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POSH01 – SC850A RESEARCH PROJECT
Student Name: Ir. CHAN Yiu-hon
Submission Date: 2 November 2003
Supervisor Name: Dr. Kam Chi Kit, Charles
Project Title
”The Exploration of the Determinants Leading to the Adoption of
Safety Behavioural Intention of Registered Electrical Workers“
Background
Over 42,000 buildings in Hong Kong
Most of the fixed electrical installations in buildings are subject to a yearly or 5-yearly periodic test
Newly constructed buildings, deliberated improvement, and renovation in existing buildings and units
Risk of getting an electrical accident increases with longer exposure to hazardous electrical energy
Consequences of Electrical Accident
Electric shock
- Body injury
- Electrocution
Explosion and subsequent fire
- Damage to properties
- Loss of life
Safety Approaches
Legislative Approach
Electricity Ordinance - Electricity (Wiring) Regulations - Electricity (Registration) Regulations
Factories and Industrial Undertaking Ordinance - Factories and Industrial Undertaking (Electricity) Regulations - Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance
Registration of Electrical Worker
Safety Approaches
Safety Communication
Safety Promotion
Occupational Safety Charter
Safety Training and Education
Other Safety Approaches
Electrical Accident Statistic
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
No. of Accident
No. of Death
Significance of the Research
88% of accident causation due to unsafe behaviour (Viner 1996)
96% of Dupont’s workplace accidents were due to unsafe behaviour rather than unsafe condition (Mcsween 1995)
Inadequacy of Existing Strategy
Enforcement approach does not help to build up the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers
Enforcement approach is becoming out-dated
Fines for breaching the safety law are always low
What have been missed ?
The current strategy on occupational safety in Hong Kong was not effective
Electrical accidents still happen resulting from unsafe behaivour
Unsafe behaivour could not be improved by law enforcement
Aims of this Project
To study the safety perceptions of register electrical workers by reference to the multi-dimensional safety behavioural model
To determine the key factors which are effective for changing the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers with a view to preventing electrical accidents from happening
To explore a multi-dimensional model that explains the causal relationships between the safety behaviour and the identified factors
Objectives of this Project
To effectively reduce the recurrence of electrical accidents
To improve: - the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers
- the safety perceptions of registered electrical workers
To reduce: - the turnover, absenteeism and errors
To assess:
Literature Review
Key Concepts of the Contemporary Theories, Approaches and Models have
been Studied
What is Safety Bahaviour
“Behaviour” refers to actions by an individual that can be observed by others, it is what a person will do or say but not what the person’s thinking, feeling or belief. (Geller 1996)
“Behaviour” is the action(s) or reaction(s) of person or things under specified circumstances. (American Heritage Dictionary)
Human behaviour is surely the most fascinating of all subjects matters….. It is the almost exclusive concern of the great literatures of the world. (Skinner 1968)
Why Interest in Behavioural Approach
The application of behavioural research to the solution of human problems has been successful (Boyce et al. 2002)
Behaviour-based safety has provided a platform for constructive debate and contributed significantly to the workplaces safety. (Geller 2002)
The successful introduction of a behavioural safety process, focusing on identifying and reinforcing safe and reducing unsafe behaviour, is one means of improving safety performance. (Watson Walker 1997)
Psychological Theories Reviewed
- Social Cognitive Theory- Health Belief Model- Theory of Reasoned Action/ Theory of Planned Behaviour
The following theories were reviewed:
Summary of Key Concepts Theory/Model Key Concept
Social Cognitive Theory Reciprocal Determination Symbolizing Capability Vicarious Capability Forethought Capability Self-Regulatory Capability Self-Reflective Capability
Health Belief Model Perceived Susceptibility Perceived Seriousness Perceived Benefits of Taking
Action Barriers to Taking Action Cues to action Self-efficacy
Summary of Key Concepts
Theory/Model Key Concept
Theory of ReasonedAction / Theory ofPlanned Behaviour
Behavioural Beliefs Attitude Towards Behaviour Normative Beliefs Subjective Norms Control Beliefs Perceived Behavioural Control Intention Volitional Control
Key Factors
KEY FACTORS IDENTIFIED
Past Experience
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Culture
Behavioural Intention
Research Method
Design of Research Instrument(Questionnaire)
Sampling
Data Collection
Validity Test
Reliability Test
Formulation of Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis Model for Goodness of Fit Test
Design of Questionnaire
Anonymous
A questionnaire was designed based on
the identified behavioural factors
Questionnaire items were developed alongside the established inventories
• Diagnostic Instruments for the Prevention of Work Accidents (Melia 2003) • Safety Climate Assessment Toolkit (Cox & Cheyne 2000)• Stress LessTM-Stress Assessment and Personalized Program (SLI 2000)
Design of Questionnaire
Simple words
Translated into Chinese version
- Safety professional
- Language teacher
- Site safety manager
Six-point Likert-type response scale
“0” - Never to “5” - Always
“0” - None to “5” - Very High
Design of Questionnaire
Part I & Part II : Demographic Data
General & Job Description
Part III : Safety Behaviour Related Questions
Past Experience
Management Support
Peer Support
Behavioural Intention
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
Questionnaire
Past Experience
A.1 Considering your experience and the safety measures
that you take, what real risk do you have of suffering an
accident?
A.2 Taking into account your training, your experience and
the way in which you really work, what real risk do you
have of suffering a very grave or fatal accident?
A.3 Considering your work habits, to what degree do you feel
sufficiently protected against a possible accident?
A.4 Taking into account the conditions of your workplace and
the measures of protection taken, what real risk do you
have of suffering from electrical work related illness?
Questionnaire
Management Support
B.1 Your superior strives to do his/her electrical work in a safe
way.
B.2 Your superior strives to show his/her subordinates the safe
electrical work methods.
B.3 If somebody does not follow a safety rule, your superior will
rebuke him.
B.4 Your superior gives you clear instructions about how to do
electrical work safely.
Questionnaire
Peer Support
C.1 Safety is a priority for my colleagues.
C.2 If somebody does not fulfill a safety rule, your colleagues
would worry and bring it to their attention.
C.3 Your colleagues strive to fulfill the safety rules.
C.4 Your colleagues help you to work in a safe way.
C.5 Your colleague will inform you about the safety rules that
you should fulfill.
Questionnaire
Behavioural Intention
D.1 You follow the safety rules and instructions to carry out
electrical work.
D.2 When unsafe situations or risks arise, you report to my
superiors.
D.3 When you work without fulfilling a safety rule, you feel
worried.
D.4 You work on energised electrical installation.
D.5 You arrange power company to stop the electricity supply
before you carry out electrical work on a main
switchboard.
Questionnaire
Safety Climate
E.1 You have received training in your company about
accident prevention and health and safety at work.
E.2 Your company arrange safety inspection to your work
place.
E.3 You receive cash incentives for working fast regardless of
whether you work safely or not.
E.4 Your company will rectify the discovered unsafe work
items promptly.
Questionnaire
Safety Culture
F.1 Your company arranges talks and seminars to promote
safety awareness and prevent accident.
F.2 Your company provides appropriate personal protective
equipment.
F.3 There are meetings where you are informed about work
safety practices.
F.4 The environment of workplace and condition of machines
are complying with safety requirements.
F.5 Your company uses promotional campaigns to encourage
work safety.
Recruitment of Participants andData Collection
Registered electrical workers
Verbal explanation
Completed questionnaire were returned by:
- Dropping in the collection box
- Mailing to the corresponding address
- Facsimile to the designated number
Data Collection
Pilot Data Collection
- 60 successfully completed questionnaires were used
- Validity test
- 65 questionnaires were collected
- As 5 questionnaires were rejected
By factor analysis
Validity Test for Pilot Data - Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 27 questionnaire items
Pattern Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6ITEM 1 .957ITEM 2 .959ITEM 3 .952ITEM 4 .784ITEM 5 .904ITEM 6 .921ITEM 7 .856ITEM 8 .953ITEM 9 -.750ITEM 10 -.853ITEM 11 -.937ITEM 12 -.820ITEM 13 -.872ITEM 14 .943ITEM 15 .947ITEM 16 .880ITEM 17 .851ITEM 18 .909ITEM 19 -.894ITEM 20 -.821ITEM 21 -.763ITEM 22 -.703ITEM 23 .954ITEM 24 .892ITEM 25 .758ITEM 26 .669ITEM 27 .594Extraction Method : Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method : Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy .710
Validity Test for Pilot Data - Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 26 questionnaire items
Pattern Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6ITEM 1 .956ITEM 2 .957ITEM 3 .951ITEM 4 .784ITEM 5 .898ITEM 6 .923ITEM 7 .868ITEM 8 .955ITEM 9 .848ITEM 10 .929ITEM 11 .820ITEM 12 .861ITEM 13 .944ITEM 14 .950ITEM 15 .869ITEM 16 .852ITEM 17 .910ITEM 18 -.987ITEM 19 -.925ITEM 20 -.870ITEM 21 -.803ITEM 22 .962ITEM 23 .902ITEM 24 .720ITEM 25 .657ITEM 26 .547Extraction Method : Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method : Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy .705
Reliability TestSafety Determinant
ElementsItem Number Alpha
CoefficientPast Experience 1,2,3,4 0.923
Management Support 5,6,7,8 0.935
Peer Support 9,10,11,12 0.921
Behavioural Intention 13,14,15,16,17 0.938
Safety Climate 18, 19, 20, 21 0.936
Safety Environment 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 0.873
- An alpha coefficient of value equal to or higher than 0.7 indicates that the questionnaire items within each sub-scale of measure are highly consistency. (young 1996)
- As all alpha coefficients were higher than 0.7, the consistency of the sub-scales was confirmed.
Modification of Questionnaire & Collecting Full Data
Validity and reliability were established
The questionnaire was modified
Another survey was conducted
135 questionnaires were collected and 12 questionnaires were rejected
123 successfully completed questionnaires were used
Validity Test - Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 26 questionnaire items
Pattern Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6ITEM 1 .960ITEM 2 .963ITEM 3 .967ITEM 4 .890ITEM 5 .906ITEM 6 .972ITEM 7 .937ITEM 8 .986ITEM 9 -.881ITEM 10 -.956ITEM 11 -.887ITEM 12 -.911ITEM 13 .976ITEM 14 .972ITEM 15 .926ITEM 16 .902ITEM 17 .940ITEM 18 -.959ITEM 19 -.921ITEM 20 -.895ITEM 21 -.860ITEM 22 .958ITEM 23 .927ITEM 24 .704ITEM 25 .794ITEM 26 .579Extraction Method : Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method : Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy .798
Reliability TestSafety Determinant
ElementsItem Number Alpha
CoefficientPast Experience 1,2,3,4 0.925
Management Support 5,6,7,8 0.95
Peer Support 9,10,11,12 0.935
Behavioural Intention 13,14,15,16,17 0.946
Safety Climate 18, 19, 20, 21 0.973
Safety Environment 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 0.837
- An alpha coefficient of value equal to or higher than 0.7 indicates that the questionnaire items within each sub-scale of measure are highly consistency. (young 1996)
- As all alpha coefficients were higher than 0.7, the consistency of the sub-scales was confirmed.
Structural Equation Modeling
The identified key factors (determinants) were put together into a conceptual model and to be tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Model Testing
Formulation of Hypothesis
Selection Model Fit Index
Model Testing and Evaluation ofModel’s “Goodness-of-Fit”
Interpreting the Testing Result
Discussion of Findings
The 6 Identified BehaviouralDeterminants
BehaviouralIntention
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
Past Experience
Hypothesis Model
BehaviouralIntention
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
PastExperience
Social Support
Safety Culture
1 1
Hypothesis Model
Behavioural Intention
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
Past Experience
Social Support
Safety Culture
1 1
x
x
Hypothesis Model
BehaviouralIntention
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
Past Experience
Social Support
Safety Culture
1 1
x
x
Selection of Model Fit Index
Relative chi-square, (Cmin/df)
Goodness-of-fit index, (GFI)
Adjusted goodness-of-fit index, (AGFI)
Stability Index, (SI)
< 5
GFI >= 0.9
AGFI >= 0.9
Minimum acceptable valuefor model fitness Model fit index
1 >= SI >= -1
Hypothesis Model
BehaviouralIntention
Management Support
Peer Support
Safety Climate
Safety Environment
Past Experience
e
1
Social Support
Safety Culture
1 1
a1
b1
c1
d1
f
1
X
X
g
1
h
1
The model Cmin/df=3.177, GFI=.940, AGFI=0.90
SI = 0.134
Intent
.03
mgtsupp
.73
peersupp
.43
safeclim
.88
Safeenvt
.15
passexpt
.05
.31
e
Social Support
.29
Safety Culture
.45
.86 .65 .94 .39
.55
a b c d
f
.52
.52
g
h
Output of the Model
Comparison of Model Fit Indexes
Model fit index Minimumacceptable valuefor model fitness
Modeloutputvalue
Model fitnessaccepted
(Y/N)
Relative chi-square,(Cmin/df)
< 5 Cmin/df =3.177
Y
Goodness-of-fitindex, (GFI)
GFI >= 0.9 GFI = 0.94 Y
AdjustedGoodness-of-fitindex, (AGFI)
AGFI >= 0.9 AGFI = 0.9 Y
Stability Index,(SI)
1 >= SI >= -1 SI = 0.134 Y
The hypothesis safety perception model for registered electrical workers was accepted
Discussion of Findings
Social Support Safety Culture0.52
0.52
Observation 1.“Social Support” and “Safety Culture” are reciprocal behavioural determinants
Discussion of Findings
Past Experience Safety Behaviour 0.31
Observation 2.“Past Experience” is an essential element for determining the “Safety Behaviour” of registered electrical workers
Discussion of Findings
Safety Culture Safety Behaviour 0.55
Observation 3.“Safety Culture” is an essential element for sharpening the “Safety Behaviour” of registered electrical workers
Achievement from this Study
The key factors which are effective for changing the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers have been determined
A multi-dimentional model that explains the causal relationships between the safety behaviour and the identified factors has been established
The safety perceptions of registered electrical workers by reference to the established multi- dimentional behavioural model have been studied
Limitations & Further Research
- To extend the study to electrical workers who are yet registered with the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department
- To increase the number of participants in the survey
- To refine the research by categorising the safety behaviour of different grades of registered electrical workers
- To formulate a safety enhancement programme based on the observations, and apply it practically to registered electrical workers
Conclusion
Traditional safety approaches would not be effective without taking into consideration of the identified safety behavioural determinants
Behaviour-based approach is and will remain an important solution for the safety of registered electrical workers
The relationship between behavioural determinants for sharpening safety behaviour is complex and it could be assessed and evaluated by forming conceptual safety behavioural model