=its=uééer=éart=and=shçws=a=crack=éattern= characterized= by= verticalI= hçrizçntal= and= diagçnal= fissures.= Aimed= tç= its= safety= evaluatiçnI=a=histçrical= investigatiçn= has= been= carried= çut= tçgether= with= a= geçmetrical= survey= thrçugh= a= laser=scannerI=a=measurement=çf=the=çutJçfJélumbI=the=inséectiçn=çf=the=crack=éattern=alçng=the=whçle=height=and=a=numerical=mçdelling.=

=heywords: `himneyI `racksI MasonryI pafetyI qhermal effectsI Modelling NK fkTolarCTflk =

auring=the=industrial=revçlutiçnI=the=diffusiçn=çf=furnaces=fçr=different=érçductive=activities=brçught=çn=a= séread= use= çf= masçnry= chimneys= fçr= diséçsal= çf= the= emitted= cçmbustiçn= smçke.= qheir= éresence=became= the= symbçl= çf= the= manufactçry= grçwth= in= testern= cçuntries= and= cçntributed= tç= shaée= the=érçfile=çf=areas=which=nçwadays=are=cçnsidered=industrial=archaeçlçgy.==

cigK N =Chimney=in=Abbiategrassç=EftalyF=

cigK O =Chimney=in=dallarate=EftalyF=

cigK P =Chimney=in=Cçlçgnç=al=periç=EftalyF=

cigK 4 =juseumJchimney=in=dallarate=EftalyFW=the=uééer=

éart=was=demçlished=================================================N=Assçciate=mrçfessçrI=afpI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=anzani.anna]éçlimi.it=O=Adjunct=mrçfessçrI=afpI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=angela.baila]fastwebnet.it=P=Assistant=mrçfessçrI=afpI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=éatrick.bamçnte]éçlimi.it=4=Assistant=mrçfessçrI=afpI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=éaçla.cçndçleç]éçlimi.it=R=Assistant=mrçfessçrI=afAmI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=carlç.tçgliani]éçlimi.it=

=

OMO=

qheir= dimensiçns= and= shaée= varied= accçrding= tç= the= vçlume= and= the= characteristics= çf= the= smçke=érçducedI= and=tç=the=clçseness=çf= tçwns.=lften=they=were=significantly=high=and=cçne=shaéed=and=fçr=better=thermal=insulatiçn=they=were=dçubleJwithed=xNz.=qhçugh= the= wçrkers= and= manufacturing= settlements= have= later= been= dismissedI= the= built= cçmélexes=including=the=chimneys=are=wçrth=being=éreserved=tç=attest=a=technical=knçwledge=and=as=an=exhibit=çf=material=culture.=diven= their= disseminatiçn= in= different= cçuntries= Ecigs.= NJ4FI= they= have= been= caéturing= increasing=attentiçn=çf=the=researchersI=interested=tç=understand=the=causes=çf=reéetitive=damage=symétçmsI=which=seem=tç=be=rather= indeéendent= çf= the=geçmetry=and=çf= the=geçgraéhical= lçcatiçn=and=mçre=related=tç=highly=çnerçus=service=cçnditiçns=characterized=by=a=severe=thermal=stress=xOz.=Aim=çf=the=research=here=described=was=the=assessment=çf=a=NNM=years=çld=masçnry=chimney=thrçugh=bçth= çnJsite= investigatiçn= and= numerical= mçdeling.= qhe= chimneyI= built= in= a= truncated= cçne= shaée=thrçugh=a= brickwçrk= dçuble= wallI= is= aéérçximately=SR= m=highI= and=éresents= an=çctagçnal=base.= ft= is=affected=by=a=curvature=çf=its=uééer=éart=and=shçws=a=crack=éattern=characterized=by=verticalI=hçrizçntal=and=diagçnal=fissures.=oecentlyI=sçme=wçrries=abçut=its=safety=have=been=raised=by=the=éçéulatiçnI=and=therefçre=an=investigatiçn=has=been=cçmmissiçned=by=the=lçcal=juniciéality.=After= a= study= çn= its= histçrical= evçlutiçnI= a= geçmetrical= survey= has= been= carried= çut= thrçugh=a= laser=scannerI= cçméleted= by= the= inséectiçn= çf= the= crack= éattern= éerfçrmed= alçng= the= whçle= height= çf= the=chimney=using=a=basket=lift=and=by=a=measurement=çf=the=çutJçfJélumb.=fn=çrder=tç=achieve=a=reliable=aééraisal=çf=its=structural=safetyI=a=numerical=mçdeling=was=carried=çut=trying=tç=deal=with=sçme=crucial=aséects.=

=OK efpTlofCAi bVlirTflk ==qhe= industrial= village= çf= Creséi= d’Adda= clçse= tç= Caériate= pan= dervasiç= Ein= Bergamç= érçvinceI=kçrthern=ftalyF=has=been=included=in=the=rnescç=tçrld=eeritage=list=in=NVVR=as=the=mçst=cçmélete=and=best=éreserved=examéle=çf=manufacturing=settlement=in=pçuthern=burçée=Ecig.=RF.=mart=çf= the=dçcuments= cçncerning=NPM= years=çf= activity=çf= the= textile=élant= Ethe=first= çne=erected=by=architect=Angelç=Cçlla=in=NUTU=xPzF=is=keét=at=the=eistçric=Archive=Creséi=d’AddaJiegler=EApCAiI=at=the= lçcal= kursery= schççl= p.q.f.= x4zF= and= in= the= éersçnal= cçllectiçn= çf= iuigi= CçrtesiI= authçr= çf=a=fundamental=éublicatiçn=çn=the=entreéreneur=histçry=çf=Creséi=family=and=çn=the=extraçrdinary=urban=élanning= exéeriment= they= carried= çut.= qhe= factçry= was= definitively= clçsed= in= OMMP= when= it= was= çf=iegler’s=érçéerty.=

=

= =

cigK R =siew=çf=Creséi=d’Adda==

jany=çther= studies= çn= this= tçéic= mainly= restituted=an= ecçnçmical= and= sçcial= éictureI= neglecting= the=technical= and= architectural= aséectsI= çften= cçnfusing= rçles= and= reséçnsibilities= çf= the= invçlved=érçfessiçnal= figures= xRI= Sz.= lnly= recently= the= activity= çf= architects= brnestç= mirçvanç= and= daetanç=jçretti=has=been=reJsizedI=alsç=recçvering=the=name=çf=the=less=knçwn=engineer=mietrç=Brunati=EAlbeseI=NUR4JNVPPFI= educated= at= mçlytechnic= çf= würich= and= jilanI= hired= by= Benignç= Creséi= in= NUUVI=reséçnsible= since= NUVO= çf= the= general= érçject= çf= the= wçrking= village= and= çf= a= great= éart= çf= its=cçnstructiçn=Eat=least=until=NUVU=xPzF.=BrunatiI=quçted=by=Creséi=xTzI=mentiçns=his=çwn=activity=in=the=memçires=keét=at=ApCAiI=éartially=éublished=in=xPz.=A=cçéy=çf=the=general=élan=çf=the=villageI=signed=and= dated= NUVOI= is= keét= at= ApCAi.= ee= cçllabçrated= with= mirçvançI= érçbably= since= NUVP.= auring=

=

OMP=

a=decade= Eby= NUVSF= Brunati= directed= Eamçng= many= wçrksF= the=élant= çf= the= thermal= statiçn= with= the=chimney= tç= éçtentiate= the= éreviçus= hydraulic= mechanizatiçn= xPI= RI= UI= Vz.= An= idea= çf= the= brickwçrk=chimney=érçfile=Edemçlished=in=the=fçrties=because=çf=a=lightning=damage=xPzF=can=be=çbtained=frçm=the=éhçtçgraéhs= cçllected= in= the= bççk= at= the= Culture= lffice= çf= the= City= çf= Caériate= pan= dervasiç= and=éublished= by= Cçlçmbç= xPz.= ft= was= standing= çn= an= çctagçnal= basementI= had= a= circular= sectiçn= and=a=small=tçwer=çn=tçé=Etç=reduce=the=smçke=cçndensatiçnF=çver=a=decçrated=cçllar=ferrule.=A=secçnd=shçrter=chimney=EOV=m=highF=subsequently=lçst=was=erectedI=between=NUVS=and=NUVUI=in=the=cleaner=Eabsent=in=Brunati’s=élan=çf=NUVOFI=alçng=the=éresent=açnizetti=rçad.=A=éhçtçgraéh=çf=NVMP=xPI=NMz=shçws=the=architectural=character=çf=the=cçllarI=cçméatible=with=thçse=çf=the=éreviçus=chimney=Ebut=different= frçm= the= unéublished= érçject= drawing= xNNzFW= small= brickwçrk= hanging= false= arches= were=suééçrted=by=éilasters=and=crçwned=by=an=uééer=ring=made=çf=the=same=material.=

=

aF=

=cF= =dF=

bF=cigK S ==aF=Aerial=éhçtçgraéh=çf=the=Creséi=d’Adda=settlement=ENVP4FX=

bF=detail=çf=the=chimney=crçwningX=cF=drawing=çf=the=chimney=EApCAiFX=

dF=view=çf=the=chimney==mrçbably= since= NVM4I= at= least= within= NVMSI= the= thermal= statiçn= çf= NUVS= was= éçtentiated= thrçugh=a=secçnd=chimney=UM=m=high=and=çn=açnizetti=rçad=ançther=bçiler=rççm=alsç=with=a=high=chimney=was=built =xPI =NMz. =Bçth =chimneysI =very =similar =in =shaéeI =are =tçday =the =sçle =survived =and =cçnstitute =the =symbçl=çf=the=industrial=village=Ecig.=SaF.=As=fçr=the=çne=in=açnizetti=rçadI=ST.O=m=highI=the=érçject=has=been=fçundI=drawn=by=a=séecialized=building=firmI=lçcated=in=jilan=and=dença=xNOz.=ft=dçes=nçt=shçw=the=decçratiçn=çf=the=cçllarI=but=çnly=the=generic=sectiçn=érçfileI=therefçre=indicating=that=the=finishing=was= decided= in= Creséi.= fn= the= drawingI= the= chimney= is= fçunded= çn= a= massive= stçne= çr= cçncrete=Eaééarently=nçt= reinfçrcedF=élinth= Ethe=dçtted=reéresentatiçn=dçes= nçt= clarify=the=materialF.=lver= the=basement=in=Ceééç=d’Adda=and=the=brickwçrk=çctagçn=Eending=çn=tçé=with=a=series=çf=hanging=ledgesI=éartially=indentedI=suééçrted=by=small=hanging=archesFI=the=structure=cçntinues=with=a=first=cylindrical=sectiçn=çf=OR=mI=taéered=çn=tçéI=fçllçwed=by=a=secçnd=çne=çf=NT=m=Ebçth=çf=them=in=dçuble=withes=with=an=interséace=and=a=thickness=çf=the=érinciéle=leaf=between=M.4=and=M.OR=mF=and=by=a=third=summit=çneI=çf=S=mI=with=single=leafI=withçut=interséace=nçr=uééer=tçwer=Ecigs.=SbI=ScI=SdF.=fn= the= numerçus= éhçtçgraéhs= taken= in= subsequent= years= the= slight= tiltingI= çbserved= in= NVTS= during=a =survey =carried =çut =by =a =technician =çf =the =firm=Cçsée =çf =jilan =whç =is =séecialized =in =building =and =

=

OM4=

reéairing=chimneysI= is=nçt=evident.=At=that=timeI=the=gççd=quality=çf=the=materials=adçétedI=the=fairly=gççd=general=state=çf=cçnservatiçnI=the=bad=state=çf=the=small=tçwerI=the=need=tç=mçdify=and=cçrrect=the=lightning=rçd=aééarel=and=tç=reduce=the=çscillatiçns=was=éçinted=çut.=At=£=V.ORM.MMM=they=érçéçsed=the=straightening=çf=the=trunkI=by=éracticing=sçme=cuts=in=the=çuter=leaf=at=a=height=çf=OOJOP=m=tç=be=filled=with=strçng=bricks=and=cement=mçrtarX= the=cçnsçlidatiçn=Estarting=abçve=the=çctagçnal=fççtF=with=flat=rings=in=thermally=treated=irçnI=at=a=maximum=distance=çf=N.T=m=tç=be=added=tç=the=existing=çnesX=the=grçuting= çf= cracks= and= the= aéélicatiçn= çf= stitching= staélesX= the=aéélicatiçn= çf= twç= mçre= reinfçrcing=rings=cçrreséçnding= tç= the=éilasters= suééçrting= the=false=arches=and= the=abçve= saw=tççth= ledgesX= the=demçlitiçn= and= the= recçnstructiçn= çf= the= small= tçwer= EN.T= m= highF= with= new= radial= bricksI= laid= çn=reduced=and=cçméressed=mçrtar= jçints= made=çf=hydrated= limeI=cement= and=fine=sandIX= the=casting=çf=a=cçver= in= refractçryI= élasticI= antacid= cçncrete= «cire= Cçncrete»I= reinfçrced= with= O= annular= barsX= the=élacement= çf= the= lightning= rçd= aééarel= and= the= earth= cçnnectiçn= with= cçééer= wires= and= brçnze=terminals= çf= every= ringX= the=éainting= çf= all= the= irçn=éarts.=qhe= wçrks= started=çn= guly=ONst= NVTS= and=ended=çne=mçnth=after=xNPI=N4z.=fn=NVUR=the=majçr=çf=Caériate=pan=dervasiç=allçwed=the=static=strengthening=çf=the=UM=m=chimney=tçç=and=again= in=NVV4=small=maintenance=wçrks=çn=bçth=chimneys= were=carried=çut=by=the=firm=dibbons ftalia=çf=iambrugç=ECçmçF=xNRI=NSz.==PK aAMAGb abpCofmTflk =qhe= survey= çf= the= crack= éattern= was= carried= çut= by= means= çf= a= basket= liftI= that= allçwed= a= clçse=inséectiçn= çf= the= masçnry.= qhis= inséectiçn= allçwed= tç= draw= sçme= cçnsideratiçns= çn= the= masçnry=texture= as= well= as= çn= the= state= çf= éreservatiçn= çf= the= structureI= and= tç= gather= infçrmatiçn= çn= sçme=interventiçns=carried=çut=çn=the=chimney=during=the=éastI=like=cçnfining=hççésI=sealings=çf=sçme=cracks=and=the=substitutiçnI=in=mçre=recent=timesI=çf=the=uééer=éart=çf=the=crçwn=chimney=Ecig.=TF.=qhe= masçnry= texture= aééears= tç= be= very= regularI= mçstly= made= çf= headersI= even= if= lçcally= sçme=cçntinuçus=vertical=jçints=can=be=nçtedI=çr=vertical=jçints=with=very=small=çffsets=Ecig.=UF.=fn=the=uééer=éçrtiçn=Efrçm=4V=tç=SR=m=heightF=the=mçrtar=jçints=aééear=tç=be=detached=frçm=the=bricksI=and=subjected=tç=erçsiçnI=and=sçme=éçrtiçns=exhibit=saline=efflçrescences=Ecig.=VF.=cinallyI=the=uééer=éart=is=cçvered=with=a=dark=film=Ecig.=VF.==

= = =cigK T =pubstituted=crçwn=

cigK U =sertical=jçints=with=very=small=çffsets=

cigK V =mresence=çf=salt=efflçrescence=and=çf=a=dark=film=çn=the=surface=

PKN purvey of the crack pattern qhe= crack= éattern= was= surveyed= çnly= çn= the= external= surface= çf= the= masçnryI= because= it= was= nçt=éçssible=tç=access=the=internal=duct=çf=the=chimneyX=this=surveyI=therefçreI=dçes=nçt=allçw=tç=find=çut=whether=cracks=are=cçméletely=séanning=the=çuter=wall=thickness.=qhe=crack=éattern=is=reéresented=çn=the=fçur=érçséectsI=that=are=drawn=withçut=the=defçrmatiçns=due=tç=the=çutJçfJélumbI=and=with=a=simélificatiçn=çf=the=çrnamental=elements.=qhe= external= survey= was= carried= çut= catalçguing= the= crack= width= as= micrçJ= and= macrçJcracksI=subdivided= intç= séecific= width= ranges= reéresented= thrçugh= different= cçlçrsI= alsç= highlighting= the=éresence=çf=sealings=Ecig.=NMF.=qhe=regular=masçnry=texture=allçws=tç=clearly=distinguish=the=cracks=intersecting=the=bricks=frçm=thçse=lçcalized=in=the=mçrtar=jçints.=qhe= chimney= exhibits= lçng= vertical= cracksI= mçstly= çn= the= sçuthern= sideI= where= they= extend=aéérçximately=frçm=NU=tç=4P=m=abçve=the=grçund.=qhe=érinciéal=crack=was=refilled=with=mçrtar=during=a=éreviçus=interventiçnI=but=it=has=nçw=newly=çéenedI=with=significant=lçss=çf=mçrtar=at=the=éçint=çf=the=largest=width=Efrçm=4=tç=T=mmFI=at=a=height=çf=aéérçximately=NT=m=Ecigs.=NNaI=NNbF.=

=

OMR=

ln= the= cçntraryI= the= çther= sides= çf= the= chimney= are= éractically= free= çf= cracks= ué= tç= a= height= çf=aéérçximately=4P=m.=crçm=this=éçint=tç=the=tçéI=cracks=inclined=at=4R=were=detected=that=are=lçcalized=çnly=at=the=mçrtar=jçints=Ecig.=NOF.=crçm=a=height=çf=aéérçximately=4V=m=tç=the=tçéI=hçrizçntal=cracksI=lçcalized=mainly=in=the=mçrtar=jçintsI=were=identified=Ecigs.=NPaI=NPbF.=içng=cracks=are=alsç=visible=çn=the=cçncrete=beam=at=the=crçwn=çf=the=chimney=Ecig.=NPcF.==PKO lut-of-plumb evaluation qhe=evaluatiçn= çf= the=çutJçfJélumb= was= carried=çut= by= interéçlating= the=data= çf= the= survey.= As= it= is=élain=tç=see=in=cig.=N4I=the=defçrmatiçn=çf=the=chimney=starts=immediately=abçve=the=çctagçnal=lçwer=éartI =and =then =cçntinues =almçst =linearly =tç =a =height =çf =aéérçximately =SM =m. =fn =the =uééer =éart =çf =the =chimneyI= a= higher= curvature= was= detectedI= the=amçunt= çf= which= may= nçt= have=been= tçtally= reliably=measuredI=because=çf=the=strçng=wind=gusts=that=disturbed=the=survey=çéeratiçns.=qhe=measured=values=çf=disélacement=range=frçm=PP=cm=at=a=height=çf=aéérçximately=SM=m=tç=almçst=RR=cm=at=the=tçéI=alçng=the=uJdirectiçnX=as=fçr=the=vJdirectiçnI=the=values=are=much=lçwer=Eless=than=NM=cm=at=the=tçéF.=

=

cigK NM =aiagçnal=cracks=and=cçnfining=hççés=

=

=EaF=

=EbF=

cigK NN =aF=pçuth=frçntI=vertical=crackX=bF=detail=

çn=the=material=lçss=subsequent=tç=the=sealing=

=

=EaF=

=EbF=

cigK NO =aF=aiagçnal=cracks=and=cçnfining=hççésX=bF=detail=view=çf=a=éreviçusly=sealed=diagçnal=crack=

==4K pTorCTroAi AkAivpfp =qhe=crack=éattern=çbserved=during=the=survey=çéeratiçnsI=that=is=lçcalized=mainly=in=the=uééer=éçrtiçn=çf=the=chimneyI=is=tyéical=çf=çld=masçnry=chimneysI=and=is=érçbably=caused=by=several=effects.=lne=çf=the=mçst= iméçrtant=is= the=thermal=defçrmatiçn=çriginating=frçm=the=çéerating=éeriçd=çf=the=chimneyI=when=the=internal=teméeraturesI=due=tç=hçt=gasesI=cçuld=reach=levels=well=abçve=NMM°C=xOz.=ft=is=wçrth=nçting=that=the=crack=éattern=in=the=uééer=éçrtiçn=cannçt=be=caused=by=the=windI=that=wçuld=have=lead=tç=significant=cracking=alsç=in=the=lçwer=éart.=Because= çf= the= structural= layçut= Ethe= chimney= behaves= like= a= cantileverFI= the= cçmbined= effect= çf=thermal=gradients= and= selfJweight= can=be= studied=by= siméle= suéeréçsitiçnI= érçvided= the=kinematic=behaviçur= is= érçéerly= reéresented.= qhe= slenderness= çf= the= structure= imélies= that= its= behaviçur= is=rather=similar=tç=that=çf=a=slender=beamW=therefçreI=every=sectiçn=remains=élaneI=alsç=in=the=defçrmed=state.=qhis= is= trueI= even= if= the=sectiçn=cçnsists=çf=twç=annuli=Einternal=and=externalFI=because=çf= the=

=

OMS=

strçng= shear= cçnnectiçn= érçvided= by= the= radial= elements= that= ensure= an= aéérçximately= mçnçlitic=behaviçur=çf=the=sectiçn.=qhe=behaviçur= çf= the= sectiçn= subjected= tç= thermal= gradients= was= studied=by= means= çf= a= élane= finite=element=mçdel.=qç=take=intç=accçunt=the=effects=çf=heatingI=a=teméerature=çf=NMM°C=was= iméçsed=çn=the=internal=surfaceI=while=the=teméerature=in=the=interséace=was=keét=tç=OM°C.=Alçng=the=thickness=çf=the=first=annulusI=a=lçgarithmic=variatiçn=çf=teméerature=was=assumed=tç=reéresent=a=steady=state=heat=transfer.= qhe= material= was= cçnsidered= linear= elastic= Emçdulus= çf= elasticity= Z= PRMM=jmaI= mçissçn’s=cçefficient=Z=M.OFI=with=a=cçefficient=çf=thermal=dilatiçn=Z=R·NMJS°CJN.=As=fçr= the=bçundary=cçnstraintsI=the =twç =limit =situatiçns =çf =élane =stress =EZ =nç =vertical =cçnfinementF =and =élane =strain =EZ =éerfect =cçnfinementI=with=nç=vertical=strainF=were=cçnsidered.===

aF=

bF=

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=

cigK NP = aF= oeJçéening= çf= sealed= diagçnal= and=hçrizçntal=cracksI=bF= view=çf=a=hçrizçntal=crack=at=the=interface=between=mçrtar=and=brickX=EcF=cracked=================cçncrete=beam=at=the=crçwn= cigK N4 =lutJçfJélumb=çf=the=chimney=

=qhe=values=çf=the=maximum=and=minimum=érinciéal=stressesI=in=the=élane=stress=cçnditiçnI=are=shçwn=in= cigs.=NRa= and= bI= reséectively.= qhe= highest= cçméressive= stresses= are= fçund= in= circumferential=directiçnI=çn=the=hçtter=surfaceI=as=shçuld=be=exéeceted.=qheir=value=is=nçt=negligible=E»=N.PM=kLmmOFI=but= çf= cçurse= it= deéends= çn= the=values= assumed=fçr= the=mçdulus= çf= elasticity=and= the= cçefficient= çf=thermal=dilatiçn.=As=fçr=the=maximum=tensile=stressesI=they=are=lçcated=çn=the=cçld=surface=in=cçntact=with =the =interséace =at =OM°CX =their =value =E»=M.SR=kLmmOF= is= clearly= beyçnd= the= values= cçmmçnly=cçnsidered= as= a= reasçnable= estimate= fçr= the= tensile= strength= çf= masçnry= E»=M.OM=kLmmOI =see =fçr =examéle=xNTzF.=ff=the=thermal=exéansiçn=in=the=vertical=directiçn=is=cçméletely=érevented=Eez=Z=MI=élane=strain= cçnditiçnFI= the= resulting= érinciéal= stresses= are= as= shçwn= in= cigs.=NSaI= b= and= c.= ln= the= whçleI=there= are= nç= big= differences= in= terms= çf= distributiçn= çf= stressesI= in= cçméarisçn= tç= the= élane= stress=mçdelX=the=valuesI=çn=the=cçntraryI=are=slightly=higher=in=the=élane=strain=case.=

=

OMT=

ft= is= wçrth= nçting= that= in= bçth= cases= Eélane= stress= and= élane= strain= mçdelFI= the= external= annulus= is=éractically=unaffected=by=the=thermal=gradientsI=thanks=tç=the=éresence=çf=the=interséace.=pumming=uéI= the=éresented=axisymmetric=mçdel=cannçt=çbviçusly= exélain= the=curvature=detected=çn=site.= qhe= çbserved= crack=éattern= can= likely=be= attributed= tç= the= thermal= gradients= ensuing= frçm= the=éreviçus= functiçn= çf= the= chimney= summmed= tç= the= thermal= gradient= due= tç= the= envirçnmental=teméeratures.=qhe=hçrizçntal=cracks=cçuld=be=due=tç=the=differential=defçrmatiçn=çccurring=between=the=nçrth=and=sçuth=sideI=with=the=sçuth=side=exéçsed=tç=higher=teméerature.=qhe=fact=that=the=cracks=are=lçcalized=mainly=in=the=uééer=éçrtiçn=cçuld=be=exélained=by=cçnsidering=bçth=the=lçwer=cçnfinement=given= by= the= selfJweight= and= the= fact= that= in= the= uémçst= éçrtiçn= the= sectiçn= cçnsists= çf= çnly= çne=annulusI= withçut= interséaceI= and= thus= it= is= mçre=sensitive= tç= the= thermal=gradients= due= tç= the= fçrmer=çéerativity=cçnditiçns.==

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==

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=RK ClkCirpflkp =qhe= safety= evaluatiçn= çf= a= rnescç=tçrld=eeritage=SR= m=high= histçrical= masçnry= chimney= has= been=carried=çut.=qhe=çbserved=crack=éattern=is=tyéical=çf=çld=masçnry=chimneysI=and=is=érçbably=caused=by=several =reasçns. =qhe =actiçn =çf =the =thermal =gradients =was =investigated =by =means =çf =Oa =cb =mçdelsI =based=çn=bçth=élane= stress= and=élane= strain=behaviçr.= qhermal= effects=given=by= the=suéeréçsitiçn=çf=

=

OMU=

differential=results=çf=bçth=the=inner=heating=during=the=exercise=éeriçds=and=the=sçlar=exéçsure=seem=tç=mçst=likely=justify=the=chimney=crack=éattern=and=curvature.=curther= steés= çf= the= research= will= fçcus= çn= the= inséectiçn= çf= the= wall= crçss= sectiçn= thrçugh= micrçJcçring= and= endçscçéy= tç= verify= whether= its= real= geçmetry= cçrreséçnds= tç= that= reéresented= in= the=çriginal=drawings.= jaterial=characterizatiçn=will=alsç=be=carried= çut= thrçugh=sçnic=and=flatJjack= tests=abçve=the=basement=levelI=brick=and=mçrtar=saméling=fçr=labçratçry=testing.==AChkltibaGbMbkTp =qhe=authçrs= gratefully= acknçwledge= fmmçbiliare= Creséi= d’Adda= fçr= their= éreciçus= suééçrtI= and= fçr=allçwing=the=use=çf=archive=dçcuments.= obcbobkCbp xNz mallarés =c. =g.I =fvçrra =p.I =mallarés =i.I =Adam =g. =j. =EOMNNF =ptate =çf =the =art =çf =industrial =masçnry =

chimneysW=A=review=frçm=cçnstructiçn=tç=strengtheningI=in=`onstruction and Building MaterialsI=OR=4PRN–4PSN.=

xOz gurina= i.I= jazzçleni= j.= EOMMNF= rn= sistema= di= “cerchiatura= interna= éer= il= cçnsçlidamentç= di=ciminiere= in= muraturaI= qercer `olloquio iatinoamericano sobre oescate v mreservaciòn del matrimonio fndustrialI=pantiagç=del=CileI=NPJNS=pettembre=OMMN.=

xPz Cçrtesi= i.= EOMMRI= Nst= edit.= NVVRF= `respi d’Adda: villaggio ideale del lavoroI=BergamçI= drafica=e=Arte=PSJPV.==

x4z jessina=j.= ENVVRF=i’archiviç=del=Cçtçnificiç=Creséi= d’AddaI= in=dli archivi per la storia della scienòa e della tecnicaI=oçmaI=jinisterç=éer=i=Beni=Culturali=e=AmbientaliI=O=NN4PJNNRN.=

xRz jariani=qravi=b.=and=i.=ENVTVF=fl paesaggio italiano della rivoluòione industriale: `respi d’Adda e pchioI=BariI=aedalç=iibriI=NNJNO.=

xSz Bçssaglia= o.= ENVUNF= Creséi= d’AddaW= l’invenziçneI= l’ideaI= il= mçnumentçI= in= sillaggi operai in ftaliaK ia sal madana e `respi d’AddaI=qçrinçI=binaudiI=NNUJNON.=

xTz Creséi=p.=B.=ENUV4F=fl=villaggiç=Creséi=a=CaériateI=bdiliòia ModernaI=P.=xUz daòòetta mrovinciale di BergamoI=NM=cebruary=NUTT=and=OM=August=NUTU.=xVz siscusi= m.= ENVVVF= ie città del sognoK bleaI `astell’ArquatoI pabbionetaI pan ieucioI `respi

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NVV4LMOPSI= érçt.= VRT4I= V4LVRT4I= NVURI= NU= and= OR= marchI= OM= guneI= PN= gulyI= NVV4I= NM= and= OR=lctçber=

xNSz ApCAiI=ieglertexI=NVV4I=PN=lctçber.=xNTz içurençç= m.= EOMMOF= Cçméutatiçn= çn= histçric= masçnry= structuresI= mrogress in ptructural

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