27
Editors Luís Bragança Manuel Pinheiro Ricardo Mateus PORTUGAL SB13 CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS 30 Oct > 1 Nov | 2013 | Guimarães | PORTUGAL
EditorsLuís BragançaManuel PinheiroRicardo Mateus
PORTUGAL SB13 CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS
30 Oct > 1 Nov | 2013 | Guimarães | PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL SB13
CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS
Organized by
Universidade do Minho Instituto Superior Técnico
Partners
PORTUGAL SB13
CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS
Editors
Luís Bragança
Manuel Pinheiro
Ricardo Mateus
© 2013 The authors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without prior written permission from the Publisher.
ISBN 978-989-96543-7-2
Printed by Multicomp
1st edition, October 2013
Legal Dep. 365726/13
LEGAL NOTICE
The Publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
ForewordThe international conference Portugal SB13 is organized by the University of Minho, the Technical University of Lisbon and the Portuguese Chapter of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment in Guimarães, Portugal, from the 30th of October till the 1st of November 2013.
This conference is included in the Sustainable Building Conference Series 2013-2014 (SB13-14) that are being organized all over the world. The event is supported by high prestige partners, such as the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE).
Portugal SB13 is focused on the theme “Sustainable Building Contribution to Achieve the European Union 20-20-20 Targets”. These targets, known as the “EU 20-20-20” targets, set three key objectives for 2020:
A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%;A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.
Building sector uses about 40% of global energy, 25% of global water, 40% of global resources and emit approximately 1/3 of the global greenhouse gas emissions (the largest contributor). Residential and commercial buildings consume approximately 60% of the world’s electricity. Existing buildings represent significant energy saving opportunities because their performance level is frequently far below the current efficiency potentials. Energy consumption in buildings can be reduced by 30 to 80% using proven and commercially available technologies. Investment in building energy efficiency is accompanied by significant direct and indirect savings, which help offset incremental costs, providing a short return on investment period. Therefore, buildings offer the greatest potential for achieving significant greenhouse gas emission reductions, at least cost, in developed and developing countries.
On the other hand, there are many more issues related to the sustainability of the built environment than energy. The building sector is responsible for creating, modifying and improving the living environment of the humanity. Construction and buildings have considerable environmental impacts, consuming a significant proportion of limited resources of the planet including raw material, water, land and, of course, energy. The building sector is estimated to be worth 10% of global GDP (5.5 trillion EUR) and employs 111 million people. In developing countries, new sustainable construction opens enormous opportunities because of the population growth and the increasing prosperity, which stimulate the urbanization and the construction activities representing up to 40% of GDP. Therefore, building sustainably will result in healthier and more productive environments.
The sustainability of the built environment, the construction industry and the related activities are a pressing issue facing all stakeholders in order to promote the Sustainable Development.
The Portugal SB13 conference topics cover a wide range of up-to-date issues and the contributions received from the delegates reflect critical research and the best available practices in the Sustainable Building field. The issues presented include:
- Nearly Zero Energy Buildings - Policies for Sustainable Construction - High Performance Sustainable Building Solutions - Design and Technologies for Energy Efficiency
v
- Innovative Construction Systems - Building Sustainability Assessment Tools - Renovation and Retrofitting - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies - Urban Regeneration - Design for Life Cycle and Reuse - LCA of sustainable materials and technologies
All the articles selected for presentation at the conference and published in these Proceedings, went through a refereed review process and were evaluated by, at least, two reviewers.
The Organizers want to thank all the authors who have contributed with papers for publication in the proceedings and to all reviewers, whose efforts and hard work secured the high quality of all contributions to this conference.
A special gratitude is also addressed to Eng. José Amarílio Barbosa and to Eng. Catarina Araújo that coordinated the Secretariat of the Conference.
Finally, Portugal SB13 wants to address a special thank to CIB, UNEP, FIDIC and iiSBE for their support and wish great success for all the other SB13 events that are taking place all over the world.
The Organizers Luis Bragança – University of Minho Manuel Pinheiro – IST - Tecnico of Lisbon University Ricardo Mateus – iiSBE Portugal
vi
Scientific Committee
Albert Cuchí Universidad Politécnica Cataluña, Spain
Manuela Almeida Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Aleksander Panek University of Warsaw, Poland
Maria Teresa Barbosa Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brasil
Alexander Passer Graz University of Technology Austria
Marina Fumo University of Naples, Italy
Andreas Rietz Fed. Inst. for Research on Building, Germany
Maristela Gomes da Silva University of Espirito Santo, Brasil
António Tadeu Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Mat Santamouris University of Athens, Greece
Appu Haapio VTT, Finland
Miguel Amado Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Charles Kibert University of Florida, USA
Natalie Eßig Hochschule München, Germany
Christian Wetzel Calcon, Germany
Nicolas Kerz Fed. Inst. for Research on Building, Germany
Dimitrios Bikas University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nils Larsson iiSBE, Canada
Dorota Chwieduk Institut Techniki Cieplenj, Poland
Pekka Huovila VTT, Finland
Eduardo Maldonado Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Petr Hajék University of Prague, Czech Republic
Emilio MitreGBC España, Spain
Raymond Cole University of British Columbia, Canada
Fátima Farinha Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Ricardo Mateus Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Fernando Branco Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Rogério Amoêda Green Lines Institue, Portugal
Frank Schultmann University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Ronal Rovers Zuyd University, The Netherlands
Gerd Hauser Technical University of Munich, Germany
Said Jalali Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Helena Gervásio Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Sungwoo Shin Hanyang University, Korea
Hipólito de Sousa Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Tarja Häkkinen VTT, Finland
Jaume Avellaneda Universidad Politécnica Cataluña, Spain
Teresa Ponce Leão LNEG, Portugal
Jorge de Brito Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Tomas Luetzkendorf University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Luís Bragança Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Tom Woolley University of Central Lancanshire, UK
Luís Simões da Silva Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Vanessa Gomes Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
Manuel Correia Guedes Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Vasco Peixoto Freitas Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Manuel Duarte Pinheiro Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Vítor Ferreira Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
vii
viii
Contents
Foreword Luís Bragança, Manuel Pinheiro, Ricardo Mateus
Chapter 1: Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
Cost optimal building renovation with a net zero energy target for the Portuguese single-family building stock built before 1960 3
Manuela Almeida, Marco Ferreira, Micael Pereira
Zero-Energy-Buildings and their arrangement in Zero-Energy-Urban-Quarters in different climates: Derivation of design strategies based on climatic parameters, examples for building and urban quarter typologies and comparison with the existing ones 11
Udo Dietrich, Franz Kiehl, Liana Stoica
The first phase of a zero emission concept for an office building in Norway 19Torhildur Kristjansdottir, Sofie Mellegård, Tor Helge Dokka, Berit Time, Matthias Haase, Jens Tønnesen
Assessing design practices towards nearly zero energy buildings 27Patrícia Morais, Ana Tomé
Cost optimality and nZEB target in the renovation of Portuguese building stock. Rainha Dona Leonor neighborhood case study 35
Manuela Almeida, Ana Rodrigues, Marco Ferreira
Energy Performance of a Galician Hostel 43Ruth Dominguez Sanchez, César Bedoya Frutos
Monitoring of Indoor Climate of a Net Zero Energy Office in Flanders 51Griet Verbeeck, Elke Meex
The qualifications and professional competencies of architects on the energy efficiency of buildings. Are they prepared to embrace the 2020 targets? 59
Sílvia Fernandes, Rui Oliveira, Maria Isabel Abreu
Chapter 2: Policies for Sustainable Construction
Including sustainability into portfolio decisions: The example of the University of Vienna 69
Sigrid Niemeier, Harald Peterka
ix
Inspection and Diagnosis: A contribution to modern buildings sustainability 75Sara Amaral, Dulce Franco Henriques
Climate change effect on freeze-thaw cycles in Nordic climate 83Toni Pakkala, Jukka Lahdensivu, Arto Köliö
Energy rating of windows for the cooling season: a proposal for Europe 91Dimitrios Bikas, Katerina Tsikaloudaki, Konstantinos Laskos
A Qualitative Assessment of the UK Green Deal: Enabling Energy Efficiency of Buildings by 2050 99
David Oloke
Dividing indoor comfort limits by climate zones and describing it as a curve for the benefit of passive and low tech architecture design. 107
Gustavo Linhares de Siqueira, Udo Dietrich
The Primary Energy Factors Play a Central Role in European 2020 Targets Achievement 113
Lorenzo Leoncini
Sustainability in construction, between politics and economics. A comparison of the U.S. market and the Italian one. 121
Maria Antonia Barucco
Changing Mindsets; Identifying the Need for a Paradigm Shift in Construction Education 129
Conor McManus, Garrett Keenaghan, Maurice Murphy
Tomorrow’s sustainability: Devising a Framework for Sustainability Education of Future Engineers and Architects 137
Maria Olga Bernaldo, Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez, Ana Castillejo, Mª José Rodriguez-Largacha, Ana María Manzanero, Daniel Estévez, Maria Del Mar Cenalmor, Jesús Esteban
Chapter 3: High Performance Sustainable Building Solutions
Cost vs Benefits analysis in the implementation of sustainable construction principles in a residential building 145
Sérgio Martinho, Constança Rigueiro, Ricardo Mateus
Water reuse for domestic consumption - A key element for environmental and economic sustainability 153
José Coimbra, Manuela Almeida
Energy consumption and thermal comfort of a passive house built in Romania 161Cristina Tanasa, Cristian Sabou, Daniel Dan, Valeriu Stoian
Post Occupancy Evaluation of University Eco Residences: A Case Study of Student Accommodation at Lancaster, UK 167
Hasim Altan, Mohamed Refaee, Jitka Mohelnikova
x
Computational modelling of the thermal behaviour of an ETFE cushion using IES 175Eleni Dimitriadou, Andy Shea
Natural fibre reinforced earth and lime based mortars 183César Cardoso, Rute Eires, Aires Camões
Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Buildings: Rapid Changes with Substantive Improvements 191
Armando Silva Afonso, Carla Pimentel Rodrigues
The energy of water: An evaluation of direct electricity savings due to strategies of water preservation in a social housing compound 199
Antonio Girardi
Comparison of costs of brick construction and concrete structure based on functional units 207
Soheyl Sazedj, António J. Morais, Said Jalali
Sustainable Daylighting Design in Southern European Regions 213António J. Santos
Moisture buffering and latent heat effects in natural fibre insulation materials 221Neal Holcroft, Andy Shea
Potentialities of using PCM in residential buildings in Portugal 229Olli Mustaparta, Sandra Silva, Dinis Leitão
Home automation controller for a water-flow window 237Luis J. Claros Marfil, J. Francisco Padial Molina, Vicente Zetola Vargas, Graciela Ovando Vacarezza, Juan Miguel Lirola Pérez, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria
Concept and International State of Building Commissioning Activitie’s 243Filipe Silva, João Pedro Couto
Sustainable Social Housing - The User Focus 251Jan Johansson
Tradition in Continuity: thermal monitoring in vernacular architecture of farmsteads from northeast Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes 259
Joana Gonçalves, Ricardo Mateus, Teresa Ferreira, Jorge Fernandes
The contribute of using vernacular materials and techniques for sustainable building 269Jorge Fernandes, Ricardo Mateus, Luís Bragança
Chapter 4: Design and Technologies for Energy Efficiency
Urban Form and Daylighting: Examining daylighting conditions with regard to building block typologies 279
Dimitra Tsirigoti, Katerina Tsikaloudaki, Dimitrios Bikas
xi
Lighting Research & Development aligned to the demands for lower energy usage combined with better quality and a more holistic building design
287
Kevin Kelly, James Thomas Duff
Energy and water use patterns in Portuguese secondary schools – main relationships. Seven school cases analysis. 295
Patricia Lourenço, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Teresa Heitor
Parametric analysis of the energy demand in buildings with Passive House Standard 303Meri Cvetkovska, Andrej Andreev, Strahinja Trpevski, Milos Knezevic
Evaluating determinants of energy use in higher education buildings using artificial neural networks – an enhanced study 311
David Hawkins, Dejan Mumovic
Energy efficiency of photovoltaic façade for different latitudes in Portugal 319Helenice Maria Sacht, Luis Bragança, Manuela Almeida
Bioclimatic buildings strategies for the climate of Araras city, São Paulo - Brazil 327Juliana Nascimento, Helenice Maria Sacht, Luis Bragança
Protocol of control for the model of building energetic efficiency in existing buildings 335Ángel Rubio González
Towards adaptive control systems: Bayesian models for energy efficiency 339Roberta Ansuini, Albero Giretti, Massimo Lemma, Roberto Larghetti
Sustainable Energy Management for Underground Stations: Potential Savings through Lighting Upgrade 347
Roberta Ansuini, Albero Giretti, Massimo Lemma
Energy Assessment and Monitoring of Energy-Efficient House 355Libor Šteffek, Petr Jelínek, Milan Ostrý
Chapter 5: Innovative Construction Systems
ECODOR: sustainable proportion for concrete sleeper 365Maria Teresa Barbosa, Mariana Maia, José Castañon, Zelia Ludwig
Technical solutions and industrialised construction systems for advanced sustainable buildings 371
Eugenio Arbizzani, Paolo Civiero
A project contribution to the development of sustainable multi-storey timber buildings 379
Catarina Silva, Jorge Branco, Paulo Lourenço
ARGAD: High Performance Mortar 387Maria Teresa Barbosa, White Santos
xii
Lightweight steel framed construction system 395Cláudio Martins, Paulo Santos, Luís Simões Da Silva
Assessment and monitoring of a student residential building using an innovative execution solution 403
Pedro Andrade, Safira Monteiro, Helena Gervásio, Milan Veljkovic
Chapter 6: Building Sustainability Assessment Tools
Space design quality and its importance to sustainable construction: the case of hospital buildings 413
Maria de Fátima Castro, Ricardo Mateus, Luís Bragança
The Development of Building Materials Embodied Greenhouse gases Assessment System (SUSB-BEGAS) for Supporting the Green Building Certification System (G-SEED) in Korea 421
Sungwoo Shin, Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae
Can sustainability rating systems fairly assess construction solutions under assessment? 427
Joana Andrade, Luís Bragança
Defining best practices in Sustainable Urban Regeneration projects 435Guilherme Castanheira, Luís Bragança, Ricardo Mateus
An investigation of Indicators, Metrics, and Methods Used to Measure and Quantify Green Buildings’ Occupancy and Usage 443
Mohamed Ouf, Mohamed Issa, Shauna Mallory-Hill
From lighthouse projects to sustainable building stock 451Christian Wetzel, Rosemarie Dressel
Modelling Moisture and Site-Related Information for Sustainable Buildings 457Christina Giarma, Dimitris Kotzinos
Comparison of two sustainable assessment tools on a passive office in Flanders 465Elke Meex, Griet Verbeeck
Spatial Quality Assessments for Building Performance Tools in Energy Renovation 473Fernanda Pacheco, Annemie Wyckmans
AQUA certification system and the design of buildings 481Maria Aparecida Hippert, Luiz Felipe Dutra Caldeira
The implicit definition of ‘utility’ in the sustainable building assessment methods 489Joan Puyo Collet, Albert Cuchí Burgos
A Review of Research Investigating Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings 497
Ahmed Radwan, Mohamed Issa, Shauna Mallory-Hill
xiii
Sustainable Construction Key Indicators 505Catarina Araújo, Luís Bragança, Manuela Almeida
Chapter 7: Renovation and Retrofitting
Renovation project / sustainable rehabilitation centre headquarters district of Porto - Portugal. 515
Lurdes Duarte, Luís Narciso, Luis Calixto
Strategies for regeneration of widespread building heritage in Italy 523Paola Piermattei
Environmental Impacts of Elementary School Building Renovation - Comparative Studies 531
Jiri Sedlák, Zuzana Stránská, Karel Struhala, Petr Jelínek
Regenerative Universities? The role of Universities in Urban Regeneration Strategies 539Duarte Marques Nunes, Ana Tomé, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro
The integration of sustainable solutions in Portuguese old building architecture 547Rui Oliveira, Maria Isabel Abreu, Jorge Lopes
The Collective Self-Organized (CSO) housing approach: improving the quality of life towards nearly zero energy strategies 555
Silvia Brunoro
Technologies, strategies and instruments for energy retrofitting of historic cities 565Carola Clemente, Federica Cerroni, Paolo Civiero, Paola Piermattei, Mauro Corsetti, Pietro Mencagli, Leonardo Giannini
The inhabitable greenhouse 573Mathilde Petri, Mette Rasmussen
Criteria for thermal rehabilitation of hotels in Gran Canaria 581Maria Eugenia Armas Cabrera, Jaume Avellaneda Diaz-Grande
Optimization of the sustainability during the refurbishment operation of a residential building 589
Isabel Mateus, Ricardo Mateus, Sandra Monteiro da Silva
Thermal Rehabilitation for Higher Comfort Conditions and Energy Efficient Buildings 597
Mihai Cinca, Olga Bancea
Energy efficient envelope for renovation of terraced housing 605Andrea Boeri, Jacopo Gaspari, Danila Longo
xiv
Chapter 8: Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies
Using MCDA to Select Refurbishment Solutions to Improve Buildings IEQ 615Sandra Silva, Manuela Almeida
Which architecture has proven to be successfully climate responsive? Learning from traditional architecture by looking at strategies for resource efficient and climate responsive constructions 623
Sonja Schelbach, Udo Dietrich
Research into natural bio-based insulation for mainstream construction 631Ceri Loxton, Elie Mansour, Robert Elias
Bioclimatic solutions existing in vernacular architecture - rehabilitation techniques 639Débora Ferreira, Eduarda Luso, Sílvia Fernandes, Jorge Vaz, Carlos Moreno, Rafael Correia
Overview of Technological Industrialized Solutions for Temporary Facilities in Construction Sites 647
Christine Miranda Dias, Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra
Chapter 9: Urban Regeneration
Science of complexity for sustainable and resilient urban transformation 659Serge Salat
Sustainable tall building and vertical compact city 677Sung Woo Shin
Solar urban planning to the EU 20-20-20 targets 697Miguel Amado, Pedro Rodrigues, Francesca Poggi, João Freitas
Power of a Million Small 709Pedro Faria
Urban Regeneration. Developing strong sustainable urban design perspectives 719Duarte Marques Nunes, Ana Tomé, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro
Nearly zero energy applied to urban zones – Main Challenges and Perspectives 727Giorgio Borlin, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Maria Beatriz Marques Condessa
ICT supporting energy efficiency improvements in urban and rural neighbourhoods 735Mari Sepponen, Martine Tommis
Monitoring and Evaluation of urban regeneration processes. The case of Cova da Moura. 743
Ana Valente
How to address sustainability at the city level 751José Amarilio Barbosa, Luís Bragança, Ricardo Mateus
xv
Chapter 10: Design for Life Cycle and Reuse
Building connections and Material recovery: from deductive to inductive approach 763Claudia Escaleira, Rogério Amoêda, Paulo Cruz
Against Over-materialization. Architecture of Negatonnes 771Leszek wi tek
Opportunities and obstacles of implementing transformable architecture 775Mieke Vandenbroucke, Wim Debacker, Niels De Temmerman, Anne Paduart
Multiple design approaches to transformable building: construction typologies 783Waldo Galle, Niels De Temmerman
Condition monitoring and durability assessment of straw bale construction 791Andrew Thomson, Pete Walker
Innovative Sustainable Architecture: constructive processes and materials 799Mariana Pinto, Pedro Henriques
Chapter 11: LCA of sustainable materials and technologies
Carbon footprint impact of balcony glazing in Nordic climate 809Kimmo Hilliaho, Jukka Lahdensivu
Assessment of carbon footprint of laminated veneer lumber elements in a six story housing – comparison to a steel and concrete solution 817
Lars Gunnar F. Tellnes, Torhildur Fjola Kristjansdottir, Magnus Kron, Sigurd Eide
Designing Model House Based on the Cradle-To-Cradle Methodology 825Inês Ramalhete, Miguel Amado
LCA “from cradle-to-cradle” of energy-related building assemblies: Promoting eco-efficient materials 837
José Dinis Silvestre, Jorge de Brito, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro
Reducing fossil based energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the construction sector 847
Pedro Henriques, Álvaro Pereira
Life Cycle Assessment of an ETICS system composed of a natural insulation material: a case study of a system using an insulation cork board (ICB) 855
Marta Matos, Liliana Soares, Luis Silva, Pedro Sequeira, Joaquim Carvalho
xvi
Chapter 12: Thematic Session - Smart Regions: which strategies?
Energy Performance Certificate: A valuable tools for buiding-to.grid interaction? 865Marta Oliveira Panão, Hélder Gonçalves
Smart battery management systems: towards an efficient integration of Electrical Energy Storage Systems in Smart Regions 871
António Gano, Hugo Silva, João Correia, Maria Martins
The NetZEBs in the near Future. Overview of definitions and guidelines towardsexisting plans for increasing nZEBs 879
Laura Aelenei, Hélder Gonçalves, Daniel Aelenei
Nudging Residential Consumers to Save and/or Defer Energy Consumption 887Lucy Ting, Hélder Leite, Luís Barreira
Enabling Self-Healing Strategies in a Smart Grid Context 893Hélder Leite, Luís Moreira, Nuno Silva
Value materials and energy flow to toward energy independence: agro-forest and urban biorefineries 897
João Nunes
xvii
1 INTRODUCTION
Popular wisdom related to the construction is a huge legacy in the history of vernacular archi-tecture. The culture, history and traditions of the people of each region were continuously por-trayed in buildings that are today part of our beautiful landscapes, constituting a heritage that needs to be preserved and appreciated.
The vernacular architecture has instinctively developed bioclimatic concepts that are nowadays scientifically valid. Given the lack of resources, the simplicity combined to the rationality has resulted in the application of techniques and solutions which, although rudimentary, maximize the use of materials and available energy. The adaptation to local environmental conditions implied that buildings have assumed an identity that characterizes the architectural image of each region.
The use of basic materials like wood, earth and stone has evolved to more complex solutions built with huge negative impacts on the environment. In recent decades, the sustainable construction concept has been developed based on the principles of recycling and maximizing resources, protecting and stimulating the creation of healthy environment which therefore lead to the reduction of the environmental impact of the construction sector. In order to support the agents in the construction sector, research projects and knowledge transmission on sustainable development construction have been carried on.
This work is part of the BIOURB project, a cross-border project between Portugal and Spain, which intended to contribute to the change of the current constructive model toward a more sustainable bioclimatic model, both environmentally and economically, reducing the energy consumption of buildings and raising the value of bioclimatic heritage along the border. In order to achieve the study a survey has previously been conducted on the bioclimatic solutions along the boundary, more specifically between the areas covered by the municipalities of
Bioclimatic Solutions Existing in Vernacular Architecture Rehabilitation Techniques
Débora Ferreira, Eduarda Luso, Sílvia Fernandes, Jorge Vaz, Carlos Moreno Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e de Gestão [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Rafael Correia Câmara Municipal de Bragança [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The traditional architecture is founded as a defining element of the identity of a region, and its essence should be preserved and conserved by means of maintenance and recovery actions. Thus, the best solutions and proposals for intervention should be looked for but this doesn’t imply a back to back innovation and at construction progress. This work includes the description of techniques for maintenance and conservation of bioclimatic solutions found and inventoried in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, with special focus on a unique bioclimatic solution known as Sunspace, whose main advantage is to contribute significantly to the improvement of the thermal performance of buildings. It is also important to recover the historical heritage in a sustainable manner, allowing it to become an engine of development for both urban and small rural centres that exist in the periphery of the bigger cities.
Chapter 8 - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies
639
Bragança, Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, Mogadouro, Salamanca, Zamora and, in particular, areas of the natural parks of "Los Arribes del Duero" and "El Sayago".
2 IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BIOCLIMATIC SOLUTIONS FOUND IN THE REGION
In the context of the assessment of regional bioclimatic solutions, the most prevalent were identified as:
i) The inertia wall, term usually used to describe the walls of high thermal mass, in which the most common material used for its construction was for many centuries the stone shale and granite and, to a lesser extent, the adobe. The construction system of the walls was greatly influenced by the local material available and the resources of the owners themselves. These walls of large thickness, in addition to transmitting stability and protection of buildings against water, acoustic insulation capabilities, also have greatly contributed to the temperature equilibrium within their areas;
ii) Gable roof, tile roofing, with the largest dimension oriented south and the smaller to north. The non-habitable attics have the particularity of effecting climate control in a passive way. In winter the stored products (crops, grass and agricultural tools) are used as heat accumulators, helping to warm up the living spaces and, in summer, so as to avoid overheating, there is natural ventilation through openings on opposite sides. The clay tile is the most widely used coating material having excellent characteristics, adapting well to the structure of light wood stand, with emphasis on resistance to temperature variations, low weight, durability, low water permeability and high mechanical strength. In colder regions, for the sake of ease in obtaining material, slate tiles are placed in the form of irregular pieces, arranged over each other;
iii) The green wall, a living system that provides a bioclimatic solution where vegetation plays the key role, contributing significantly to the preservation of biodiversity. In addition to creating enjoyable spaces that offer pleasant comfort sensations, through the effect of regulating the climate, temperature, humidity, wind moderation, it also refreshes and purifies the environment. The use of plant species on walls of buildings, often climbing deciduous or evergreen vegetation and ornamental plants that meet all or part of the facade, is a very old habit. Some of the traditional walls incorporate a support system (corbels) on the masonry, which serves as a guide for plant growth above the roofs, making the vegetation an integrated element of the building envelope;
iv) The transition oriented spaces such as balconies, porches and terraces were designed for people to enjoy the environment without leaving home, being often leisure spaces helpful to interaction between families and friends. Regardless of the main function, all these elements are spaces of integration with the environment and climatic attenuators, contributing greatly to the regularization of the temperature differences between the outside and inside. In addition, some of these solutions allow to differentiate the buildings assuming an identity by incorporating stone or wood elements with some ornamental details;
v) The geothermal climatization is based on the utilization of the thermal characteristics of the subsoil. Superficial layers of the subsurface retains a considerable amount of energy that the sun is responsible for renewing daily, and have the particularity to present temperatures that are constant throughout the year as well as heat increases with depth. This bioclimatic solution is reflected almost everywhere in buried building, defining spaces dug in the earth or rock, sometimes very rough with no natural light, that were the most often used for preserving food and wine. In “Los Arribes del Duero”, Spain, a region strongly influenced by the winery activity, one can observe spaces excavated in rock at a depth of 5-6 m (bodegas), which are still being used as touristic sites due to its typical characteristics;
vi) Green roof, is not as frequent as other bioclimatic solutions, but have been found in some 3000 years old constructions that are currently being used by shepherds and farmers
Portugal SB13 - Contribution of Sustainable Building to Meet EU 20-20-20 Targets
640
as shelter and protection from the weather and for collection or storage of tools, agricultural implements and supplies. Such constructions are integrated in the space and merge with the landscape. Paraments have irregular masonry and the roof top is composed of slabs and piled rubble. The coverage has land and vegetation, consisting of local species such as moss and small herbs;
vii) The evaporative cooling process consists of the evaporation of water leading to a cooling of the environment. This strategy allows for air cooling before entering the building, and is related to Green Walls, Green Roofs, and with air/water exchange ducts. The outer traditional paving consisting of rock and soil also have the property to improve the microclimate regulating the hygrothermal stability in comparison with current airtight and waterproof solutions. In the Spanish region of Fermoselle and Sayago, there is a system of excavated cellars interconnected by a serie of ducts allowing the drainage of water that come both from ground infiltration and from wineries washing. These ducts serve simultaneously as a ventilation system. In summer, the air that enters from the outside through openings circulates through the ducts in which water circulates in the opposite direction causing cooling by mean of water evaporation, refreshing the upper spaces (usually housing);
viii) The Sunspace is a bioclimatic solution very characteristic of the traditional houses, mainly chosen in order to improve the comfort of the interior spaces, providing spaces for true pleasure.
Figure 1. Gable roof on capture coverage in Rio de Onor,Portugal
Figure 2. Green wall support system (corbels) on the masonry in Fariza de Sayago, Spain
Figure 3. A transition oriented space in Cova de Lua, Por-tugal
Figure 4. The geothermal climatization (Bodegas) in Fermoselle, Spain
3 BIOCLIMATIC SOLUTION – SUNSPACE 3.1 First Approach Based on the above described solutions, characterization (types, ages, materials, building systems and their singularities) and survey of major anomalies have been carried on. For each bioclimatic solution, intervention proposals were drawn whether in favour of preservation and
Chapter 8 - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies
641
conservation than of rehabilitation and construction, ensuring and maximizing the potential of bioclimatic principles which govern the solutions. These principles of bioclimatic architecture aim to adapt the building to the local climate and the adoption of a set of practices and techniques based on the use of natural and local resources, minimizing both energy consumption and environmental impact. They also have the objective of optimizing the comfort and health conditions of users. The main conclusions of the work conducted on the Sunspace, which is one of the bioclimatic solutions more widely spread in the study area, are presented below.
3.2 Identification and singularities of the constructive system The sunspace is a passive solar capturing solution, constituting an attached space in the building envelope, most often with direct connection to the living spaces. It’s made of glass and has the main advantage of contributing to the greenhouse effect. In traditional houses, the sunspace and the interior spaces are generally separated by walls of high thermal mass, whose main characteristic is to absorb the solar radiation during the day, releasing it slowly to the interior during the night, reducing the daily temperature range inside buildings. In summer, in order to reduce heat gains, i.e. the amount of solar energy that focuses the glass surface, shading provided by the eaves of the roof or by deciduous trees is cleverly exploited. In addition to the thermal benefits, the Sunspaces are also decorative elements of the spans, contributing to the aesthetic composition of the facades, embellishing them and giving distinctive traces to each building. From the analysis of the different types of Sunspaces, from the simplest to the most elaborated, it can be concluded that these are harmoniously integrated into the design of the elevations, mirroring the image of the whole building and also the owner’s economic capacity at the time of its construction. Furthermore, valuable information about the construction period can be obtained through the range of shapes, dimensions and proportions of the Sunspace. The majority of the Sunspaces present a wood and glass window frame, with or without exterior occlusion devices such as shutters or blinds. In the majority of the buildings, the sash windows incorporated in Sunspace are very characteristic of the Portuguese region while in the Spanish region, in addition to the use of wood, quite worked wrought iron was often used defining a very particular image of these buildings and featuring different epoch of construction. The ironwork is related to recent constructions from the late nineteenth century, in which they wore floral shapes and wavy, harmoniously worked, which expresses a clear aesthetics intention. The analysed Sunspaces are often located in an intermediate floor protruding out of the plane of the façade and, in many cases, they have their own roofing.
Figure 5. Ironwork Sunspace in Ledesma, Spain Figure 6. Wood Sunspace in Gáname, Spain
3.3 Identified Anomalies and Proposals for Conservation and Preservation The most frequent pathologies that occur in observed Sunspaces are entirely due to the employed materials associated to the lack of maintenance, the action of moisture and own aging and degradation of materials. It is worth to note that these elements are particularly sensitive because of their location in the building, subjected to a direct exposure to the sun which is more intense in areas oriented to the south and west, as well as to the action of rain and wind. In the case of Sunspaces composed of wooden structure, the atmospheric and biological agents are
Portugal SB13 - Contribution of Sustainable Building to Meet EU 20-20-20 Targets
642
primarily responsible for the change in strength and the appearance of pathologies in the woods, including deterioration due to insect attack, the existence of warping and excessive clearances in the mobile joints, the reduction of active section and decay due to fungal attack (rottenness), and pronounced cracking due to insufficient or deteriorated surface treatment which do not effectively protects wood against ultraviolet rays. In the case of Sunspaces composed of wrought iron structure, primarily responsible for degradation are weathering and the action of moisture causing corrosion. In the case of metals, corrosion consists generally in the oxidation that causes delamination and reduction of cross section, thereby reducing the strength of the elements. Furthermore, gaps between metal frame and glass as well as loss of alignment (warping) have been detected due to lack of maintenance and/or excessive pressure exerted on the Sunspace (metal expansion due thermal or oxidation factors). We also found some examples painted with various coating shades. The paint is a coating material responsible for the protection of thermal fluctuations throughout the year. The painting system also provides a barrier effect which is to hinder the penetration of aggressive agents into the metal or the wood. Thus, in order to prevent rapid weakening of these structures, the factors responsible for the deterioration of the painting should be quickly corrected through maintenance work. Among the unconformities of the paint attention should be given to the deterioration of painting both in the inside and on the outside with peeling of the paint owing to moisture condensation which penetrates beneath the layer of paint, cracking and wrinkling due to the existence of several layers of paint and/or incompatible paint, spraying, presence of cracks due to the existence of moisture in the wood, infiltration, poor adhesion to the last coat of paint and eventually the accumulation of corrosion products in metal/paint interface.
Finally, there are anomalies common to both types of used materials, namely: the degradation of locks and ironmonger due to the usage and existence of moisture which leads to the oxidation of metallic elements, compromising the tightness and the consequent deterioration of wood; clearances between the ironmonger and the wood due to insufficient maintenance; fracture of glass or transparent plastic films as a result of the existence of actions of different sources such as accidental shocks, structural movements of the walls, ageing of the materials and sealing glass (putty or fillers) due to the continuous action of atmospheric agents. In both cases, the analysis of the preservation state of these elements must be carried out by a proper and careful visual and functional inspection. The maintenance works required for conservation and repair naturally depend on this analysis and on the degree of deterioration. Regarding wooden Sunspace, the "minor repairs" include small repair work on damaged areas, removal of deteriorated paint and surface preparation for application of new decorative painting, with characteristics appropriated to the timber protection. This work may also include the removal and replacement of windows and ironmongery as well as disinfestation by mean of applying toxic injection, spraying or brushing.
Concerning the wrought iron Sunspaces, the "minor repairs" include small repair work on damaged areas and local replacement, including substitution of sealing profiles, glass, sealants, screws and ironmongery in general. Cleaning, stripping, preparation and repainting with an anticorrosive paint scheme can also be considered. Wherever possible, the techniques and materials used in repair of any metallic element of this type of old buildings must be the same as those used in the original construction. This aspect can bring some restrictions in terms of techniques and materials to use. In more serious damage situations it can be necessary to perform a partial replacement of parts with a new material or a total replacement, keeping the original element design.
3.4 The Traditional Architecture: an inspiration for the future Nowadays, with the limited resources of fossil energy and the environmental impact of buildings both due to excessive use of materials or to the resultant waste and pollution, it becomes imperative to heed the techniques and solutions that previous generations have adopted, identifying their strengths. The idea is not to copy ancient designs and solutions, but rather to take these principles for integration in current architecture.
Incorporating a Sunspace into a building as a bioclimatic solution has benefits both in rehabilitation and in new construction. The main guidelines for the implementation of Sunspaces are presented below:
Chapter 8 - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies
643
- The Sunspace should be build-up on the facade facing south in order to maximize the capture of solar radiation (orientation with variation of up to 30° to the south orientation will have 90% of the maximum heat utilization);
- Glass surfaces oriented east and west should be minimized because they receive slight thermal energy by radiation in winter (resulting in negligible thermal gains), and cause overheating in summer whenever glass surfaces have not occlusion devices such as shutters or blinds. The north-oriented glass surfaces should be avoided since a more favourable improvement of the thermal performance of the building facades can be achieved by adopting isolation and without fenestration;
- Between the Sunspace and other usable spaces, a wall with high thermal mass should be placed in order to absorb the solar radiation that can be later transmitted to the interior. The wall colour influences its storage capacity as dark colours absorb more heat energy;
- The glass surface can be designed so as to have some inclination towards greater caption of solar gains; however, this solution requires additional cares like the strength against atmospheric agents (snowfall, hail), the greater complexity in placement and operation of shading devices, and the difficulty of cleaning access;
- In cold climates such as the one in current study it is advisable to use double glazing in order to reduce heat loss as well as to contributing to sound insulation. To preserve existing window frames one should take into consideration the thickness of the frame which may constrain the use of double glazing. Rubber seals and coating, mastics and masses can be employed in order to improve performance and durability at critical points;
- The dimensions of the glass must be made compatible with its thickness, as it is a brittle material;
- Exterior occlusion devices (such as shutters) must be placed so as to minimize heat losses during the night and to prevent overheating during the summer;
- Possible shading due to neighbouring buildings or other elements must be taken into account;
- Adjustable or mobile thermal insulation of the area surrounding the Sunspace must be considered so that the different needs of heating and cooling both in winter and summer can be optimized;
- Controlled ventilation should be provided in order to avoid condensation. In case of heat transmission by convection, the openings have to be strategically placed. Warm air enters the building through openings placed at the upper parts of the walls while interior cold air is expelled to the Sunspace through openings placed at the bottom of the walls;
- Ecological footprint of employed materials should be taken into account. For instance, wood has the advantage of being a natural element available in the region, also advisable because of its low thermal conductivity (low ability to conduct heat). A wall made of stone, which is an abundant resource in the region, is a good solution due to its large mass and hence thermal inertia;
- The system idealization should take into account the dismantling and end-of-life regarding subsequent reuse of materials.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Current work, which is part of the BIOURB project study, has as its main objectives the processing of information on the biodiversity of the region as well as establishing constructive proposals intended for conservation and rehabilitation. The purpose is to assist the various stakeholders in the construction process in the decision-making related to intervention in the built environment, aiming to enhance both cultural heritage and environmental sustainability. This sort of work should be helpful in order to respond to European and international commitments regarding climate changes, and reduction of the consumption of fossil energy.
Portugal SB13 - Contribution of Sustainable Building to Meet EU 20-20-20 Targets
644
REFERENCES
Araujo, L. & Almeida, M. (2006). Thermal Inertia Walls in Portuguese Traditional Rock for Passive Solar Heating of Building, Climated Congress, Lyon, France.
Braz, R.; Lanham, A. & Gama, P. (2004). Arquitectura Bioclimática, Perspectivas de inovação e futuro, seminários de inovação, IST-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa
Gomes, A. (2009). Janelas e portadas históricas - História, desempenho, reparação e conservação, Tese de Mestrado, UTAD
Gonçalves, H. (1997). Edifícios solares passivos em Portugal, INETI Gonçalves, H. & Graça, J. (2004). Conceitos Bioclimáticos para os Edifícios em Portugal, DGGE / IP-3E,
Lisboa Lopes, N. (2006). Reabilitação de caixilharias de madeira em edifícios do século XIX e início do século
XX, Tese de Mestrado, FEUP Mendonça, P. (2005). Habitar sob uma segunda pele - Estratégias para a redução do Impacto Ambiental
de Construções Solares Passivas em Climas Temperados, tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil, Universidade do Minho
Olgyay, V. (1998). Arquitectura y Clima - Manual de Diseño Bioclimático para Arquitectos, Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili.
Santos, A. (2012). Sistema de inspeção e diagnóstico de caixilharias. Tese de Mestrado, IST http://www.biourb.net/ http://www.sostenibilidad-es.org/ http://5cidade.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/reparacao-de-janelas-em-madeira.pdf
Chapter 8 - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies
645
ISBN 978-989-96543-7-2design: mª fátima castro
