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Possible Means of Facilitating the Development and Long-Term Sustainability of Processes for
the Preparation of National Communications
Experiences from Brazil
Haroldo Machado Filho, PhD.
Bonn, June 20th, 2011
Brazil
� Area: 8,514,876.6 km2.
� Divided in 5 political-administrative regions: North; Northeast;Mid-West; Southeast; South.
! Different biomes;
� 26 states and the Federal District; 5,507 municipalities.
�190 millions Inhabitants; 95% in urban area.
� Portuguese
Brazil - General Information
�Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the
Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,
using comparable methodologies�Article 4.1(a)
�Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the
Parties national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,
using comparable methodologies�Article 4.1(a)
Commitment of all Parties to the Convention
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
� Steps taken or envisaged in the country� Measures related to climate change mitigation� Measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate
change
� Other information considered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention:� Transfer of technologies� Research and systematic observation� Education, training and public awareness� National and regional capacity building� Information and networking
Second National CommunicationSecond National Communication
� Presidential Decree - 1,160 - June 21, 1994 establishes the technical focal point of climate change in Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT)
� General Coordination � MCT/CGMC � August 1994
�Problem: Low Level of Awareness
�Implementing Entities � 1995/1996: Universities; Research Centers; Governmental Agencies; Industry Associations/ Non-governmental organizations; Consultants
�Criteria: efficiency; cost/benefit; decentralization; better capacity-building.
�150 entities and 700 experts involved
Initial National Inventory: Organization
� Contribution from:� 600 Institutions� 1,200 Experts
� Sectoral Coordinating Entities� General Coordination: CGMC/MCT� Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Procedures� Verification of adequacy of the methodology� Transparent background reports� Review by experts not involved in inventory
development� Public consultation through MCT's website
(Apr-Sep 2010)
The National Inventory: Organization
COCO22 CHCH44 NN22OO
COCO22 CHCH44
COCO22
CHCH44COCO22
COCO22 PFCsPFCs
HFCsHFCs SFSF66
Inventory Guidelines: Sectors
COCO22
COCO22
COCO22
CHCH44
CHCH44 NN22OO
CHCH4 4
NN22OOCHCH44
NN22OO
CHCH44 NN22OO
Inventory Guidelines: Sectors
NN22OO
CHCH44
CHCH44
Inventory Guidelines: Sectors
EnergyEnergy
AgricultureAgriculture
Land UseLand Use
WasteWaste
IndustrialIndustrialprocessesprocesses
E&E and MMEE&E and MME
EMBRAPAEMBRAPA
FUNCATE / INPEFUNCATE / INPE
CETESBCETESBABIQUIM, ABALABIQUIM, ABALSNIC, IABr, etc.SNIC, IABr, etc.ANEEL ANEEL (SF(SF66))
The National Inventory: Coordinating Institutions
Biomes and Satellite Imaging Coverage
Land Use429 images
� Interpretation for each year:- 429 satellite images
- 198 images for the Amazon - 118 images for the Cerrado
� Classes identified:- Forests (Primary, Planted, Secondary)- Grassland (pastures)- Agricultural areas- Wetlands (rivers, lakes and reservoirs)- Settlements- Other
Land Use Interpretation
Number of polygons identified
Total: 7,581,333 polygons
- Amazon: 4,309,538 polygons- 3,959,837 polygons under 25 ha
- Cerrado: 1,119,600 polygons- 776,801 polygons under 25 ha
- Other biomes: 2,152,695 polygons- 1,712,695 polygons under 25 ha
Land Use Interpretation
For every polygon:
� Carbon stock in biomass� Forest
� function of biome, vegetation profile and location
� Agriculture� function of culture (information provided by
IBGE) and management � Soil Carbon
� Gain or loss depending on transition
Land Use Interpretation
2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol
Emissões e remoções antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa (Resumo)
SETOR1990 1994 2000 2005 Variação
1990/2005Part. 1990
Part. 2005
(Gg CO2eq) (%)
USO DA TERRA E FLORESTAS 812.672 882.681 1.328.335 1.329.053 61 58,5 60,6
AGROPECUÁRIA 303.772 329.386 347.878 415.754 73 21,9 19,0
ENERGIA 191.543 217.083 301.096 328.808 58 13,8 15,0
PROCESSOS INDUSTRIAIS 52.536 58.506 71.673 77.939 67 3,8 3,6
TRATAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS 28.600 32.146 38.739 41.048 70 2,1 1,9
TOTAL 1.389.123 1.519.802 2.087.722 2.192.601 63 100 100
2nd Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol
2º Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões e Remoções Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa � Dados Preliminares (Nov 2009)
Profile of Brazilian Emissions
Net emissions in CO2e with different metricsShare by sector
CO2e Emissions in 2005GTP
17%
4%
10%
68%
1%
Energy
Industria l Processes
Agricul ture
Land Use Change andForestsWaste
CO2e Emissions in 2005GWP
15%
4%
19%
60%
2%
Energy
Industria l Processes
Agricul ture
Land Use Change andForestsWaste
Programs and Actions related to Sustainable Development:
� Ethanol of Sugar-Cane in Brazil � Brazilian Program on Biofuels - Pro-biodiesel� Programs of Energy Conservation� Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation to the Reduction of GHG� Situaton and Perspective on New Renewable Sources of Energy in Brazil� Nacional Program on the Universal Electric Energy Access and Use � �Luz for All� Program� Program on Hydrogen Transportation� Recycling� Industry using Charcoal from Planted Forests
Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (1)
Evolution of the Production of Ethanol (million of liters) � 1970 to 2006
Avoided CO2 emission in the generation of hydroelectric power
Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (2)
Programs and Actions that contain measures thatcontribute towards the mitigation of climate change and its adverse effects:
�Perspectives of Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in Emissionsof GHGs
� Programs to Reduce Emissions from Urban TransportationSector
� The Role of Nuclear Energy in Brazil
PETRÓLEO e DERIVADOS
37,9%
GÁS NATURAL 8,8%
CARVÃO MINERAL
4,8%
URÂNIO1,4%
HIDRÁULICA E ELETRICIDADE
15,2%
BIOMASSA32,0%
Biomassa: Lenha: %
Produtos da cana: %Outras: %
milhões tep ( 2% da energia mundial ) RENOVÁVEIS:Brasil: %OECD: %
Mundo: %
18,03,8
10,1
243,747,27,212,7
Avoided Emissions
� Avoided Emissions of CO2 from the use of ethanol in the transportation sector � average annual contribution of around 13 million tons of CO2since 1990;
� Nuclear Energy � would have avoided the emission of 127 million tons of CO2 (assuming the hypothesis of using coal in the absence of this option), which corresponds to 37% of total emissions in 2009, by the use of energy.
Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)
Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long-Term Planning:
�The Brazilian Environmental Legislation;
� Brazilian Agenda 21;
� National Plan on Climate Change;
� National Policy on Climate Change;
� Program on Meteorology and Climate Change under the Pluriannual Plan (2008-2011) of the Federal Government
Programs Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change (3)
Integration of Climate Change Issues to Mid- and Long-Term Planning:
� National Program on Air Quality � PRONAR� Program on Polution Control by Vehicles � PROCONVE� National Plan on Logistics and Transportation � PNLT� Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazon Region� Amazon Monitoring Program by Remote Sensing� National System of Protected Areas � SNUC� Prevention of Fires and Burning� Cities for Climate Protection� Financial and Fiscal Measures
Lowest ratesince inceptionof PRODES
Key Lessons Learnt� Involvement and commitment of key stakeholders is crucial;
� Disclosure of information is important in all the phases;
� Identification of coordinators in key technical areas in order to decentralize work;
� Process must be transparent and inclusive (process of peer and open review has been extremely helpful);
� There are different methodologies. You need to choose one, justify your choice and provide all the information to support this choice (emission factors).
Legislation related to the NC� Law 12,187 - Dec. 29, 2009 - Brazilian Policy on
Climate Change: the National Communication, according to the criteria established by the UNFCCC, is an instrument of the National Policy on Climate Change
� Decree 7,390 - Dec. 9, 2010 - regulation of the National Plan on CC � National and sectoral plans must be developed based on the Second National Communication, especially on the inventory of GHG, or on its most recent edition.
Brazilian website on Climate Change
Brazilian website on climate change
� The climate change web site is maintained by the Brazilian Government, by means of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and managed by the General Coordination Office on Global Climate Change -CGMGC, since 1995.
� Inspired the UNFCCC website.
� Increasing connectivity in Brazil - more than 90 million people connected.
� One of the most accessed websites in the Brazilian government
Review of the FNC� Inventory � Quality assurance and control directly
managed by the MCT � direct work with the authors
� Steps Taken and Envisaged to Implement the Convention � Review similar to the IPCC reports �review by authors and invited specialists (140 reviewers)
� Available on the Brazilian site on climate change� Permanently open to comments and inputs by the website
public
� 150 entities and 700 specialists involved.
Organization � Second National Communication
� Increasing level of awareness
� Implementing entities: universities, research centres, governamental entities, industrial associations, non-governmental organizations, consultants.
� Challenge: involve more entities and specialists.� Increasing willingness of participation.
� Need of a broader process of participation.
As planilhas devem ser enviadas para [email protected]
www.mct.gov.br/clima
Other languages
Sources of the resources for the elaboration of the SNC
Currency exchange rate
Problems related to sustainability� Even if you have institutions and legislation in place,
experience gained, people trained and able to conduct thework, are these elements sufficient to ensure sustainabilityof the process for the preparation of NC? NO!!!
� Problem is systemic !
� Technical work is influenced by political disruptions
� Fragility of institutions
� Difficulty in getting data (problem not solved only withfinancial resources)
Problems related to sustainability! Relationship among institutions (federal, state and municipal
level)
� Difficulty to maintain staff and get additional funds (priority: eradication of poverty and related actions)
� National legislation has not been translated into additionalbudget
� GEF - project based initiative
� Gaps between projects are very difficult to avoid
� Financial problems: e.g. currency exchange rates