What is the What is the Clinical/Anatomical Clinical/Anatomical

Laboratory Profession?Laboratory Profession?

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IMPACTIMPACT 70-80% of medical decisions are based on laboratory results.70-80% of medical decisions are based on laboratory results. Laboratory tests are extremely valuable. Laboratory tests are extremely valuable. Modern medicine could not function without lab tests.Modern medicine could not function without lab tests. Demand for laboratory professionals will exceed supply in the near Demand for laboratory professionals will exceed supply in the near

future.future.

Positions in the LaboratoryPositions in the Laboratory Clinical Pathology:Clinical Pathology: tests tests

patient samples blood, urine, and body patient samples blood, urine, and body fluids.fluids.

ProfessionalsProfessionals::• Medical TechnologistsMedical Technologists

Also known as Clinical Also known as Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS).Laboratory Scientist (CLS).

Four year Bachelor of Science Four year Bachelor of Science DegreeDegree

• TechniciansTechnicians Also known as Clinical Also known as Clinical

Laboratory Technician (CLT)Laboratory Technician (CLT) Two year Associate DegreeTwo year Associate Degree

Anatomic PathologyAnatomic Pathology:: tests tests tissue samples and human cells on tissue samples and human cells on slides.slides.

ProfessionalsProfessionals::• CytotechnologistsCytotechnologists

Works closely with Works closely with PathologistPathologist

Separate education and Separate education and training from Medical training from Medical Technologist Technologist

• HistotechnologistsHistotechnologists Prepares thin sections to be Prepares thin sections to be

examined by Pathologistexamined by Pathologist• Pathologists’ AssistantsPathologists’ Assistants

Interacts with a Pathologist Interacts with a Pathologist like a Physicians’ Assistant.like a Physicians’ Assistant.

Separate Bachelor’s degree Separate Bachelor’s degree or Master’s degree programs.or Master’s degree programs.

SalariesSalaries

Medical Technologist Median Average Wage: Medical Technologist Median Average Wage: $59,571 per year or $28.64 per hour $59,571 per year or $28.64 per hour

Medical Lab Technicians Median Average Wage: Medical Lab Technicians Median Average Wage: $42,973 per year or $20.66 per hour$42,973 per year or $20.66 per hour

Cytotechnologist Median Average Wage: $64,771 Cytotechnologist Median Average Wage: $64,771 per year or $31.14 per hourper year or $31.14 per hour

Histotechnologist Median Average Wage:$51,542 Histotechnologist Median Average Wage:$51,542 per year or $24.78 per hourper year or $24.78 per hour

Phlebotomist Median Average Wage: $30,202 per Phlebotomist Median Average Wage: $30,202 per year or $14.52 per houryear or $14.52 per hour

Laboratory StructureLaboratory Structure

Clinical Departments: Clinical Departments: • Hematology, Chemistry, Blood Bank, Hematology, Chemistry, Blood Bank,

Microbiology, ImmunologyMicrobiology, Immunology Anatomical Departments:Anatomical Departments:

• Cytology, HistologyCytology, Histology SupervisorSupervisor ManagerManager AdministratorAdministrator

Work EnvironmentsWork Environments Hospitals LaboratoriesHospitals Laboratories Physician Office LaboratoriesPhysician Office Laboratories Independent or Reference Independent or Reference

LaboratoriesLaboratories Public Health LaboratoriesPublic Health Laboratories Pharmaceutical CompaniesPharmaceutical Companies Fertility ClinicsFertility Clinics Veterinary LaboratoryVeterinary Laboratory Educational Program DirectorEducational Program Director Research/ Clinical TrialsResearch/ Clinical Trials Product DevelopmentProduct Development Sales and Marketing/ConsultingSales and Marketing/Consulting GeneticsGenetics Information TechnologyInformation Technology Multi-departmental Multi-departmental

Manager/Hospital AdministrationManager/Hospital Administration Medical Informatics Medical Informatics Forensic LaboratoriesForensic Laboratories

Areas of StudyAreas of Study Clinical LabClinical Lab

• MicrobiologyMicrobiology• ImmunohematologyImmunohematology• Clinical ChemistryClinical Chemistry• HematologyHematology• CoagulationCoagulation• ImmunologyImmunology• UrinalysisUrinalysis

Esoteric/Referral TestingEsoteric/Referral Testing Anatomic Pathology Anatomic Pathology

• HistologyHistology• CytologyCytology• AutopsyAutopsy

Molecular DiagnosticsMolecular Diagnostics

Elements of BloodElements of Blood

Plasma - the liquid Plasma - the liquid portionportion

Platelets - the clot Platelets - the clot forming componentsforming components

White Blood Cells - the White Blood Cells - the infection fightersinfection fighters

Red Blood Cells - the Red Blood Cells - the oxygen transportersoxygen transporters

PhlebotomyPhlebotomy

Collection and Collection and processing of processing of blood blood

samples.samples. Patient Patient

interaction.interaction. Great place to Great place to

begin a health begin a health care care career.career.

Collection SuppliesCollection Supplies

Blood CollectionBlood Collection• Purple topPurple top• Yellow top Yellow top • Blue topBlue top• Green topGreen top• Pink topPink top

Urine SpecimenUrine Specimen

UrinalysisUrinalysis Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis

• DipstickDipstick SedimentSediment

• CrystalsCrystals• CastsCasts• CellsCells

Urine Urine MicroscopicMicroscopic

ExamExamEpithelial Cells

Calcium Oxalate Crystals

Yeast

UrinalysisUrinalysis

Cellular cast

Renal epithelial

ImmunohematologyImmunohematology Blood typesBlood types TransfusionsTransfusions Transfusion Transfusion

reactionsreactions Abnormal Abnormal

antibodiesantibodies

Blood TypesBlood Types

A positive AB negative

Blood TypesBlood Types

O positive O negative

Blood TypesBlood Types

B negative B positive

Blood TypesBlood Types

A negative AB positive

HematologyHematology Complete blood Complete blood

count (CBC)count (CBC) Cellular morphologyCellular morphology AnemiasAnemias LeukemiasLeukemias HemoglobinopathiesHemoglobinopathies

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

Neutrophils -Engulf bacteria and cellular debris37-77%

Basophils - Hypersensitivity,Release histamine0-1.6%

Eosinophils -Parasitic infections,Allergic response1-7%

Lymphocytes -Produce antibodies, regulate the immune response10-44%

Monocytes -Engulf cellular debris, antigen processing2-10%

Hematology ImagesHematology Images

Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)

Acute Myelocytic Leukemia (AML)

Hematology ImagesHematology Images

Clinical MicrobiologyClinical Microbiology BacteriaBacteria Viruses Viruses FungusFungus ParasitesParasites

ParasitologyParasitology

Clinical ChemistryClinical Chemistry Literally thousands of chemicals and Literally thousands of chemicals and

enzymes in the human bodyenzymes in the human body Panels of testsPanels of tests HepatitisHepatitis DiabeticsDiabetics Electrolyte balanceElectrolyte balance Lipid levelsLipid levels

ChemistryChemistry

DNA

Fats

Proteins

Sugars

Amino Acids

Water

RNA

Cholesterol

Enzymes

Vitamins

Minerals

pHHormones

Bone Cells Blood Cells

Fat Cells Muscle Cells

Anatomical PathologyAnatomical Pathology

Quiz Number 1Quiz Number 132 year-old male arrives in the 32 year-old male arrives in the

emergency room with right emergency room with right lower back pain for 2 days.lower back pain for 2 days.

Lab results:Lab results:The patient’s urine tests positive for The patient’s urine tests positive for

blood and the following elements blood and the following elements are seen.are seen.

What is the patient’s problem?What is the patient’s problem?A. Appendicitis.A. Appendicitis.B. Parasitic infection.B. Parasitic infection.C.C. Renal calculi (kidney stone). Renal calculi (kidney stone).D. Leukemia.D. Leukemia.

Number 2Number 2

10 year-old female is seen 10 year-old female is seen by her family physician by her family physician for persistent sore throats for persistent sore throats and swollen lymph nodes.and swollen lymph nodes.

Lab results:Lab results:WBC count-185,000/mmWBC count-185,000/mm3.3.

90% lymphoblasts.90% lymphoblasts.The patient’s problem is…The patient’s problem is…A. Renal calculi.A. Renal calculi.B.B. Leukemia. Leukemia.C. Parasitic infection.C. Parasitic infection.D. Iron deficiency anemia.D. Iron deficiency anemia.

Number 3Number 3

23 year-old male is seen in 23 year-old male is seen in the urgent care clinic. the urgent care clinic. Patient complains of a Patient complains of a white discharge and pain white discharge and pain with urination.with urination.

Lab results:Lab results:Gram stain shows many WBCs Gram stain shows many WBCs

and 3 plus gram negative and 3 plus gram negative diplococci.diplococci.

A.A. Sexually transmitted Sexually transmitted disease.disease.

B. Bladder infection.B. Bladder infection.C. Kidney infection.C. Kidney infection.D. Hepatitis.D. Hepatitis.

Number 4Number 4

12 year-old male 12 year-old male complains of a sore complains of a sore throat, fever, and throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.swollen lymph nodes.

Lab results:Lab results:Gram stain demonstrates Gram stain demonstrates

gram positive cocci in gram positive cocci in chains.chains.

The patient’s problem is….The patient’s problem is….A. Viral infection.A. Viral infection.B. Over-eating.B. Over-eating.C. Ear infection.C. Ear infection.D.D. Strep infection. Strep infection.

Number 5Number 5

18 year-old female 18 year-old female complains of being complains of being tired for the past 2 tired for the past 2 weeks.weeks.

Lab results:Lab results:Low HCT, HGB, and RBCs.Low HCT, HGB, and RBCs.The patient’s problem is….The patient’s problem is….AA. Iron deficiency anemia.. Iron deficiency anemia.B. Leukemia.B. Leukemia.C. Macrocytic anemia.C. Macrocytic anemia.D. She does not want to go D. She does not want to go

to school.to school.

ConclusionConclusion

Though we are Though we are behind the scenes.behind the scenes.

We are the Heroes We are the Heroes of the Health Care of the Health Care TeamTeam

Solving Today’s Solving Today’s Medical Mysteries.Medical Mysteries.

QuestionsQuestions