Portugal and SpainPortugal and SpainPortugal and SpainPortugal and Spain

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades more direct route to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Could sail in shallow water and up stream – quick and could go long distances

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

PortuguesePortuguese

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

PortuguesePortuguese

School for Navigation, 1419

Brother of king of Portugal

I Like to sail boats!

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire1. Exploring the west coast of Africa

– save Muslim souls and search for gold.

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 – rounded Cape of Good Hope (Africa) – allows safe passage to India

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498 (India)

4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (India: Goa, 1510; Calcutta, 1511).

5. Now challenged Venetians and Arabs for control of Spice Trade

Why spices so important? Preservation and adding flavor to bland European diet!

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”- land Looking for “El Dorado”- land of gold and treasureof gold and treasure

Looking for “El Dorado”- land Looking for “El Dorado”- land of gold and treasureof gold and treasure

Fernando CortésFernando CortésFernando CortésFernando Cortés

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The Aztecs (Mexico)The Aztecs (Mexico)

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The Aztecs (Mexico)The Aztecs (Mexico)

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Aztecs• Capital at Tenochtitlán (modern day

Mexico City)• Demanded large tribute from their

people• Polytheistic – believed gods needed

human sacrifices• People were resentful• Why many people welcomed the

Spanish – made it easier to conquer

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 1521Cortés 1521

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortés 1521Cortés 1521

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests Peru:Conquests Peru:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests Peru:Conquests Peru:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

vsvs..

Conquests made Easy? Mexico and Peru

• Although natives provided some resistance, conquest not too difficult

• Aided by diseases, modern weaponry and horses

• Clear what culture had the upper-hand

• Begins the transformation of South America into Latin America

Treatment of New World

Inhabitants• Savage (no culture)• Heathen (no religion)• Conquers accepted superiority

of all European values, beliefs, etc.

• People to exploit• Brutal and violent to

inhabitants- some provoked, most not

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

New World to Old World

Old Word to New World

Columbian Exchange, cont• Voyages of discovery created Europe’s

largest and longest trading exchange as well as spur other Europeans to get involved

• Great wealth returned to Europe fueling a Europe-wide economic expansion

• Europeans introduced numerous diseases and they brought back a virulent form of syphilis

• Expansion of diet for both sides• For natives, this began a long history of

conquest, disease and slave labor• Europeans impressed Catholicism, created

economic dependence and established a hierarchal social structure

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the coming of

the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

Other European nations get involved, esp. the Dutch

African tribal chiefs swapped captives for horses, grain and finished goods, like cloth

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

Used in both New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement- Treaty of Tordesillas.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission Spanish Spanish MissionMission

Tension between Religious and Conquerors• Although conquest necessary

to help in conversion to Catholicism, religious often hated harsh treatment of natives

• Bartolomé de Las Casas- Dominican friar-conquest not necessary for conversion – got new royal regulations to protect Indians

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws --> 1550- New Laws --> 1550- protect the Indiansprotect the Indians

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595 – will develop great shipping and trade industry.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations

ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.