Portland Police BureauPortland Police Bureau
Officer Involved ShootingsOfficer Involved Shootings
March 8th, 2011
January 1st, 2010 to January 2nd, 2011
Lt. Robert King PPB Training
Sgt Greg Stewart PPB Crime
Analysis Unit
CasesCases
10-008352 CAMPBELL, AARON M.
10-023336 COLLINS, JACK D.
10-038353 OTIS, KEATON DUPREE
10-097006 BOEHLER, CRAIG L.
10-103413 FERGUSON, DARRYLL D.
10-105949 LAGOZZINO, MARC
11-000068 MOFFETT, KEVIN C.
11-000375 HIGGINBOTHAM, THOMAS
Factors ExaminedFactors Examined
•• Initial ContactInitial Contact
•• Incident SummaryIncident Summary
•• SubjectSubject’’s PPDS Historys PPDS History
•• Mental Illness/Crisis IndicatorsMental Illness/Crisis Indicators
•• Mental Health Issues/Crisis Known To OfficersMental Health Issues/Crisis Known To Officers
•• Drug and/or Alcohol IndicatorsDrug and/or Alcohol Indicators
•• Less Lethal UseLess Lethal Use
•• Weapons Use by SubjectWeapons Use by Subject
Initial ContactsInitial Contacts
•Only 1 of the 8incidents was self-initiated
•Historically, abouthalf of calls are self-dispatched
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2007 2008 2009
Self-Initiated
Dispatched
Incident SummaryIncident Summary
•• 6 of 8 incidents the subject shot was threatening or6 of 8 incidents the subject shot was threatening or
actively assaulting another citizenactively assaulting another citizen
•• One incident involved an officer shot during a trafficOne incident involved an officer shot during a traffic
stopstop
•• One incident involved officers responded to a welfareOne incident involved officers responded to a welfare
check of the subjects girlfriend (the subject had ancheck of the subjects girlfriend (the subject had an
extensive history including domestic violence)extensive history including domestic violence)
PPDS HistoryPPDS History• History varied from minimal to extensive
• All the subjects had been a suspect in a written criminal report (varied frommultiple arrests to being a suspect in a single incident)• Several subjects had histories of domestic violence arrest
• One suspect had been charged in an attempted murder and another in incidentinvolving shooting at a roommate
• This is not typical behavior of persons with mental illness
• All the subjects except one had PPDS contacts involving alcohol ormarijuana*
*This is important because repeated studies have demonstrated that substance use co-occurring with mentalillness greatly increases the risks for persons with mental illness to engage in violent acts
Mental Health Crisis IndicatorsMental Health Crisis Indicators
•• The first 6 shootings appeared to have someThe first 6 shootings appeared to have some
connection to mental health crisisconnection to mental health crisis
•• Two of these individuals had a diagnosed major mental illnessTwo of these individuals had a diagnosed major mental illness
co-occurring with substance abuseco-occurring with substance abuse
•• Three individuals appeared to be driven by substance abuseThree individuals appeared to be driven by substance abuse
with possibly co-occurring with a mental health crisiswith possibly co-occurring with a mental health crisis
•• One individual was reportedly depressedOne individual was reportedly depressed
•• The last two shootings are still in review but at least oneThe last two shootings are still in review but at least one
appeared to involve a mental health crisisappeared to involve a mental health crisis
Drugs and/or AlcoholDrugs and/or Alcohol
•• Substance abuse played a role in at least 6 of 8Substance abuse played a role in at least 6 of 8incidentsincidents
•• Mental health issues crisis with substance abuseMental health issues crisis with substance abuseissues is a huge problemissues is a huge problem
•• While persons with mental illness are not generallyWhile persons with mental illness are not generallyviolent, mental illness co-occurring with substanceviolent, mental illness co-occurring with substanceabuse dramatically increases the risk of violentabuse dramatically increases the risk of violentbehavior (not unlike the general population)behavior (not unlike the general population)
Less Lethal UseLess Lethal Use
•• Deployed in 5 of 8 incidentsDeployed in 5 of 8 incidents
•• It was not always an optionIt was not always an option
•• It did not incapacitate the personIt did not incapacitate the person
•• But, how many of these types of incidents has itBut, how many of these types of incidents has itprevented?prevented?
Weapons Use by SubjectWeapons Use by Subject
•• All of the incidents involved individualsAll of the incidents involved individuals
armed with weapons:armed with weapons:
•• Four involved firearmsFour involved firearms
•• Three involved edged weaponsThree involved edged weapons
•• One involved a replica firearmOne involved a replica firearm
What We Know
The combination of mental health
crisis, substance abuse and
weapons dramatically increases the
potential for a situation to have a
negative outcome.
Who do we deal with?Who do we deal with?
PPBPPB’’s Most Frequently Bookeds Most Frequently Booked(January 1(January 1stst, 2010 to June 30, 2010 to June 30thth, 2010), 2010)
Top 20 by (booked) PPB CasesTop 20 by (booked) PPB Cases
• Characteristics of those we most often arrest:
• 11 had a multiple alcohol related arrests
• 10 had a history of mental health holds
• 12 had a history of resisting arrest
• Average over 50 charged cases a month involving
this group alone*
*Total criminal cases with an involvement code of charged
The 6th Most
Fequently Booked
• 2010 Activity• 34 Charged
incidents
• 6 Detox holds
• 1 Holds formental health
• Use of force
involving adrawn Taser
(not deployed)
• 2009 Activity• 19 Charged
incidents
• 4 Detox holds
• 5 Holds formental health
• 2 Use of force
1 drawnfirearm and 1
take down
• 2011 Activity• 10 Charged
incidents as ofFeb. 17th
• History includes
aggravatedassaults/
menacing with ametal club in one
of the holdincidents
Systemic FailureSystemic Failure
•• Generally do not qualify for ongoing mentalGenerally do not qualify for ongoing mental
health treatmenthealth treatment
•• Alcohol/marijuana use falls beneath radar of CJAlcohol/marijuana use falls beneath radar of CJ
systemsystem
•• Intoxication mixed with mental health issuesIntoxication mixed with mental health issues
reduces options for treatment (ERreduces options for treatment (ER’’s/Walk-Ins/Walk-In
rarely admit intoxicated subjects regardless ofrarely admit intoxicated subjects regardless of
mental health issues)mental health issues)
Emphasis on StrategyEmphasis on Strategy
•• Build strategies and capacity around the causalBuild strategies and capacity around the causal
factors, not tactics to address the symptomsfactors, not tactics to address the symptoms
•• We do not have programs to address unstable,We do not have programs to address unstable,
chronic, non-felony substance abuserschronic, non-felony substance abusers
•• We know we are at increased risk for negativeWe know we are at increased risk for negative
outcomes when contacting this group, yet we do notoutcomes when contacting this group, yet we do not
have the tools in place to reduce this contacthave the tools in place to reduce this contact
•• We know that our community has limited resourcesWe know that our community has limited resources
to address this issue, so we do the best we canto address this issue, so we do the best we can
Emphasis on Tactics/Training? Emphasis on Tactics/Training?
•• Simply adopting new tactics isSimply adopting new tactics is
not a sufficient condition fornot a sufficient condition for
successsuccess•• However, we constantly strive to improve bothHowever, we constantly strive to improve both
the tactics and tools we use to deal with thesethe tactics and tools we use to deal with these
encountersencounters
The ContextThe Context
�� 400,000 Citizen contacts400,000 Citizen contacts
�� 200,000 Radio calls for service200,000 Radio calls for service
�� 200,000 Self initiated contacts200,000 Self initiated contacts
�� 30,000 Arrests annually30,000 Arrests annually
�� 1,000 Holds for mental health issues1,000 Holds for mental health issues
�� 1,273 Cases where force is used1,273 Cases where force is used
Use of ForceUse of Force
�� Control Holds causing injury Control Holds causing injury 6161
�� Takedowns Takedowns 373373
�� Hobble Hobble 7373
�� Hands and feet Hands and feet 149149
�� Baton Baton 77
Use of Force*Use of Force*
�� Pepper spray Pepper spray 6969
�� Taser Taser 297297
�� Bean bag deploymentBean bag deployment 2424
�� Pointing a firearm Pointing a firearm 588588
�� Use of deadly force Use of deadly force 66
*Total types of force used exceed 1,273 because more then one type of*Total types of force used exceed 1,273 because more then one type of
force may be used in an incidentforce may be used in an incident
Use of ForceUse of Force
�� Officers use force in less than 1 % of allOfficers use force in less than 1 % of all
contactscontacts
�� Officers use force in less than 5 % of all arrestsOfficers use force in less than 5 % of all arrests
Historical Trends
Officer Involved Shootings and In-custody Deaths
98
4 4
9
5
2 21
6
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Deaths in police custody
Officer shooting incidents
San Francisco Analysis
1/1/2005 to 8/27/2009
Does not include most recent shootings
Portland
Available at : http://www.sf-police.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=25101
Review of ShootingsReview of Shootings
� In the majority of incidents it appears
responding officers applied their training in
the fundamental concepts of patrol tactics,
use of tactical advantages, and assessment
of the totality of the circumstances, all of
which are addressed in Patrol Tactics
training.
Review of ShootingsReview of Shootings
� This initial review does not find any
significant training deficiencies in their
responses but a more detailed review in the
future may include additional
recommendations. Specifically some
training applications stood out, officers:
Review of ShootingsReview of Shootings
� Made plans and designated leaders. In the
majority of cases, they communicated well
and adapted to the incidents as they
evolved.
� Used the tactical advantages available to
them, including cover, concealment,
distance, numerical superiority and the
element of surprise.
Work in Progress/Recently Completed
� Advanced Academy: In 2010, the TrainingDivision’s lead instructors reviewed and updatedall lesson plans for the Advanced Academy’stactical skills, CIT, and law programs. Althoughthis was an academy project, the lesson planswere re-written to be usable for in-service andother training programs.
TrainingTraining
� In-Service: The 2011 In-service for OperationsBranch includes a session on the ReactionaryGap, three PRISim scenarios, and a live scenariowith objectives related to decision-making andde-escalation. Each discipline has incorporatedmore discussion of 1010.20 and the acronymSTART IT, to help capture the elements ofGraham v Connor.
TrainingTraining
� The use of sound, safety-conscious tactics whendealing with an incident where a person isknown or suspected to be armed or otherwisedangerous minimizes the chances that officerswill find themselves exposed to life-threateningrisk. Consequently, the consistent use of soundtactics reduces both the dangers officers faceand their need to use their firearms in self-defense.
LESS LETHALLESS LETHAL
� In certain circumstances, less-lethal weapons,weapons that can incapacitate with a lowassociated risk of inflicting life-threateninginjuries, can be used to subdue violent suspectswithout unduly endangering police officers.When the only alternative is the use of a firearm,the deployment of less-lethal weapons canobviate the need for an officer-involvedshooting and potentially save a suspect’s life.
LESS LETHAL TECHNOLOGIES
� In five of the incidents, responding officersdeployed less lethal weapons, none of whichstopped the deadly threat posed by the subject.In these incidents, officers first responded withless force than the maximum allowed by law, asoutlined in PPB Directive 1010.20.
LESS LETHAL TECHNOLOGIES
� TASER: In 2010, the Police Bureau purchased95 TASERS. This allows the Operations Branchto individually issue each officer their ownTASER. This ensures that officers will have aTASER even for large scale events when manyofficers are working at the same time.
TASER Cartridge ProbeTASER Cartridge Probe
AssemblyAssembly
GHOST RING SIGHTS
PICATINNY RAIL FOREARM TASER X-RAIL
CUSTOM TWIST BARRELCUSTOM TASER YELLOW
Action Bar Release
Ra d i a l Ke y Bo ltCapacity of X-12 = 4/1
Proper cleaning and care required
CROSS BOLT
SAFETY
TASER X12 LLS by Mossberg
XREP ECD
Fins
Flat Base Radial Key Shell
Conductive Areas
Natural reactions will be to
grab at or near point of impact
More Effective PepperMore Effective Pepper
Understanding the limitations ofUnderstanding the limitations of
a purely training based responsea purely training based response
What is our communityWhat is our community’’s strategys strategy
to work with these limitations?to work with these limitations?