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8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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a Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrt> ]trgtohaos ilr Gmmocorgtadh gd` ]ustgadadh Bahb Hrlwtb
Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtbad @ovoclpadh MludtraosG ]pomagc Zoplrt li tbo Mleeassald ld
Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt ld tbo Aepcamgtalds
li tbo :662 Iadgdmagc Mrasas
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb
ad @ovoclpadh MludtraosG ]pomagc Zoplrt li tbo Mleeassald ld
Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt ld tboAepcamgtalds li tbo :662 Iadgdmagc Mrasas
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb
ad @ovoclpadh MludtraosG ]pomagc Zoplrt li tbo Mleeassald ld
Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt ld tboAepcamgtalds li tbo :662 Iadgdmagc Mrasas
MLEEA]]ALD LD HZLXPB GD@ @OYOCLVEODP
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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Eoejors li tbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt
Eldtok ]adhb Gbcuwgcag,@oputy Mbgaregd, Vcgddadh Mleeassald, Ad`agO`egr Jgmbg,@aromtlr, Mgsg @gs Hgrgs Adstatuto ilr Omldleam Vlcamy ]tu`aos, gd` ]odalr
G`vasor, Jgdml Atg JJG; ilreor ]odalr G`vasor tl tbo Eadastor li Iadgdmo ad tbo
aepcoeodtgtald li tbo Vcgdl Zogc, gd` ilreor Vrosa`odt li tbo Dgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt
Jgdk (JD@O]), Jrgzac
@r. Jlo`aldl,Yamo Vrosa`odt li Ad`ldosag, ilreor Hlvordlr li tbo Jgdk li Ad`ldosag; ilreorMllr`adgtadh Eadastor ilr Omldleam Giigars; Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Hgngb Eg`g
_davorsaty, Ad`ldosag
Clr` Nlbd Jrlwdo,Egdghadh @aromtlr, Zavorstldo Ourlpo CCV; ilreor MOL li JratasbVotrlcoue p.c.m., _dato` Kadh`le
Koegc@orvas,Yamo Vrosa`odt gd` @aromtlr, Hcljgc Omldley gd` @ovoclpeodt, Pbo JrllkadhsAdstatutald; ilreor Bog` li tbo _D@V, _dato` ]tgtos
Gcongd`rl Ilxcoy,Vrosa`odt, Modtor ilr Cgtad Georamgd Omldleam Zosogrmb (MAOVCGD);ilreor Eadastor li Ilroahd Giigars, Mbaco; ]odalr Gsslmagto gt tbo Mgrdohao Od`lweodt
ilr Adtordgtaldgc Vogmo, _dato` ]tgtos
Hlb Mblk Pldh,]odalr Eadastor ad Mgjadot gd` Mbgaregd, Eldotgry Gutblraty li]adhgplro; ilreor Vraeo Eadastor, ]adhgplro
Bgd @umk-sll,Gejgssg`lr li tbo Zopujcam li Klrog tl tbo _dato` ]tgtos; ilreor VraeoEadastor, ilreor @oputy Vraeo Eadastor, gd` ilreor Eadastor li Iadgdmo gd` Omldley, tbo
Zopujcam li Klrog
@gdutg Bjdor,Eoejor li tbo Ourlpogd VgrcageodtMgrad Netad,ilreor Eadastor ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt Mllporgtald, ]wo`odVo`rl-Vgjcl Kumzydska,ilreor Vraeo Eadastor gd` ilreor Eadastor li Omldley gd` Iadgdmo,
Voru
@gddy Coapzahor,Vrliosslr, @opgrteodt li Adtordgtaldgc Jusadoss, Hrg`ugto ]mbllc liJusadoss, Holrho Xgsbadhtld _davorsaty; ilreor Yamo Vrosa`odt gd` Bog` li Dotwlrk,
Xlrc` Jgdk, _dato` ]tgtos; Mleeassald Yamo-Mbgar
Provlr Egduoc,Eadastor ad Pbo Vrosa`odmy, Vcgddadh; ilreor Eadastor li Iadgdmo, ]lutbGiramg
Egbelu` Elbaoc`ad,Eadastor li Advosteodt, Grgj Zopujcam li OhyptDhlza D. Lkldnl-Awogcg,Egdghadh @aromtlr, tbo Xlrc` Jgdk Hrlup, _dato` ]tgtos; ilreor
Eadastor li Iadgdmo gd` Ilroahd Giigars, Dahorag
Zljort Zujad,Ml-Mbgaregd, Mludmac ld Ilroahd Zocgtalds; ilreor ]omrotgry li tbo Progsury,_dato` ]tgtos
Zljort ]lclw,Dljoc Cgurogto ad Omldleams; Adstatuto Vrliosslr Oeoratus, Egssgmbusotts
Adstatuto li Pombdlclhy, _dato` ]tgtosEambgoc ]podmo,Dljoc Cgurogto ad Omldleams; Vrliosslr Oeoratus, ]tgdilr` _davorsaty,_dato` ]tgtos; Mleeassald Mbgar
]ar K. @wahbt Yoddor,Hlvordlr, Ogstord Mgrajjogd Modtrgc Jgdk, ]t. Katts gd` DovasBarlsba Xgtgdgjo, Vrosa`odt gd` MOL li tbo Ngpgd Jgdk ilr Adtordgtaldgc Mllporgtald
(NJAM)
Ordostl ^o`accl,ilreor Vrosa`odt li Eoxaml; @aromtlr, Qgco Modtor ilr tbo ]tu`y liHcljgcazgtald, _dato` ]tgtos
^blu Raglmbugd,Hlvordlr, Volpcos Jgdk li Mbadg
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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ELDPOK ]ADHB GBC_XGCAG
O@EGZ JGMBG
@Z. JLO@ALDL
CLZ@ NLBD JZLXDO
KOEGC@OZYA]
GCONGD@ZL ILRCOQ
HLB MBLK PLDH
BGD @_MK-]LL
@GD_PG BJDOZ
MGZAD NEPAD
VO@ZL-VGJCL K_M^QD]KA
@GDDQ COAV^AHOZ
EGBEL_@ ELBAOC@AD
PZOYLZ EGD_OC
DHL^A D. LKLDNL-AXOGCG
ZLJOZP Z_JAD
ZLJOZP ]LCLX
EAMBGOC ]VODMO
]AZ K. @XAHBP YODDOZ
OZDO]PL ^O@ACCL
^BL_ RAGLMB_GD
BAZL]BA XGPGDGJO
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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:676 Pbo Adtordgtaldgc Jgdk ilr Zomldstrumtald gd` @ovoclpeodt / PboXlrc` JgdkLd jobgci li tbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt7272 B ]troot DXXgsbadhtld, @M :60==Pocopbldo> :6:-08=-7666Adtordot> www.wlrc`jgdk.lrh www.hrlwtbmleeassald.lrhO-egac> adilFwlrc`jgdk.lrh mldtgmtadilFhrlwtbmleeassald.lrh
Gcc rahbts rosorvo`
7 : = 0 ? 7: 77 76 61
Pbas roplrt as g prl`umt li tbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt,
wbamb as spldslro` jy tbo ilcclwadh lrhgdazgtalds>
Gustrgcagd Ghodmy ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt (GusGA@)@utmb Eadastry li Ilroahd Giigars]wo`asb Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt Mllporgtald Ghodmy (]A@G)_.K. @opgrteodt ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt (@IA@)Pbo Xaccage gd` Iclrg Bowcott Ilud`gtaldPbo Xlrc` Jgdk Hrlup
Pbo d`adhs, adtorprotgtalds, gd` mldmcusalds oxprosso` boroad `l dltdomossgracy roomt tbo vaows li tbo spldslradh lrhgdazgtalds lr tbohlvordeodts tboy roprosodt.
Pbo spldslradh lrhgdazgtalds `l dlt hugrgdtoo tbo gmmurgmy li tbo `gtgadmcu`o` ad tbas wlrk. Pbo jlud`graos, mlclrs, `odleadgtalds, gd` ltboradilregtald sblwd ld gdy egp ad tbas wlrk `l dlt aepcy gdy nu`heodt ldtbo pgrt li tbo spldslradh lrhgdazgtalds mldmordadh tbo cohgc stgtus li gdytorratlry lr tbo od`lrsoeodt lr gmmoptgdmo li sumb jlud`graos.
Gcc quoraos ld rahbts gd` camodsos, admcu`adh sujsa`agry rahbts, sbluc` jog``rosso` tl tbo Limo li tbo Vujcasbor, Pbo Xlrc` Jgdk, 7272 B ]trootDX, Xgsbadhtld, @M :60==, _]G; igx> :6:-?::-:0::; o-egac> pujrahbtsFwlrc`jgdk.lrh.
A]JD> 182-6-2:7=-279?-9oA]JD> 182-6-2:7=-2799-=
@LA> 76.7?19/182-6-2:7=-279?-9
Cajrgry li Mldhross Mgtgclhadh-ad-Vujcamgtald `gtg bgs jood roquosto`.
Mlvor `osahd> Dgyclr @osahd
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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Mldtodts vaa
Mldtodts
Eoejors li tbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt av
Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts ax
Vroigmo xaaa
Gjjrovagtalds xvaa
VGZP 7Adtrl`umtald 7
Pbo Vurplso li Pbas ]pomagc Zoplrt :
VGZP :Pbo Mrasas ?
Zospldso tl tbo Mrasas 8
Pbo Vlst-Mrasas Hcljgc Omldley 2
VGZP =Wuostaldadh tbo Hrlwtb ]trgtohaos 7?
Xbgt Igaco` gd` Xbgt @a` Dlt Igac< 7?
Lpoddoss 78
]trgtohaos gd` Lutmleos 72
VGZP 0Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt :7
Hcljgc Aejgcgdmos> Vrltomtaldase gd` Iasmgc @omats :7
@omat ]pod`adh, ]ustgadgjacaty, gd` tbo _.]. @lccgr gs g
Zosorvo Murrodmy :=
Iadgdmagc ]omtlr @ovoclpeodt :0
VGZP ?Zosacaodmo :1
Mludtormymcamgc Vlcamaos =6
@astrajutaldgc Assuos =7
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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vaaa Mldtodts
Adtordgtaldgc Ghod`g =:
Pbo Vllror @ovoclpadh Mludtraos ==
Jg` A`ogs> Vgrt : =0
Mldmcu`adh Pbluhbts =8
]tgtastamgc Gppod`ax =1
7. Pbo Bogrt Gttgmk =1
:. _d`orcyadh Mld`atald ilr tbo Mrasas ?:
=. Pbo Oeorhodmy Zlle 97
0. Pbo Zogc Omldley Aepgmt 9?
?. Pbo Mrasos li 71:1 gd` :662 8=
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts ax
Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts
Mleeassaldors
Gbcuwgcag, Eldtok, @oputy Mbgaregd, Vcgddadh Mleeassald, Hlvordeodt
li Ad`ag
Jgmbg, O`egr,@aromtlr, Mgsg @gs Hgrgs Adstatuto ilr Omldleam Vlcamy
]tu`aos, Jrgzac
Jlo`aldl, @r., ilreor Hlvordlr, Modtrgc Jgdk li Ad`ldosag
@orva, Koegc, ilreor Bog` li tbo _D@V; Yamo Vrosa`odt gd` @aromtlr,Hcljgc Omldley gd` @ovoclpeodt, Pbo Jrllkadhs Adstatutald, _dato`
]tgtos
Bgd@umk-sll, Gejgssg`lr li tbo Zopujcam li Klrog tl tbo _dato` ]tgtos
Coapzahor, @gddy, Vrliosslr li Adtordgtaldgc Egdghoeodt, Holrho
Xgsbadhtld _davorsatys Hrg`ugto ]mbllc li Jusadoss, _dato` ]tgtos;
ilreorYamo Vrosa`odt gd` Bog` li Dotwlrk, VZOE, tbo Xlrc` Jgdk
Hrlup; Mleeassald Yamo-Mbgar
Elbaoc`ad, Egbelu`, Eadastor li Advosteodt, Grgj Zopujcam li Ohypt
Lkldnl-Awogcg, Dhlza, Egdghadh @aromtlr, tbo Xlrc` Jgdk Hrlup
]lclw, Zljort, Vrliosslr Oeoratus, Egssgmbusotts Adstatuto li Pombdlclhy;
Dljoc Cgurogto ad Omldleams
]podmo,Eambgoc, Vrliosslr Oeoratus, ]tgdilr` _davorsaty; Dljoc Cgurogto ad
Omldleams; Mleeassald Mbgar
Yoddor, ]ar @wahbt, Hlvordlr, Ogstord Mgrajjogd Modtrgc Jgdk, ]t. Katts gd`
Dovas
Xgtgdgjo, Barlsba, Vrosa`odt gd` MOL, Ngpgd Jgdk ilr Adtordgtaldgc
Mllporgtald
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
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x Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts
Vgrtamapgdts
Gmoelhcu, @grld, Vrliosslr li Gppcao` Omldleams, Egssgmbusotts Adstatuto
li PombdlclhyGmbgryg, Yargc, Vrliosslr, ]tord ]mbllc li Jusadoss, Dow Qlrk _davorsaty
Ghbald, Vbacappo, Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Bgrvgr` _davorsaty
Gkorcli, Holrho, Dljoc Cgurogto ad Omldleams; Vrliosslr li Omldleams,
_davorsaty li Mgcailrdag, Jorkocoy
Gtbgy`o, Mbrastlpbor, Bog` li @ovoclpeodt Vlcamy _dat, Adtordgtaldgc
@ovoclpeodt gd` Mcaegto Mbgdho Poge, _K Progsury
Gzaz,Ngbgdhar, Mbaoi Omldleast, N.V. Elrhgd, Euejga, Ad`ag
Jgdornoo, Gjbanat, Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Egssgmbusotts Adstatuto li
Pombdlclhy
Jgtos,Noddaior,Omldleam Mludsoclr, Jratasb Oejgssy, Xgsbadhtld, @M
Jconor, Egral, ilreor Hlvordlr, Modtrgc Jgdk li Grhodtadg; Oxomutavo@aromtlr, EGH (Egmrlomldleam G`vaslry Hrlup)
Jrgbejbgtt, Eacgd, Omldleam G`vasor, Xlrc` Jgdk
Jruddoreoaor, Egrkus, Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Vradmotld _davorsaty
Mgclearas, Mbgrcos, Vrliosslr li Iadgdmagc Adstatutald, Hrg`ugto ]mbllc li
Jusadoss, Mlcuejag _davorsaty
Mgdutl, Ltgvagdl, Yamo Vrosa`odt gd` Bog` li Dotwlrk, Xlrc` Jgdk
Mllpor, Zambgr`, Vrliosslr li Adtordgtaldgc Omldleams, Bgrvgr` _davorsaty
Mlx, ]aeld, ]lutb Gsag Jusadoss Mlrrospld`odt, Pbo Omldleast
Mrgd, Xaccage, Vrl`umor, Xrator gd` @aromtlr, VAPY Vrl`umtalds, Ct`.,
_dato` Kadh`le
Ioc`stoad, Egrtad, Vrliosslr, Bgrvgr` _davorsatyIrgdkoc, Noiiroy, Vrliosslr li Mgpatgc Ilregtald gd` Hrlwtb, Bgrvgr`
_davorsaty
Hlc`ignd, Acgd,Vrliosslr, @opgrteodt li Omldleams, Vldtamgc Mgtblcam
_davorsaty li Zal `o Ngdoarl (V_M-Zal), Mbaoi Omldleast Atgu/_dajgdml
Hauhgco, Egrmocl, ]omtlr @aromtlr, Xlrc` JgdkBgusegdd, Zamgr`l, Vrliosslr li tbo Vrgmtamo li Omldleam @ovoclpeodt,
@aromtlr li tbo Modtor ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt, Nlbd I. Koddo`y
]mbllc li Hlvordeodt, Bgrvgr` _davorsaty
Atl, Pgkgtlsba, Vrliosslr, Hrg`ugto ]mbllc li Omldleams, _davorsaty li Plkyl
Nlbdsld, Zljort, ilreor Mbaoi Omldleast ilr tbo ]odgto Jgdkadh gd` Ju`hot
Mleeattoos, _dato` ]tgtos
Kgdjur, Zgva, Adtordgtaldgc Vrliosslr li Gppcao` Omldleams gd`
Egdghoeodt, Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Mlrdocc _davorsaty
Kodod, Votor, Vrliosslr li Omldleams gd` Adtordgtaldgc Iadgdmo Oeoratus,
Vradmotld _davorsaty
Kbgcgi-Budga`a, Zaeg, ilreor Gssastgdt ]omrotgry Hodorgc gd` @aromtlr li tbo
Zohaldgc Jurogu ilr Grgj ]tgtos gt _D@V; ilreor @oputy Vraeo Eadastor
li Nlr`gd
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Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts xa
Kbgrgs, Blea, Yasatadh Iocclw, Xlciodslbd Modtor ilr @ovoclpeodt, Pbo
Jrllkadhs Adstatutald
Coo Kwgdh suk, ]omld` ]omrotgry, Oejgssy li tbo Zopujcam li Klrog,
Xgsbadhtld, @MCowas,Noiiroy, ]odalr G`vasor, Xlrc` Jgdk
Cae, O`wad,@aromtlr, Mbadg Omldleam Zosogrmb gd` G`vaslry Vrlhrgeeo
Cad, Nustad, Mbaoi Omldleast gd` ]odalr Yamo Vrosa`odt, Xlrc` Jgdk
Clowgc`, Mbrastlpbor, Eadastry li Iadgdmo, ]lutb Giramg
Egblvsky, Eg`ocoado, Ourlpogd MleeassaldEgcgd, Vo`rl, ilreor Eadastor li Iadgdmo, Jrgzac
Egrmbgc, Xandgd`, Iarst ]omrotgry, Zlygc Dotborcgd`s Oejgssy,
Xgsbadhtld, @M
Eaccor,Mgccue, @opgrteodt ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt (@iA@), Hrlwtb
gd` Advosteodt Hrlup, _dato` Kadh`le
Eldilrt, Vbacappo, Ourlpogd MleeassaldDgdkgda, Hljad`, Oxomutavo @aromtlr, Adtordgtaldgc Hrlwtb Modtor, _dato`
Kadh`le
LDoacc, Nae, Bog` li Hcljgc Omldleam Zosogrmb, tbo Hlc`egd ]gmbs Hrlup, Adm.
Lyg, ]bad, Ngpgd Jgdk ilr Adtordgtaldgc Mllporgtald
Vadtl, Jragd,G`vasor, Xlrc` Jgdk
Vlrtos, Zambgr`, Vrliosslr li Omldleams, Cld`ld ]mbllc li OmldleamsZambgr`sld, Egttbow, ]tord ]mbllc li Jusadoss, Dow Qlrk _davorsaty
Zl`rak, @gda, Vrliosslr li Adtordgtaldgc Vlcatamgc Omldley,Nlbd I. Koddo`y
]mbllc li Hlvordeodt, Bgrvgr` _davorsaty
Zleor, Vguc, ]odalr Iocclw, ]tgdilr` Modtor ilr Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt
(]MA@) gd` tbo ]tgdilr` Adstatuto ilr Omldleam Vlcamy Zosogrmb (]AOVZ)Zlstle, Gbeo`, Eadastry li Advosteodt, Grgj Zopujcam li Ohypt]mblcos, Eyrld, Dljoc Cgurogto ad Omldleams, Vrliosslr li Iadgdmo
Oeoratus, ]tgdilr` _davorsaty
]orvod,Cuas, Zosogrmb Egdghor, Xlrc` Jgdk
]bgb, Gngy, ]odalr Iocclw, Dgtaldgc Adstatuto ilr Vujcam Iadgdmo gd` Vlcamy,
Ad`ag
]booc, Gclk, ]omrotgry, Omldleam G`vaslry Mludmac tl tbo Vraeo Eadastor, Ad`ag]bodh, Gd`row, Mbaoi G`vasor tl tbo Mbadg Jgdkadh Zohucgtlry Mleeassald
]`orjmk, Eakgoc, G`vaslr, Iadgdmagc ]ystoes @ovoclpeodt, ]wo`asb
Adtordgtaldgc @ovoclpeodt Mllporgtald Ghodmy (]A@G)
]toor, Mydtbag,Egdghadh @aromtlr, Mbaoi Zosogrmb ]trgtohast, ZlhorsmgsoyPblepsld, ]uo Codg, ]odalr Gsslmagto, Mgejra`ho Odorhy Zosogrmb
Gsslmagtos; Ad`opod`odt Vrl`umor gd` Mldsuctgdt
Pbudocc, Cgrs, Oxomutavo Yamo Vrosa`odt gd` MOL, Adtordgtaldgc Iadgdmo
Mlrplrgtald, tbo Xlrc` Jgdk Hrlup
Xlcisld, Egrk, Hrg`ugto ]mbllc li Jusadoss, ]tgdilr` _davorsaty
^gppgcg, Mgrg, ]pomagc Gssastgdt, Xlrc` Jgdk
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xaa Xlrksblp Vgrtamapgdts
Hrlwtb Mleeassald ]omrotgragt
Jrgbege, Egyg, ]odalr Mleeudamgtalds Limor
@grcadhtld, Euraoc, Vrlhrge GssastgdtDlwgk, @lrltg, ]odalr Vrlhrge Limor
]adhb, Vgvdoot, Mldsuctgdt
^ghbg, Zljortl, Mludtry @aromtlr ilr Ad`ag, Xlrc` Jgdk, gd` ]omrotgry tl
tbo Mleeassald
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Vroigmo xaaa
Vroigmo
Pbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt jradhs tlhotbor :6 cog`ors,
elstcy irle `ovoclpadh mludtraos, gd` twl gmg`oeams, Jlj ]lclw gd` eo.
Pbo cog`ors mgrry watb tboe `omg`os li gmmueucgto` oxporaodmo ad tbo mbgc-
codhadh wlrk li egkadh plcamaos tbgt aduodmo eaccalds li polpcos cavos.
Ad Egy :662, tbo Mleeassald rocogso` Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrt> ]trgtohaos
ilr ]ustgado` Hrlwtb gd` Admcusavo @ovoclpeodt. Gt tbgt taeo, tbo dgd-magc systoes li tbo _dato` ]tgtos gd` Ourlpo woro ud`or stross. Mleel`aty
pramos woro gcsl spakadh, plsadh pgrtamucgr `aimuctaos ilr `ovoclpadh mlud-
traos jomguso li tbo aepgmt ld tbo pllr gd` ld pltodtagc iuturo adgtald.
Jut dl ldo ilrosgw tbo iucc eghdatu`o li tbo mrasas tbgt orupto` ad tbo
igcc li :662, elro tbgd g yogr ghl. Pbo mrasas wgs g ostrumtavo egciudmtald
li tbo dgdmagc somtlrs li tbo g`vgdmo` omldleaos, wbamb sprog` rgpa`cy
tl tbo rogc omldley gd` tl tbo rost li tbo hcljo. Ovod mludtraos igr irle
tbo slurmo li tbo mrasas bg` tl mlpo watb mgpatgc vlcgtacaty, tahbt mro`at, gd`
rgpa`cy igccadh trg`o.
Gt tbo roquost li sovorgc eoejors li tbo Mleeassald, wo boc` g wlrk-
sblp ld tbo mrasas gd` ats aepcamgtalds ilr ovoclpadh mludtraos. Xo ilcclwo`lur stgd`gr` prlmo`uro li gskadh ilr bocp gd` adsahbt irle g `astadhuasbo`
hrlup li smblcgrs, gdgcysts, gd` prgmtataldors. Pbo rosucts li tbgt wlrksblp
wacc jo pujcasbo` gs wlrkadh pgpors, ld tbo Mleeassald wojsato, gd` ad g
sopgrgto vlcueo.
Pbas roplrt as gd luthrlwtb li tbgt prlmoss. At as gd gttoept tl cllk gt
tbo mrasas gd` ats gitoregtb irle tbo pladt li vaow li `ovoclpadh mludtraos.
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xav Vroigmo
Xo wgdto` tl gssoss tbo aepgmt li tboso ovodts, gd` otoreado ai tbo hrlwtb
strgtohaos wo romleeod`o` doo`o` egnlr rovasald, lr sleo g`gptavo do-
tudadh. Xo gcsl wgdto` tl tbadk elro mgroiuccy gjlut rosacaodmo, gd` wbgt
at eahbt eogd ilr summossiuc sustgado` hrlwtb.Pbo roplrt tbgt ilcclws as g sueegry li lur tbadkadh ld tboso gd` rocgto`
quostalds.
]admo tbas as cakocy tl jo tbo dgc roplrt irle tbo Mleeassald atsoci,
A wluc` cako tl ropogt wbgt A sga` gt tbo taeo li tbo pujcamgtald li Pbo
Hrlwtb Zoplrt. At bgs jood gd bldlr ilr eo tl sorvo watb tbo Mleeas-
saldors gd` gcsl g bahb-spoo` cogrdadh prlmoss. A suspomt wo wluc` gcc ghroo
tbgt tbo oxporaodmo li tbo pgst 70 eldtbs mluc` jo `osmrajo` ad saeacgr
tores. A blpo wo gro summossiuc ad sbgradh tbo Mleeassaldors oxporaodmo
gd` adsahbts tbrluhb tbas roplrt. A gcsl blpo rog`ors wacc jodot irle tbo
pgpors, wlrksblp prlmoo`adhs, gd` mgso stu`aos tbgt hl gcldh watb at. Pboso
g``ataldgc pujcamgtalds prosodt tbo vaows gd` d`adhs li g `o`amgto` mle-eudaty li gmg`oeams gd` prgmtataldors wbl pcgyo` g prleadodt rlco ad
`oopodadh tbo Mleeassalds ud`orstgd`adh.
Gs wo spogk, egnlr `ovoclpadh mludtraos gro romlvoradh rgpa`cy irle tbo
mrasas. Pboro as rogsld ilr lptaease. Jut tboro as gcsl rogsld ilr mldmord
gjlut tbo pllror, elro irghaco mludtraos wblso mgpgmaty tl sbaoc` tboe-
socvos irle g mrasas li tbas eghdatu`o as caeato`. Ad Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrtwo
ud`orsmlro` tbo aeplrtgdmo li dgtaldgc admcusavodoss gs pgrt li g summoss-
iuc hrlwtb strgtohy. Pbo sgeo tbadh egy jo sga` li tbo hcljgc omldley. At
doo`s tl odbgdmo ats gjacaty tl rospld` quamkcy tl prltomt tbo elro vucdor-
gjco polpco wbl lmmupy tbo sgeo pcgdot.
Gs wgs truo li tbo lrahadgc Hrlwtb Zoplrt, tbas ilcclw-up pujcamgtaldtgmkcos `aimuct grogs li plcamy, gjlut wbamb tbluhbtiuc polpco `asghroo lr
roegad udmortgad. ]leo li tbgt `avorsaty li tbluhbt gd` adsahbt as roomto`
ad tbo Mleeassald. Xo bgvo `ldo lur jost tl a`odtaiy tboso grogs li `as-
ghrooeodt lr udmortgadty gs wo odmludtor tboe, tl suhhost tbo rgdho li
lpadald, gd` tl sue up tbo jodots gd` mlsts li vgralus gpprlgmbos gd`
mblamos. A tbadk at as igar tl sgy tbgt wo bgvo hldo lut li lur wgy tl egko
suro tbgt gdy vgragdmo li lpadalds, gssosseodts, lr pralrataos bgs dlt jood
ba``od irle vaow.
Pbo wlrk bgs jood rod`oro` plssajco jy tbo odhghoeodt gd` mleeat-
eodt li g cgrho duejor li ad`ava`ugcs. Pbo Mleeassald gd` A bgvo rocao`
ld g wlrkadh hrlupA sbluc` sgy g bgr`-wlrkadh hrlup> Blea Kbgrgs,@gddy Coapzahor, O`wad Cae, Vguc Zleor, Jlj ]lclw, gd` Zljortl ^ghbg.
Plhotbor wo bgvo trao` tl gssaeacgto g vgst geludt li egtoragc; lrhgdazo
gd` rovaow tbo wlrk propgro` ilr tbo wlrksblps; gd` `oma`o ld pradmapgc
tboeos ilr tbo roplrt.
Lur o`atlr, ]aeld Mlx, ghgad pcgyo` g pgrtamucgrcy aeplrtgdt rlco. ]oc-
`le los ldo d` gd o`atlr wbl sl oopcy gd` tblrluhbcy ud`orstgd`s tbo
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Vroigmo xv
clham gd` strumturo li tbo grhueodt, gd` tbod oxprossos at watb saepcamaty,
mcgraty, gd` vava`doss.
G o`amgto` hrlup li stgii gt tbo Xlrc` JgdkEuraoc @grcadhtld, Egrag
Gepgrl Hgejlg, @agdg Egdovskgyg, @lrltg Dlwgk, gd` Vgvdoot ]adhblrhgdazo` tbo wlrksblp, tbo lutrogmb strgtohy, gd` pujcamgtald li tbo spo-
magc roplrt, rocgto` wlrkadh pgpors, gd` prlmoo`adhs. A tbgdk tboe ghgad
ilr tboar `o`amgtald, oimaodmy, gd` hrgmo ud`or adtodso prossuro.
A wluc` gcsl cako tl tbgdk Egdu ]bgreg, wbl ud`or tbo hua`gdmo li
Eacgd Jrgbejbgtt, wlrko` watb us ld egdy roatorgtalds li tbo stgtastamgc
gppod`ax. Lur pujcamgtalds togeGzaz Hk`oear, ]topbod EmHrlgrty,
gd` @odaso Jorhorldworo aeeodsocy bocpiuc (gd` pgtaodt) ad wlrkadh
watb us tl propgro tbas roplrt ilr pujcamgtald.
Gs wo mldmcu`o lur wlrk, A wgdt tl oxpross lur `oop gppromagtald ghgad
tl lur spldslrs> tbo hlvordeodts li Gustrgcag, ]wo`od, tbo Dotborcgd`s,
gd` tbo _dato` Kadh`le; tbo Xaccage gd` Iclrg Bowcott Ilud`gtald; gd`tbo Xlrc` Jgdk Hrlup ilr tboar adtorost gd` supplrt.
A wgdt tl tbgdk ghgad tbo Yamo Mbgar li tbo Mleeassald, @gddy Coapzahor.
Bo bgs sadmo rotaro` irle tbo Xlrc` Jgdk gd` oejgrko` ld g duejor li
prlnomts tbgt gro mldsastodt watb bas cldh yogrs li mleeateodt tl `ovoclp-
eodt gd` plvorty ro`umtald.
Zljortl ^ghbg, tbo somrotgry tl tbo Mleeassald, mldtaduos tl blc` tbo
tatco li tbo bogrt li tbo lporgtald. Pbluhb mleeatto` tl bas dow rlco gs
mludtry `aromtlr ad Ad`ag watb tbo Xlrc` Jgdk, bo egdgho` tl koop us gcc
tlhotbor gd` iudmtaldadh ldo elro taeo. Bas rgdho li kdlwco`ho li tbo roc-
ovgdt wlrk ad `ovoclpeodt, bas rospomt ilr, gd` bas porsldgc rocgtaldsbaps
watb, cog`ors ad gmg`oeag gd` ad prgmtamo bgvo jood tbo ossodtagc adhro`aodtsad tbas odtorpraso. A bgvo odnlyo` aeeodsocy wlrkadh watb bae gd` wacc eass
tbgt ad tbo iuturo.
Eambgoc ]podmo
@omoejor :661
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Gjjrovagtalds xvaa
Gjjrovagtalds
GJ] Gssot Jgmko` ]omurataos
JZAMs Jrgzac, Zussag, Ad`ag, gd` Mbadg
M@L Mlccgtorgcazo` @ojt Ljcahgtald
I@AM Io`orgc @oplsat Adsurgdmo Mlrplrgtald
Io` _.]. Io`orgc Zosorvo
H@V Hrlss @leostam Vrl`umt
AEI Adtordgtaldgc Eldotgry Iud`
CAJLZ Cld`ld Adtorjgdk Liioro` Zgto
CAJLZ-LA] Cld`ld Adtorjgdk Liioro` Zgto-Lvordahbt Ad`ox ]wgps
EJ] LG] Elrthgho Jgmko` ]omuraty-Lptald G`nusto` ]prog`
DP]J Dgtaldgc Prgdsplrtgtald ]gioty Jlgr`
LG] Lptald G`nusto` ]prog`
LOM@ Lrhgdasgtald ilr Omldleam Ml-lporgtald gd`
@ovoclpeodt
]&C ]gvadhs gd` Clgd
]OM ]omurataos gd` Oxmbgdho Mleeassald
]AYs ]trumturo` Advosteodt Yobamcos
PO@ P-Jacc gd` Ourl`lccgr
P-Jaccs _.]. Progsury Jaccs
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VGZP 7
Vgrt 7> Adtrl`umtald 7
Adtrl`umtald
Ad Egy :662, tbo Mleeassald ld Hrlwtb gd` @ovoclpeodt rocogso` ats
ghsbap roplrt, `astaccadh tbo rosucts li g twl-yogr adquary adtl tbo mgusos li
plvorty gd` prlhross. Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrt> ]trgtohaos ilr ]ustgado` Hrlwtb
gd` Admcusavo @ovoclpeodt`row adspargtald irle omldleaos tbgt bg` sus-
tgado` hrlwtb li 8 pormodt lr elro, ilr :? yogrs lr cldhor, quadtupcadh ad
sazo ad tbo spgmo li g hodorgtald. At gttoepto` tl `oeystaiy tboso omldleam
eargmcos, a`odtaiyadh mbgrgmtorastams tboy gcc sbgro`. Iavo li tboso mle-
eld iogturos gro `osmrajo` joclw.
7. Pboy iuccy oxpclato` tbo wlrc` omldley. Pboy aeplrto` a`ogs, kdlw-
blw, gd` tombdlclhy irle tbo rost li tbo wlrc`. Gt tbo sgeo taeo, tboy
prl`umo` hll`s tbgt eot hcljgc `oegd`, gcclwadh tboe tl spomagcazo
gd` oxpgd` rgpa`cy watblut sgturgtadh tbo egrkot.
:. Pboy egadtgado` egmrlomldleam stgjacaty. Pboy kopt g hrap ld adgtald
gd` `a` dlt strgy `lwd udsustgadgjco smgc pgtbs.=. Pboy eustoro` bahb rgtos li advosteodt, admcu`adh pujcam advosteodt,
dgdmo` jy oqugccy aeprossavo rgtos li `leostam sgvadh.
0. Ad gcclmgtadh roslurmos, tboso omldleaos pga` `uo rospomt tl egrkot sah-
dgcs. Pbas oiorodmo tl tbo egrkot wgs dlt gjslcuto> ad sleo mgsos, hlvord-
eodts jodt tbo cgw li mlepgrgtavo g`vgdtgho, jy igvlradh sleo ad`ustraos
lvor ltbors. Jut ovod ad tboso mgsos, tbo igvlro` ad`ustraos bg` tl pgss g
egrkot tost jy summossiuccy oxplrtadh tboar prl`umts tl ilroahd mustleors
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: Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
wbl `a` dlt bgvo tl juy tboe. Gd` wbod tbo egrkot hgvo ats vor`amt,
tboso omldleaos woro gjco tl rospld`. Cgjlr wgs rocgtavocy eljaco, gd`
stghdgdt ad`ustraos woro gcclwo` tl igac, mrogtadh spgmo ilr elro prleas-
adh ravgc vodturos. Hlvordeodts romlhdazo` tboar `uty tl prltomt cga`-liiwlrkors irle omldleam easilrtudo. Jut tboy ioct dl ljcahgtald tl prosorvo
udvagjco ad`ustraos, mlepgdaos, lr nljs.
?. Gs g mlepcoeodt tl tboso iudmtaldadh egrkots, tbo summossiuc omldleaos
gcsl bg` mleeatto`, mro`ajco, gd` mgpgjco hlvordeodts. Xbaco egrkot
admodtavos gd` odtroprodouragc `ydgease gro tbo prlxaegto `ravors li
hrlwtb, hlvordeodts mgddlt jo wrattod lut li tbo smrapt. Pboar egmrl-
omldleam strgtohaos gd` eamrlomldleam rohucgtalds prlva`o tbo sottadh ad
wbamb egrkot ydgeams mgd wlrk. Hlvordeodts eust gcsl iurdasb g rgdho
li pujcam hll`s, sumb gs smbllcadh gd` adigdt dutratald, tbgt tbo egrkot
egy ud`or-prlva`o. Ad tbo summossiuc mludtraos, hlvordeodts sblwo` hrogt
porsovorgdmo ad tboar pursuat li hrlwtb, oxporaeodtadh watb aiiorodt mlud-try-spomam hrlwtb strgtohaos, gd` gjgd`ldadh strgtohaos tbgt bg` lutcavo`
tboar usoiucdoss, `ospato tbo upbogvgc tbas litod odtgaco`. Pboy liioro` g
mro`ajco vasald li tbo iuturo tbgt nustao` sgmramos tl`gy ad tbo oxpomtg-
tald li rowgr`s tlelrrlw. Gd` tboy trao` tl `astrajuto tboso rowgr`s quato
wa`ocy. Pboy prlelto` oqugc lpplrtudataos gs igr gs plssajco gd` dgr-
rlwo` udoqugc lutmleos, dlt cogst jomguso hrlss adoqugcaty mgd tbrogtod
tbo cohataegmy li g hrlwtb strgtohy. Pbo sleowbgt mbgltam eamrlomldle-
ams li strumturgc trgdsilregtald mgd mrogto bgr`sbap gd` g skowo` pgttord
li jur`ods gd` rowgr`s. Ad summossiuc hrlwtb strgtohaos, tbo hlvordeodt
wlrks bgr` tl geocalrgto jltb.
Pboso mbgrgmtorastams gro rocgtavocy ogsy tl a`odtaiy. At as bgr`or tl kdlw
blw tl ropcamgto tboe ad dow pcgmos gd` dow marmuestgdmos. Pbo Hrlwtb
Zoplrt cga` lut g duejor li roilres, plcamaos, gd` ltbor adhro`aodts li
g summossiuc hrlwtb strgtohy, jut wgrdo` tbgt tbo spomam romapo tbgt
woahbs gd` eaxos tboso adhro`aodts wacc `aiior irle mludtry tl mludtry, gs
wocc gs ovlcvadh lvor taeo. Omldleam `ovoclpeodt as g `omg`os-cldh prl-
moss, wbamb roquaros g cldh taeo blrazld gd` g eogsuro li porsastodmo tl
marmuevodt tbo rlg`jclmks tbgt adovatgjcy oeorho gcldh tbo wgy.
Pbo Vurplso li Pbas ]pomagc Zoplrt
Gt tbo taeo Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrtwgs pujcasbo` ad Egy :662, tbo Xostord
dgdmagc systoe wgs ad sleo `astross. Jut wo `a` dlt gdtamapgto tbo torraiy-
adh egyboe tbgt ilcclwo` ad ]optoejor. Pbo mrasas stgrto` watb g spomtgmu-
cgr igacuro li tbo elst slpbastamgto` dgdmagc systoes ad tbo wlrc`. At tbod
sprog` igr joyld` ats lrahads, wrogkadh bgvlm ld `ovoclpadh omldleaos,
wbamb woro gjruptcy `opravo` li ilroahd mgpatgc gd` ilroahd mustle.
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Vgrt 7> Adtrl`umtald =
Pbo mrasas `ocohataeazo` gd aduodtagc smbllc li tbluhbt, wbamb boc` tbgt
egdy dgdmagc egrkots mluc` jo coit tl tboar lwd `ovamos, jomguso tbo soci-
adtorost li pgrtamapgdts wluc` caeat tbo rasks tboy tllk. Pbo Mleeassald
bg` dovor sujsmrajo` tl tbgt pbaclslpby. Ad tbo lrahadgc Hrlwtb Zoplrt, atwgrdo` li tbo dgdmagc systoes susmoptajacaty tl sblmks gd` mrasos, dlt-
adh tbo `ovgstgtadh mldsoquodmos li tboso mldghrgtalds ilr hrlwtb.
Jut tbo mrasas wgs dldotbocoss g buejcadh oxporaodmo ilr gdyldo wbl sooks
tl ud`orstgd` gd` oxpcgad tbo wlrc` omldley. At oeldstrgto` tbo caeats li
jrgad plwor, kdlwco`ho, gd` plcamy oxporaodmo. Pbo eghdatu`o li tbo mrasas
surpraso` tbo Mleeassald gd` tbo dueorlus `astadhuasbo` gmg`oeams gd`
prgmtataldors ad tbo egdy wlrksblps tbgt bocpo` tbo Mleeassald mgtmb up
watb tbo stgto li tbo grt ad omldleam tbadkadh. Gt g buho mlst, at tguhbt us
gd udilrhottgjco cossld gjlut blw dgdmagc systoes rogccy wlrk.
Ilr tblso adtodt ld pamkadh up tbo paomos gd` xadh tbo systoe, tbo prad-
mapgc ilmus li gttodtald as tbo Xostord dgdmagc systoe, tbo opamodtor li tbomrasas. Pbgt as gs at sbluc` jo. Jut tbo egd`gto li tbo Mleeassald `los dlt
cao ad tbas grog. Lur ilmus mldtaduos tl jo sustgado` hrlwtb gd` plvorty
ro`umtald ad `ovoclpadh mludtraos. Pbo mrasas bgs, blwovor, rgaso` g duejor
li quostalds gjlut tbo jost strgtohaos ilr gmbaovadh tboso od`s.
Xgs tbo igacuro li tbo dgdmagc systoe gcsl g jrlg`or igacuro li egrkot-
lraodto` mgpatgcast systoes Pbo Mrasas 1
wgr` lii rocgto` slurmos li adstgjacaty jy egdapucgtadh sblrt-tore adtorost
rgtos gcldo. Ovod watb tbo rahbt tllcs, at wacc dlt jo ogsy ilr tbo gutblrataos
tl nu`ho wbod jgcgdmo sboots lr gssot egrkots gro hottadh lut li bgd`. ]leo
eoejors li tbo Mleeassald suspomt at egy jo aeplssajco. Jut tbo gctordg-tavo, wbamb as tl hl jgmk tl tbo pro-mrasas stgtus qul, as doatbor omldleamgccy
dlr plcatamgccy gmmoptgjco.
Ad ldo sodso, jltb tbo irghacaty li tbo dgdmagc systoe gd` tbo sovoraty li
ats mlccgpso gro uctaegtocy trgmogjco tl oxmossavo covorgho. Jlrrlwadh wgs
gcclwo` tl admrogso tl `ostgjacazadh covocs `uo tl g wa`osprog` igacuro tl
soo tbo rasadh systoeam rask at odtgaco`, gs wocc gs g igacuro tl rogmt tl at.
Xo cgmk wa`ocy gmmopto` eogsuros li systoeam rask. Covorgho as `aimuct
tl hguho, jomguso at mgd jo seuhhco` adtl tbo `oravgtavo adstrueodts adsta-
tutalds juy. Gs g rosuct, egdy `astadhuasbo` rohucgtlrs, omldleasts, gd`
jgdkors sgw pgrt li tbo prljcoe, jut dlt tbo wblco. ]leo li tboe put
tll eumb igatb ad soci-rohucgtald, gssueadh tbgt dgdmagc adstatutalds wluc`tgko gcc domossgry promgutalds tl prltomt tboar sbgroblc`ors. Jut tbo soci-
rohucgtlry jrgkos tbgt wluc` dlregccy rostrgad dgdmagc adstatutalds woro
dlt gppcao`.
Dow dgdmagc adstrueodts bgvo kdatto` dgdmagc adstatutalds adtl g mle-
pcox dotwlrk. Pbas hodorgtos systoeam rask (ovod gs at egy `acuto tbo a`al-
sydmrgtam rasks igmo` jy ad`ava`ugc res) jomguso `astross ad ldo adstatutald
egy jo swaitcy trgdseatto` igr gd` wa`o. At gcsl ba`os tbas rask, jomguso
tbo ad`aromt cadks jotwood adstatutalds gro `ashuaso` jy sovorgc `ohroos li
sopgrgtald, gd` tbo gtg gvgacgjco tl trgmk tbo adtormlddomtalds gro igr irle
mlepcoto. Pbas ovlcvadh dotwlrk as pllrcy ud`orstll`, ovod jy tblso pgr-
tamapgtadh ad at. Jomguso tboy gro dlw pgadiuccy gwgro li tbas igmt, tboy grocakocy tl trog` elro mgroiuccy ilr g poral` li taeo.
Pbas dgturgc mldsorvgtase wacc jo roadilrmo` jy tahbtor rohucgtald. Gs
tbas mrasas bgs roead`o` us, dgdmagc adstgjacaty bgs dohgtavo oxtordgc oiiomts.
Yucdorgjacataos ad tbo dgdmagc somtlr roprosodt mldtadhodt cagjacataos ilr
tbo hlvordeodt gd` tbo rost li tbo omldley. Pbo hlvordeodt tboroilro
bgs g cohataegto rogsld tl adtorvodo tl soo tbgt tbo tgxpgyors adtorosts gro
sgiohugr`o`.
Iadgdmagc ro-rohucgtald sbluc` gd` wacc oepbgsazo mgpatgc, rosorvo, gd`
egrhad roquaroeodts, sookadh tl caeat tbo juac`up li systoeam rask jy mld-
strgadadh covorgho, adsligr gs at mgd jo eogsuro`. Vlcamy egkors sbluc` gcsl
cc tbo hgps ad rohucgtald, wbamb as jltb admlepcoto gd` irgheodto`. Pbassbluc` murj rohucgtlry grjatrgho, gt cogst watbad g mludtrys jlr`ors. Jut gs
cldh gs hlvordeodts rosast adtordgtaldgc bgreldazgtald li tboar gpprlgmbos,
dgdmagc adstatutalds wacc mldtaduo tl sblp gmrlss jlr`ors ilr tbo iraod`caost
rohaeo. At as gcsl plssajco tbgt rohucgtlrs wacc aslcgto gd` iurtbor mldstrgad g
plrtald li tbo jgdkadh systoe, sl tbgt tbo mbgddocs li mro`at adtoreo`agtald
gro coss prldo tl mlepcoto gd` saeuctgdolus jrogk`lwd.
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76 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
Zocgtavo tl tbo romodt pgst, tbo mlst li mgpatgc wacc admrogso, `ojt wacc jo
elro oxpodsavo gd` coss ujaquatlus, gd` rask sprog`s wacc dlt roturd tl tbo
mleprosso` covocs tbgt provgaco` joilro tbo mrasas. Gssot jujjcos wacc dlt
`asgppogr, jut at as coss cakocy tbgt tboy wacc jo turjlmbgrho` jy vory bahbcovorgho. Gcc li tbas wacc rgaso jlrrlwadh mlsts ilr blusoblc`s gd` jusa-
dossos ad tbo g`vgdmo` omldleaos, ospomagccy ad Georamg. Pboro gro hrlud`s
tl blpo at wacc bgvo coss li gd oiiomt ld tbo gvgacgjacaty li mgpatgc ad oeorhadh
omldleaos. Vralr tl tbo mrasas, gitor gcc, oeorhadh omldleaos bg` tl mlepoto
ilr ilroahd mgpatgc watb lvor-odhadooro` dgdmagc prl`umts prleasadh rask-
coss roturds. Pblso prl`umts gro dlw `asmro`ato`. Gs g rosuct, advostlrs egy
dlw cllk elro kad`cy ld oeorhadh omldleaos, wboro tbo rasks gro jottor
kdlwd gd` jottor mlepodsgto` jy tbo rowgr`s.
Iadgdmagc egrkots gro dlw romlvoradh, jut cgjlr egrkots gro stacc `oto-
ralrgtadh. Gitor tbo typamgc dgdmagc mrasas, gmmlr`adh tl rosogrmb jy tbo AEI,
at tgkos lvor g yogr ilr lutput tl stlp igccadh, jut gdltbor 72 eldtbs ilrudoepclyeodt tl stlp rasadh. Pbus nljcossdoss ad tbo g`vgdmo` omldleaos
egy dlt pogk udtac cgto adtl :676. _doepclyeodt egy roegad bahb ilr sleo
taeo tborogitor, wbamb wacc gmt gs g cadhoradh `rgad ld omldleam `oegd`.
Pboro gro mludtorvgacadh ilrmos. ]leo li tbo iud`geodtgc `otoreadgdts
li hrlwtb gro rocgtavocy mrasas-prlli> `oelhrgpby, ilr oxgepco, lr buegd
adhoduaty. Xogctb bgs jood ostrlyo`, jut tbo stlmk li kdlwblw irle wbamb
`ovoclpadh mludtraos mgd cogrd as ud`aeadasbo`. Ad pradmapco, tbo pltodtagc
ilr mgtmb-up hrlwtb `opod`s egadcy ld tbo hgp jotwood tbo `ovoclp-
adh mludtry gd` tbo tombdlclhamgc irldtaor. Xbgt egttors as tbo tombdlclhy,
kdlwblw, gd` prl`umtavaty roomto` ad tbo admleo covocs li tbo g`vgdmo`
mludtraos, dlt tbo hrlwtb rgto li admleo lr ats ud`orcyadh `otoreadgdts.Pbo bahb-hrlwtb oeorhadh omldleaos, sumb gs Mbadg gd` Ad`ag, dlw
gmmludt ilr g cgrhor sbgro li wlrc` H@V. Pbgt gcldo wacc tod` tl ocovgto
hcljgc hrlwtb lvor taeo (gssueadh tboso mludtraos sustgad hrlwtb gitor tbo
mrasas pgssos) mlepgro` tl tbo pgst wbod tbo egturo, ad`ustragc mludtraos
gmmludto` ilr tbo juck li wlrc` lutput.
Ld tbo ltbor bgd`, tboso jah oeorhadh omldleaos tod` tl bgvo bahbor
trg`o jgrraors ld gvorgho tbgd tbo egturo, ad`ustragc mludtraos. Pbus gvor-
gho rgtos li prltomtaldase ad tbo wlrc` omldley, woahbto` jy H@V, wacc
admrogso gs tboso omldleaos hrlw ad prleadodmo, wbotbor lr dlt ad`ava`ugc
mludtraos rgaso tgraiis.
Pbo hrlwadh woahbt li oeorhadh omldleaos as dlw egkadh atsoci ioctplcatamgccy. Zospldsajacaty ilr lvorsooadh tbo hcljgc omldley as pgssadh rgp-
a`cy irle tbo H8/2 tl tbo H:6. Pbo H:6 gmmludts ilr 16 pormodt li hcljgc
H@V gd` twl-tbar`s li tbo wlrc`s plpucgtald. Ats dow prleadodmo as bahbcy
`osargjcoad`oo`, ossodtagc. At eust roegad mleeatto` tl egadtgadadh gs
lpod g trg`adh systoe gs plssajco, sadmo watblut tbas lpoddoss, dldo li tbo
dow omldleam plwors wluc` bgvo oeorho` dogrcy gs quamkcy.
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Vgrt :> Pbo Mrasas 77
Pboro as dl egham juccot ilr hottadh lut li tbo murrodt mrasas. Pbo omld-
ley sbluc` hrg`ugccy rahbt atsoci, gs dgdmagc egrkots stgjacazo gd` tbo rogc
omldley ilcclws, puccadh tbo sog gdmblr li oxtod`o` `ocovorghadh gcldh
watb at. Pbas prlmoss wacc g`` up tl g romossald li udusugc optb gd` codhtb,watb vgragtalds gmrlss mludtraos gd` rohalds. Pboro gro tgac rasks ad tbas
smodgral. Ldo pltodtagc wlrry as g `aslr`orcy mlccgpso li tbo `lccgr, ai tbo
blc`ors li _.]. `ojt clso igatb ad ats mleeateodt tl pramo stgjacaty. Gdltbor
soralus `gdhor as jrlg`-jgso` `ogtald lr `omcadadh dleadgc pramos. Pbo
cakocabll` li `ogtald as `omcadadh gs mld`odmo stgrts tl mleo jgmk, gssot
pramos stgjacazo, jgcgdmo sboots jomleo cohajco, gd` vgralus mro`at gd` gssot
egrkots rostgrt. Jut tbo dohgtavo mldsoquodmos gro cgrho. Vlcamaos gro tboro-
ilro cakocy tl orr ld tbo sa`o li ruddadh g sblrt-rud adgtald rask, rgtbor
tbgd tbo rovorso.
Pbo jost mlurso as tl egko prghegtam, stog`y prlhross gt tbo dgtaldgc
gd` adtordgtaldgc covocs tl aeprlvo rohucgtalds gd` gvla` soci-`oiogtadhjobgvalr, sumb gs smgc iroo-ra`adh lr johhgr-tby-doahbjlr prltomtaldase. At
as tbo mlurso wo gro ld. Jut ilr dlw, at as g nlurdoy watblut g mcogrcy odo`
gd` wa`ocy gmmopto` od`pladt.
Mrogto` ad 7198, tbo Dgtaldgc Prgdsplrtgtald ]gioty
Jlgr` (DP]J) bgs jomleo g bahbcy rospomto` ghodmy,
mro`ato` watb egkadh yadh sgior ad tbo _dato` ]tgtos
gd` tbo wlrc`. Ad tostaeldy joilro Mldhross ad Dlvoe-
jor :662, Vrliosslr Gd`y Cl li tbo Egssgmbusotts
Adstatuto li Pombdlclhy grhuo` tbgt tbo dgdmagc sys-
toe eahbt jodot irle g sgioty jlgr` li ats lwd. Bas
prlplsgc wgs od`lrso` jy Vrliosslr Vguc Zleor, gd
g`vasor tl tbo Hrlwtb Mleeassald, `uradh tbo `ocaj-
orgtalds ilr tbas roplrt.
Pbo DP]J as gd ad`opod`odt Io`orgc ghodmy,
mbgrho` watb advostahgtadh ovory mavac gvagtald gmma`odt
ad tbo _dato` ]tgtos, gs wocc gs sahdamgdt gmma`odts
ad ltbor el`os li trgdsplrtrgacrlg`, bahbwgy, egrado,
gd` papocado. At gcsl assuos sgioty romleeod`gtalds
gaeo` gt provodtadh iuturo gmma`odts. Jut ats praegry
eassald as jgmkwgr` cllkadh, tl gssoss tbo mgusos li
gmma`odts. Lvor ats 06 yogrs li oxastodmo, tbo DP]J bgs
advostahgto` elro tbgd 7:0,666 gvagtald gmma`odts.
Pbo DP]J `los dlt rohucgto garcados lr oquapeodt
egkors. At los dlt adatagto pudasbeodts ilr dohcahodmo.
Dlr mgd at havo adstrumtalds tl tbo rohucgtlry ghodmaos.
Ats iudmtald as mlddo` tl prlva`adh kdlwco`ho> aepgr-
tagc gssosseodts li tbo mgusos li gmma`odts. At bgs
tboroilro jood iroo tl ilmus ld tbo purocy tombdamgc
gspomts li ats wlrk. Blwovor, jomguso li ats roputgtald
ilr aepgrtagcaty gd` tblrluhbdoss, at as buhocy aduod-
tagc. Elro tbgd 2: pormodt li ats romleeod`gtalds bgvo
jood g`lpto`.
Egdy sgioty iogturos admlrplrgto` adtl garpcgdos,
gutleljacos, trgads, papocados, gd` egrado vossocs bg`
tboar lrahads ad DP]J romleeod`gtalds. Pboso romle-
eod`gtalds spgd ovorytbadh irle eombgdamgc aeprlvo-
eodts tl jottor paclt trgadadh. Ad romodt yogrs, tbo DP]J
bgs stgrto` advostahgtadh gmma`odts tbgt woro gvla`o`,
havadh at g dow gd` aeplrtgdt slurmo li adilregtald gs
gd adput tl aeprlvadh sgioty rohucgtalds.
Xluc` at jo usoiuc tl bgvo g saeacgr ghodmy tl advos-
tahgto gmma`odts, gd` dogr gmma`odts, ad tbo dgdmagc
Jlx 7> G Dgtaldgc Prgdsplrtgtald ]gioty Jlgr` ilr Iadgdmo Pbo Mrasas 7=
Iadgdmagc mrasos bgvo jood tbo adsopgrgjco gd` mlstcy
mlepgdald li egrkot omldleaos ilr eumb li tboar bas-
tlry. Pboro as cattco rogsld tl jocaovo tbo iuturo wacc jo
`aiiorodt. Pbo 7116s gd` ogrcy yogrs li tbas `omg`o gro
roeoejoro` ilr tbo iroquodmy gd` sovoraty li mrasostbgt sbllk `ovoclpadh gd` ad`ustragcazo` mludtraos gcako>
tbo _dato` ]tgtos ad tbo ogrcy 7116s, ad tbo wgko li tbo
]gvadhs gd` Clgds (]&C) `ojgmco; Ngpgd gd` ]wo`od
ad 711:; Eoxaml ad 7110; Bldh Kldh, Mbadg, Ad`ldosag,
Egcgysag, tbo Vbacappados, gd` Pbgacgd` ad 711812; Jrg-
zac gd` tbo Zussagd Io`orgtald ad 7111; Purkoy ad :666;
gd` Grhodtadg gd` _ruhugy ad :66:. Pbo smgc mlsts li
tboso mrasos woro saepcy stghhoradh> gjlut = pormodt
li H@V ad tbo mgso li Georamgs ]&C mrasas, wbamb wgs
gd aeplrtgdt mguso li tbo odsuadh 711617 romossald.
Pbo mlsts li jgdk rostrumturadh rogmbo` ?6 pormodt liH@V ad Ad`ldosag, :? pormodt li H@V ad Ngpgd, gd` ldo-
tbar` li H@V ad Pbgacgd` gd` Klrog.
Pbo :662 mrasas wgs cgrhocy udilrosood gd` sur-
praso` elst ljsorvors. At jrluhbt tbo wlrc` omldley
tl g bgct, gd` ud`oreado` sovorgc paccgrs li tbo wlrc`
dgdmagc systoe. At ovod odhod`oro` `asmussalds li tbo
od` li mgpatgcase.
Dltwatbstgd`adh sleo udaquo mbgrgmtorastams, tbo
:662 mrasas ilcclws g pgttord sood egdy taeos joilro.
Pbo pgttord as mgpturo` ad g vo-pgrt el`oc `ovoclpo`
jy Byegd Eadsky. Bo johads watb Koydoss `ambltley
jotwood odtorpraso gd` spomucgtald. Odtorpraso,
Koydos `odo` gs tbo gmtavaty li ilromgstadh tbo prl-
spomtavo yaoc` li gssots lvor tboar wblco caio. ]pomucg-
tald, ld tbo ltbor bgd`, wgs tbo gmtavaty li ilromgstadh
tbo psymblclhy li tbo egrkot.
Ad g summossiuc mgpatgcast omldley, gmmlr`adh
tl Eadsky, tbo dgdmagc strumturo gjots odtorpraso.
Xbod adstog` dgdmo ilstors spomucgtald tbo porilr-
egdmo li g mgpatgcast omldley igctors.7Koydos eg`o
tbo sgeo pladt elro plotamgccy. ]pomucgtlrs `l dl
bgre gs jujjcos ld g sog li odtorpraso. Jut tbo plsa-
tald as soralus wbod odtorpraso jomleos tbo jujjco ld
g wbarcpllc li spomucgtald. Xbod tbo mgpatgc `ovoclp-
7 GOG eootadh Ngdugry 711:.
eodt li g mludtry jomleos tbo jy-prl`umt li tbo gmtava-
taos li g mgsadl, tbo nlj as cakocy tl jo acc `ldo.
Ad tbo somld` pgrt li tbo Eadsky el`oc, sleo oxlh-
odlus ovodt aeprlvos tbo prlspomts ilr prlts, nustaiy-
adh spomucgtavo jots. Pbo 711: mrasas ad Ngpgd mgeo adtbo wgko li dgdmagc cajorgcazgtald ad tbo 7126s gd` tbo
gppromagtald li tbo yod. Iadgdmagc cajorgcazgtald wgs gcsl
jobad` tbo oupblrag promo`adh ]wo`ods 711: mrasas.
Ad tbo 7116s ad tbo _dato` ]tgtos g prl`umtavaty jlle
tlhotbor watb g `omcado ad smgc `omats prlepto` tbo
Io`orgc Zosorvo tl koop adtorost rgtos clw ad tbo igmo li
omldleam oxpgdsald. Gd` promo`adh tbo :662 dgdmagc
mrasas tboro wgs g sahdamgdt admrogso ad gssot pramos,
iuoco` jy covorgho, clw adtorost rgtos, gd` tbo pormop-
tald tbgt dgdmagc addlvgtald bg` tgeo` dgdmagc rask.
Ad tbo tbar` pgrt li Eadskys el`oc, oxpomtgtaldstgko lii, clsadh tlumb watb rogcaty. Pbas as plssajcy tbo
elst aimuct pgrt li gdy mrasas tl oxpcgad> tbo eleodt gt
wbamb hoduadocy hll` dows ad tbo rogc omldley ioo`s
oxpomtgtalds tbgt gdy bgr`-bog`o` gdgcyst wluc` rom-
lhdazo gro aeplssajco tl iuccc. Oupblrag, lptaease,
arrgtaldgc oxujorgdmo, egdags, jujjcos, jcad`-
doss tl rask, gd` gdaegc sparats gro vgralus wgys tl
`osmrajo tbo psymblclhamgc ilrmos gt wlrk.
Zgtaldgcaty as dlt gcwgys gjsodt. NV Elrhgd gdgcysts
`oma`o` tl oxat tbo egrkot ilr suj-praeo elrthgho-
jgmko` somurataos ad :66? ldmo at jomgeo ova`odt tbgt
tbo mlrrocgtald jotwood rasks mluc` dlt jo mgcmucgto`.
Dluraoc Zlujada bg` ilr yogrs bahbcahbto` tbo rasks adbor-
odt ad tbo _.]. sbg`lw jgdkadh systoe. Zljort ]baccor,
jltb ad bas jllks gd` bas wa`ocy kdlwd blusadh ad`ox,
bgs mgcco` gttodtald tl udsustgadgjco covocs li blusadh
pramos ilr gcelst g `omg`o. Zghburge Zgngd od`uro`
sleo mratamase irle bas poors gt tbo Ngmksld Blco sye-
plsaue blsto` jy tbo Kgdsgs Maty Io` ad :66?, wbod
bo gsko` wbotbor dgdmagc `ovoclpeodt bg` eg`o tbo
wlrc` raskaor, dlt cogst jomguso jgdkors pgy smboeos
hgvo tboe porvorso admodtavos.
Ad tboar romodt jllk Gdaegc ]parats> Blw Buegd
Vsymblclhy @ravos tbo Omldley gd` Xby at Egttors ilr
Hcljgc Mgpatgcase, Holrho Gkorcli gd` ]baccor oxpclro
Jlx :> Pbo :662 Iadgdmagc Mrasas> _dpromo`odto` advostlrs `oma`adh tl
cogvo tbo egrkot gitor egkadh sahdamgdt spomucgtavo
prlts, g`vorso rogc omldley sblmks, hrlwadh gwgro-
doss li udsustgadgjco trod`s, lr nust hrgvatgtaldgc caeats
tl tbo mcaej li sleo gssot pramos.
Gmmlr`adh tl Koddotb Zlhlii gd` Mgreod Zoadbgrt,
dgdmagc mrasos gro bgr`y poroddagcs. Pboar rovaow li
oahbt modturaos li mrasos (admcu`adh oxtordgc `oigucts,
`leostam `oigucts, oxmbgdho rgto mrgsbos, jgdkadh mra-
sos, gd` adgtald lutjursts) sblws tbgt at as hodorgccyg eastgko tl gssueo tbgt tbas taeo as `aiiorodt.:Pbo
:662 mrasas bgs bahbcahbto` egdy oxltam gd` dlvoc iog-
turos li tbo dgdmagc systoe (nadhco egac, DADNG clgds,
M@L-squgro` prl`umts, ]AYs, ]VAYs, gd` mld`uats). At
as gcsl `astadmtavo ad ats hcljgc rogmb. Jut at dldotbocoss
sbgros aeplrtgdt mleeld iogturos watb provalus dgd-
magc mrasos. Vorbgps tbo elst strakadh saeacgraty wgs tbo
wa`osprog` jocaoi, gs tbo mro`at jlle prlhrosso`, tbgt
tbas taeo wgs `aiiorodt, wbod tbo ldcy tbadh tbgt eg`o
at `aiiorodt wgs blw jg`cy at turdo` lut.
: Kod Zlhlii gd` Mgreod Zoadbgrt, Pbas Paeo As @aiiorodt> G
Vgdlrgeam Yaow li Oahbt Modturaos li Iadgdmagc Mrasos, Gprac
:662. DJOZ Xlrkadh Vgpor Dl. 7=22:.
Jlx : (mldtaduo`)
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Vgrt => Wuostaldadh Hrlwtb ]trgtohaos 7?
Wuostaldadh Hrlwtb ]trgtohaos
VGZP =
Gitor g sblmk li tbas eghdatu`o, tboro as g dgturgc gd` bogctby admcadgtald tl
ro-oxgeado lc` mortgadtaos gd` rovasat cldh-boc` gssueptalds. At as tboroilro
dlt surprasadh tbgt sleo polpco gro quostaldadh tbo proeasos li omldleam
el`ocs gd` hrlwtb strgtohaos tbgt bgvo sorvo` mludtraos wocc ad tbo pgst jut
bgvo dlt osmgpo` tbas mrasas udsmgtbo`. Xo lursocvos bgvo `asmusso` tboso
assuos oxtodsavocy watb ogmb ltbor gd` watb oxports ad gmg`oeag, plcamy
egkadh, gd` tbo pravgto somtlr.
Pbo lutmleo li tbas poral` li roomtald wacc bgvo iud`geodtgc mldso-
quodmos ilr tbo omldleam strgtohaos mludtraos pursuo gd` tbo rosucts tboy
gmbaovo. Xbaco g mrasas as gd lpplrtudaty ilr cogrdadh, g`nusteodt, gd` sleo-
taeos gmmocorgto` roilre, at as gcsl gd lpplrtudaty tl egko eastgkos. Pbo
ogrcy ova`odmo as tbgt plcamy egkors ad oeorhadh omldleaos bgvo rosasto`
bgsty rovorsgcs li plcamy. Jut at as dlt admldmoavgjco tbgt tbo jgjy wacc jo
tbrlwd lut watb tbo jgtb wgtor.
Xbgt Igaco` gd` Xbgt @a` Dlt Igac
ld tbo dgdmagc somtlrs stgjacaty gd` porilregdmo, rgtbor tbgd ld g elro
swoopadh mld`oedgtald li tbo wblco egrkot-jgso` systoe. Pl oxpgd` hlv-
ordeodt sujstgdtagccy adtl tbo jrlg`or omldley eahbt `asrupt tbo pravgto`ydgease tbgt bgs mldtrajuto` tl gcc tbo summossiuc bahb-hrlwtb mgsos tbgt
wo kdlw li. Pbgt wluc` jo g soralus eastgko.
Pbo hlvordeodt sbluc` blwovor l elro tl prltomt polpco ad tbo igmo li
oxtroeo omldleam turjucodmo. Pboso sgioty dots gro ad`aspodsgjco tl egad-
tgad pujcam mld`odmo gd` supplrt ilr egrkot-co` lutmleos. Pboy wluc`
mlepcoeodt oiilrts tl gmbaovo hrogtor omldleam gd` dgdmagc stgjacaty.
Ad rospldso tl tbo mrasas, tbo stgto bgs oxpgd`o` ats rlco, ospomagccy ad tbo
g`vgdmo` omldleaos. Wugdtatgtavo ogsadh, mgpatgc adnomtalds adtl tbo dgd-
magc somtlr, jgac-luts ad g duejor li ltbor ad`ustraos, gd` smgc staeucus prl-
hrges bgvo gcc g``o` tl tbo hlvordeodts smlpo gd` aduodmo. Vrlpldodts
li `arahaseo egy soo gd lpplrtudaty tl turd tboso oeorhodmy oxpo`aodtsadtl g cldhor-tore oxpgdsald li tbo stgtos rlco. Iasmgc staeucus prlhrges,
ilr oxgepco, mgd ogsacy clso tboar toeplrgry stgtus, jomleadh odtrodmbo`.
Ad lur vaow, tbas wluc` jo g eastgko. Ju`hot `omats, ai coit udg``rosso`,
wacc ovodtugccy rgaso cldh-tore adtorost rgtos, egkadh `ojts ovod bgr`or tl
sustgad. Hlvordeodts egy jo toepto` tl adgto gwgy tbo pujcam `ojt tbo
mrasas joquogtbs. ]umb gd oxpo`aodt wluc` jo jltb buhocy `geghadh gd`
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Vgrt => Wuostaldadh Hrlwtb ]trgtohaos 78
cgrhocy iutaco, sadmo jld` yaoc`s wluc` raso ad gdtamapgtald li tbo tbrogt. At
wluc` gcsl ud`oreado tbo ad`opod`odmo li modtrgc jgdks, squgd`oradh tbo
mro`ajacaty tboy bgvo pgadstgkadhcy gmquaro`.
Ad lur vaow, tbo stgtos oxpgdsald doo`s tl jo rovorso` gs tbo mrasas suj-sa`os. Iasmgc staeucus pgmkghos doo` tl jo ropcgmo` jy eo`aue-tore prl-
hrges tl rostlro smgc jgcgdmo, jgso` ld rogcastam (gd` porbgps `aeadasbo`)
ostaegtos li iuturo hrlwtb. Modtrgc jgdk mro`at doo`s tl jo watb`rgwd gs
pravgto mro`at mbgddocs roturdgd` tbo modtrgc jgdk doo`s tl rotgad tbo
ad`opod`odmo tl `l at. Pbo oxpgd`o` modtrgc jgdk jgcgdmo sboots doo` tl
sbradk tbrluhb tbo sgco li gssots lvor taeo tl tbo pravgto somtlr. Pbas wacc
roquaro pgtaodmo gd` hll` taeadh. Ai tboy sblw jltb, tbo gutblrataos egy
jo gjco tl egko g prlt irle tbo sgcos, tborojy eadaeazadh tbo cldhor-tore
jur`od ld tbo pujcam purso.
Hlvordeodts ad `ovoclpadh mludtraos `a` dlt bgvo tbo sgeo iroo`le tl
oxpgd` tboar rlco `uradh tbo mrasas. Iow ai gdy li tboar modtrgc jgdks mluc``lujco tboar jgcgdmo sboots watblut ud`oreadadh tbo murrodmy, gd` iow
stgtos ad oeorhadh omldleaos mgd rud g `lujco-`ahat smgc `omat watblut
upsottadh tboar mro`atlrs. Xboro hlvordeodts bgvo jlrrlwo` bogvacy, tboar
mro`atlrs bgvo litod jood tbo adtordgtaldgc dgdmagc adstatutalds, sumb gs tbo
Xlrc` Jgdk lr tbo Gsagd @ovoclpeodt Jgdk, wbamb bgvo jood gdxalus tl
cc tbo hgp coit jy ilroahd mgpatgc gs at turdo` tgac. Ad `ovoclpadh omldleaos,
tbo stgto `los dlt, dlw, bgvo tl rotrgmo tbo oeorhodmy stops at tllk gitor
tbo mrasas. Pbo jahhor `gdhor as tbgt hlvordeodts wacc gjgd`ld wlrtbwbaco
roilres sot ad trgad joilro tbo mrasas strumk. Pbo ogrcy sahds, blwovor, gro
odmlurghadh. Vlcamy egkors sooe tl wgdt tl ud`orstgd` tbo iucc aepcamg-
talds li tbo mrasas, joilro tboy rgw bgsty mldmcusalds gjlut tboar cldh-torerospldso tl at.
Lpoddoss
Xbod tbo hcljgc omldley as rogsldgjcy stgjco gd` lpod, at as tbo pradma-
pgc odgjcor li sustgado` bahb hrlwtb ad `ovoclpadh mludtraos. Pboy mgd
gssaeacgto a`ogs irle tbo rost li tbo wlrc` gd` aeplrt mgpatgc. Pboy mgd
gcsl oxpclat omldleaos li smgco ad prl`umtald, jy spomagcazadh ad wbgt tboy
`l jost, gd` aeplrtadh tbo rost. Pbo mrasas bgs adamto` `rgegtam `gegho ld
adtordgtaldgc trg`o gd` mgpatgc lws. At bgs gcsl rgaso` tbo tbrogt li prltom-taldase> g duejor li hlvordeodts bgvo g``o` prltomtaldast prlvasalds tl
tboar dgdmagc rosmuos gd` smgc adtorvodtalds.
Xo `l dlt kdlw blw cldh tbas sotjgmk tl hcljgcazgtald wacc cgst, lr blw
soralus at wacc prlvo tl jo. Jut ai prltomtaldase woro tl hrlw lr porsast
ovod gitor tbo mrasas bgs sujsa`o`, at wluc` bljjco gd ossodtagc `ravor li
hrlwtb. At as tbo lpoddoss li tbo hcljgc omldley tbgt poreats `ovoclpadh
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72 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
mludtraos tl mclso tbo hgp watb g`vgdmo` mludtraos lvor sovorgc `omg`os.
Xatb tbo oxmoptald li tbo vory pllrost mludtraos, lpoddoss `wgris ga` ad ats
omldleam aepgmt.
Vlcamy egkors gppogr tl ud`orstgd` tbas. Pbo H:6 bgs twamo mleeatto`atsoci tl rovorsadh prltomtaldase gitor tbo mrasas pgssos. Egkadh hll` ld tbas
pco`ho wacc jo g plcatamgc mbgccodho havod blw bgr` at as ilr cog`ors tl rogmb
mlccomtavo `omasalds gjlut tbo wlrc` omldley. Jut wo oxpomt tboe tl sum-
moo` ovodtugccy.
]trgtohaos gd` Lutmleos
Ovodts l sleotaeos oejgrrgss tbolraos. ]leo mrasos rovogc ba``od strodhtbs
ad provaluscy udigsbaldgjco omldleaos, wbaco oxplsadh gws ad mludtraos
provaluscy cgu`o` gs el`ocs ilr ltbors tl ilcclw. Ad tbo 7116s, ilr oxgepco,Ngpgd gd` tbo _dato` ]tgtos trg`o` pcgmos gs cog`or gd` cghhgr`. Jut wo soo
dl rogsld tl rotrogt irle tbo el`oc lutcado` ad Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrtgd`
oxoepcao` jy tbo plst-wgr summoss stlraos. Pbo vartuos wo bahbcahbto` ad
tbo lrahadgc roplrt bgvo dlt jomleo vamos. Pbo sbgro` mbgrgmtorastams li tbo
bahb-hrlwtb omldleaos roegad wlrtb oeucgtadh. Pboro as dl kdlwd mro`-
ajco gctordgtavo watb g trgmk romlr` li summoss.
Pbo mrasas `los, blwovor, prlva`o gd lmmgsald tl rovaow sleo li tbo plc-
amy adhro`aodts mludtraos egy admcu`o ad tboar hrlwtb strgtohaos. Ad Vgrt 0 wo
wacc rovaow tbo twl adhro`aodts tbgt roquaro tbo elst rotbadkadh> dgdmagc
roilre gd` oxplrt prleltald. Ad cahbt li tbo dgdmagc igacuros ad tbo Xost,
wbgt kad` li dgdmagc strumturo sbluc` `ovoclpadh mludtraos muctavgto< Gd`ai mludtraos mgd dl cldhor mludt ld Georamg tl sorvo gs g juyor li cgst
roslrt, mgd tbo `leostam omldley prlva`o admroeodtgc slurmos li `oegd` Wuostaldadh Hrlwtb ]trgtohaos 71
put gd` g segccor ro`umtald ad plvorty. Xo blpo tbo hcljgc omldley `oos
tbas pro`amtald, jludmadh jgmk quamkcy. Jut gctbluhb wo jocaovo tbo wlrc`
wacc ovodtugccy roturd tl g sustgadgjco pgttord li rospomtgjco hrlwtb, wo `l
dlt kdlw blw cldh at wacc tgko. G jost huoss wluc` jo sovorgc yogrs, cgrhocyjomguso li sclwor hrlwtb ad tbo g`vgdmo` omldleaos.
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Vgrt 0> Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt :7
Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt
VGZP 0
Hcljgc Aejgcgdmos> Vrltomtaldase gd` Iasmgc @omats
Vralr tl tbo mrasas, egdy omldleasts irotto` gjlut tbo udjgcgdmo` pgttord li
`oegd` ad tbo wlrc` omldley. Pbo _dato` ]tgtos, gd` ltbor mludtraos sumbgs Jratgad, woro cavadh joyld` tboar eogds, ruddadh cgrho murrodt-gmmludt
`omats, wbaco mludtraos sumb gs Mbadg, sovorgc ltbor Gsagd mludtraos, Hor-
egdy, gd` tbo Huci lac oxplrtors rgd mlrrospld`adhcy cgrho surpcusos.
Pbo mrasas bgs, blwovor, sovorocy `odto` tbo Georamgd mldsueors gppo-
tatos. Pbo `rlp ad bluso pramos gd` sbgro pramos bgs wromko` blusoblc` jgc-
gdmo sboots. (Ad Ourlpo blusoblc`s boc` coss `ojt. Pboy woro elro cakocy tl
qugcaiy ilr `odo` jodot podsalds tbgt trgdsior gssot-pramo rask tl hlvord-
eodts lr mlepgdaos. Pboy gcsl jodoto` irle elro hodorlus slmagc somuraty
gd` wocigro prlhrges.) Ad rospldso, Georamgd mldsueors gro vory cakocy tl
spod` coss gd` sgvo elro ilr gd oxtod`o` poral`, gjgd`ldadh tbo pgttord li
tbo cgst iow yogrs. Pbas raso ad tbo blusoblc` sgvadh rgto as ldo rogsld wbytbo mrasas wacc dlt jo g eogd-rovortadh ovodt, gt cogst ad tbo eo`aue tore.
Pbo rosuct mluc` jo g sblrtigcc ad hcljgc ghhrohgto `oegd`, ld tbo lr`or li
$866 jaccald lr elro, rocgtavo tl tbo wlrc` omldleys prl`umtavo pltodtagc.
Lvor taeo, tbas sblrtigcc sbluc` jo cco` jy gd admrogso ad `leostam `oegd`
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:: Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
ad surpcus mludtraos. Jut tbo cldhor at tgkos tl cc tbas hgp, tbo hrogtor tbo
admodtavo tl mgpturo g sbgro li hcljgc `oegd` jy prltomtaldast eogds.9
Pboso aejgcgdmos mluc` jo roslcvo` jy mllr`adgto` oiilrts tl oxpgd`
`oegd` ad surpcus mludtraos. Ai tbas oiilrt as ud`ortgkod nladtcy, at waccroelvo tbo toeptgtald tl roslrt tl prltomtaldase. At wluc` gcsl egko at
ogsaor ilr mludtraos tl watb`rgw tboar smgc staeucus gd` stgdmb tbo ro` adk
coit jobad` jy tbo mrasas. Vut gdltbor wgy, tbo rgpa` rostlrgtald li hcljgc
`oegd` wacc ogso `ogtaldgry rasks, bgstod adgtaldgry prossuro, gd` tboro-
ilro ro`umo tbo `osargjacaty li `omat spod`adh.
Egdy `ovoclpadh mludtraos bgvo prlsporo` jy sorvadh tbo hcljgc egr-
kot. Pboy bgvo jodoto` ad pgrtamucgr irle Georamgs waccadhdoss tl gmt
gs g mldsueor li cgst roslrt. Ai Georamg as dl cldhor propgro` tl sustgad g
cgrho trg`o `omat, wacc `ovoclpadh mludtraos bgvo tl rotbadk tboar hrlwtb
strgtohaos www.hrlwtbmleeassald.lrh/stlrgho/mh`ov/`lmueodts/dgdmagc\mrasas/rl`rakgitortbomrasas.p`i.
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Vgrt 0> Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt :=
Pbus tbo lutwgr`-cllkadh strgtohy g`vlmgto` ad tbo lrahadgc Hrlwtb
Zoplrtas stacc iogsajco ad tbo dow dlregc. At as mlepgtajco watb g dgrrlwor
Georamgd trg`o `omat gd` g elro jgcgdmo` hcljgc pgttord li `oegd`.
Dldotbocoss, havod tbo sclw`lwd ad wlrc` trg`o gd` tbo sbgrp mldtrgm-tald ad Georamgd aeplrts, `ovoclpadh mludtraos sbluc` dlt dohcomt gctordg-
tavo slurmos li `oegd`. Gt tbo egrhad, tbo bleo egrkot egy jo wlrtb
muctavgtadh gs gd admroeodtgc slurmo li hrlwtb.
@leostam `oegd` as dlt g poriomt sujstatuto ilr hcljgc `oegd`. Ad sorv-
adh wlrc` egrkots, mludtraos mgd spomagcazo ad g dgrrlw rgdho li prl`-
umts, rogpadh omldleaos li smgco. Jut ai tboy eust mgtor elro tl `leostam
`oegd`, mludtraos wacc doo` tl prl`umo g jrlg`or rgdho li prl`umts, sl
gs dlt tl sgturgto gdy pgrtamucgr clmgc egrkot dambo. Pboroilro tbo caeats
tl spomagcazgtald gro tahbtor gd` `opod` ld tbo ovlcvadh mleplsatald li
`leostam `oegd`.
Dldotbocoss, mludtraos sbluc` dlt ahdlro lr suppross tbo `leostam egr-kot. Gt tbo egrhad, at mgd prlva`o g usoiuc admroeodtgc g``atald tl `oegd`.
Pbo pladt blc`s elst strldhcy ilr tbo cgrhor gd` rambor `ovoclpadh omldl-
eaos, wbamb liior g `oop gd` vgrao` egrkot. Mbadgs plcamy egkors gppogr
tl romlhdazo tbas. Ad Iojrugry, Vrosa`odt Bu Nadtgl mgcco` ilr elro plwor-
iuc gd` oimaodt eogsuros tl admrogso `leostam `oegd`, mldsueor `oegd`
ad pgrtamucgr.
Ad sleo mludtraos adtordgc adtohrgtald as gs urhodt gs hcljgc adtohrgtald.
Hll`s, sorvamos, mgpatgc, gd` cgjlr `l dlt gcwgys lw selltbcy watbad
dgtaldgc omldleaos, cot gcldo jotwood tboe. Pbo irgheodtgtald li tbo
adtordgc egrkot mgd roomt `aimuct holhrgpby lr jur`odsleo rohucgtald,
ospomagccy watbad cgrho, io`orgc mludtraos. Lvormleadh tboso ljstgmcos as ldoplworiuc gd` oimaodt eogsuro tl admrogso `leostam `oegd`.
@omat ]pod`adh, ]ustgadgjacaty, gd` tbo _.]. @lccgr gs gZosorvo Murrodmy
Ilr tbo eleodt, tbo _dato` ]tgtos as elro wlrrao` gjlut ats nljs omat tbgd
ats trg`o `omat. Pl rovavo `oegd` at as ud`ortgkadh g jlc` smgc oxpgdsald.
Pbas smgc staeucus jodots tbo _dato` ]tgtos trg`adh pgrtdors, jut gcsl rgasos
sleo qugces geldh ats mro`atlrs. Pboro as g hrlwadh mldmord tbgt Georamgs
`omats, ld tbo lr`or li 7: pormodt li H@V ad :661, wacc jo egadtgado` ilrtll cldh, watblut g mro`ajco pcgd tl rostlro smgc toeporgdmo. Xbotbor tbas
turds lut tl jo g egnlr assuo as tll slld tl kdlw. Gmmlr`adh tl kdlwco`ho-
gjco gdgcysts, tbo jld` egrkots bgvo romodtcy sahdgco` sleo `ohroo li mld-
mord gjlut _.]. `omats gd` tbo cldhor-tore adgtaldgry lutcllk.
Georamgs ro` adk roprosodts g sahdamgdt hcljgc rask jomguso li tbo stgtus
li tbo _.]. lccgr gs g rosorvo murrodmy. Ai _.]. mro`atlrs clso igatb ad ats smgc
roslcvo, tboy egy mldmcu`o tbgt tbo _dato` ]tgtos wacc try tl `acuto ats ljca-
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:0 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
hgtalds tbrluhb bahb adgtald. Pbgt ad turd mluc` prlvlko gd oxl`us irle
tbo `lccgr jy tbo egnlr blc`ors li ilroahd-oxmbgdho rosorvos. Ai tbas oxl`us
woro tl lmmur rgpa`cy, tbo `lccgr wluc` `opromagto sbgrpcy gd` cldhor-tore
adtorost rgtos wluc` raso quamkcy. Gssot pramos elro jrlg`cy wluc` igcc, ge-ghadh jgcgdmo sboots gd` rovorsadh gdy prlhross ad tboar ropgar. @opod`adh
ld wbod at bgppodo`, at mluc` egko g `oop romossald wlrso.
Pl eatahgto tboso rasks, tbo _dato` ]tgtos sbluc` cgy lut g mro`ajco pcgd tl
rostlro smgc jgcgdmo watblut mleprleasadh pramo stgjacatyslldor rgtbor
tbgd cgtor.
Iadgdmagc ]omtlr @ovoclpeodt
Jomguso tbo mrasas bg` ats lrahads ad g`vgdmo` mludtry dgdmagc systoes,
tboso systoes gro dlw sujnomt tl tbo sovorost smrutady gd` elst sogrmbadhrogpprgasgc. Jut wbgt cosslds `los tbo mrasas blc` ilr dgdmagc systoes ad
`ovoclpadh mludtraos tboy
wluc` mldvorho ld sleo vorsald li tbo g`vgdmo` mludtry dgdmagc systoe
watb lpod mgpatgc gmmludts, g lgtadh oxmbgdho rgto, gd` g slpbastamgto` sot
li adstrueodts tl pramo rask gd` ro`astrajuto at.
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Vgrt 0> Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt :?
Pbo dgdmagc el`ocs li tbo g`vgdmo` mludtraos gro dlw ad sleo `as-
roputo. Xbgt wacc ropcgmo tboe as stacc up ilr hrgjs. Ilr pllror mludtraos,
sookadh tl `ovoclp tboar dgdmagc systoes, tbgt eogds tbo `ostadgtald as dl
cldhor mcogr gd` wacc dlt jo ilr sleo taeo. Pbgt gdmblr bgs jood roelvo`gd` wacc dlt jo ropcgmo` udtac g dow systoe as ad pcgmo gd` bgs iudmtaldo`
ilr cldh odluhb tl ogrd mld`odmo.
Xbaco wo `l dlt kdlw gt tbas pladt wbgt tbo dow g`vgdmo`-mludtry
dgdmagc systoes wacc cllk cako, egdy jocaovo tboy sbluc` od` up watb g ai-
iorodt mleplsatald. @oop, wa`o, gd` caqua` dgdmagc egrkots gro `osargjco
tl prlelto sgvadhs gd` advosteodt. Jut at as dlt mcogr tbgt tbo hrlwadh trg`-
adh suporstrumturo g``s odluhb slmagc vgcuo (ltbor tbgd tl ats pgrtamapgdts)
tl nustaiy ats mlsts gd` `gdhors. Pbo jgcgdmo prljgjcy doo`s tl sbait jgmk
tlwgr` tbo ossodtagc iudmtalds li tbo dgdmagc systoe> sgio sgvadhs mbgddocs,
mro`at prlvasald tl vgralus somtlrs li tbo omldley, gd` g eogds tl sprog`
rask tl tblso jost pcgmo` tl jogr at.Ad sleo wgys, tbo coss slpbastamgto` dgdmagc systoes ad ovoclpadh mlud-
traos wogtboro` tbo mrasas jottor tbgd tboar elro ocgjlrgto mludtorpgrts ad
tbo Xost. @ovoclpadh mludtraos l dlt bgvo sbg`lw jgdkadh systoes li gdy
sazo.2Pboar jgdks `a` dlt blc` mlepcox, tlxam gssots. Pbas wgs pgrtcy `uo
tl soci-rostrgadt`leostam jgdks osmbowo` prl`umts tboy `a` dlt trust lr
ud`orstgd`. Jut at wgs gcsl `uo tl rohucgtlry mldstrgadts, wbamb rostramto`
tbo gssots leostam adstatutalds mluc` blc`, gd` tbo prl`umts ilroahd odtrgdts
mluc` socc. ]ovorgc mludtraos, admcu`adh Jrgzac, Ad`ag, gd` Mbadg, egko bogvy
uso li rohucgtlry rostramtalds tl `gepod tboar jgdks odtbusagse. Mbadg
aeplsos `aiiorodt rostramtalds `opod`adh ld tbo kad` li gssots jgdks blc`,
tborojy aduodmadh tbo `aromtald li mro`at gs wocc gs ats qugdtaty.Ad tbo g`vgdmo` mludtraos, gcelst gcc tbo mbgddocs ilr adtoreo`agtadh
mro`at igaco` saeuctgdoluscy, g smodgral ilr g `oprossald.1At wgs provodto`
jy rgpa` gd` egssavo adtorvodtald jy modtrgc jgdks, wbamb mrogto` caqua`aty
gd` ostgjcasbo` gctordgtavo oeorhodmy mbgddocs ilr mro`at prlvasald. ]umb g
rosmuo oiilrt egy jo joyld` elst `ovoclpadh mludtraos, jomguso at wluc`
rud tbo rask li ostgjacazadh tbo dgdmos li tbo modtrgc jgdk gd` tbo hlvord-
eodt. Pboar jost `oiodso, tboroilro, as provodtald.
Pl tbas od`, tbo Mleeassald woahbo` tbo eorats li g utacaty el`oc li
jgdkadh. _d`or tbas el`oc, g plrtald li tbo jgdkadh systoe as sohrohgto`
gd` bogvacy rohucgto`. _tacaty jgdks liior g caeato` rgdho li sorvamos, sumb
gs `oplsat gd` sgvadhs gmmludts, gd` blc` g rostramto` rgdho li sgio gssots.
2 Pbo sbg`lw jgdkadh systoe as g sot li egrkots gd` adstatutalds tbrluhb wbamb mro`at as prlva`o`
watblut jgdk adtoreo`agtald. Hodorgccy trg`gjco gssots gro assuo` jy jlrrlwors gs ad tbo mgso li mle-
eormagc pgpor, lr gssots gro somuratazo` gd` tbod slc`. Pbas systoe ad tbo _dato` ]tgtos gmmludto` ilr
gjlut bgci tbo lw li mro`at. Eumb li tbas systoe saepcy sbut `lwd gt tbo stgrt li tbo mrasas.
1 Pbo rogsld as tbgt gcc tbo egnlr jgdks, advosteodt jgdks, gd` g iow adsurgdmo mlepgdaos suiioro`
egssavo jgcgdmo sboot `gegho, puttadh tboar slcvodmy adtl quostald. Adtorjgdk cod`adh `rao` up gd`
tbo pgyeodts systoe stgrto` tl igac tl lporgto.
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:9 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
Pbas mrogtos g jucwgrk ad tbo dgdmagc systoe, odsuradh tbgt gt cogst sleo
mbgddocs li mro`at roegad lpod, ovod ai tbo rost li tbo systoe hlos ud`or.
Pbo utacaty el`oc as wlrtb mldsa`oradh, gctbluhb at `a` dlt mleegd` g
mldsodsus watbad tbo Mleeassald. _tacaty jgdks `l dlt bgvo tl jo dgturgceldlplcaos, dlr `l tboy bgvo tl jo hlvordeodt-lwdo`, gctbluhb ad egdy
`ovoclpadh mludtraos, cgrho stgto-lwdo` jgdks gcrog`y lporgto ad eumb tbo
sgeo wgy. Pboso stgto-lwdo` jgdks litod cgh jobad` tboar pravgto mle-
potatlrs ad jlle taeos, jut mleo adtl tboar lwd `uradh jg` taeos. Pboy
prlva`o g cgyor li rogssurgdmo, wbamb eahbt ovod odmlurgho elro cajorgc
rohucgtald li tbo rost li tbo systoe.
@ovoclpadh mludtraos sbluc` gcsl odsuro tbgt sleo jgdks roegad leos-
tamgccy lwdo`, ovod ai tboy gro dlt lwdo` jy tbo stgto. Ad mrasos, tbo hlv-
ordeodt jomleos g egnlr pgrtamapgdt ad tbo dgdmagc systoe, gs wocc gs g
rohucgtlr gd` roioroo. At suppcaos mgpatgc gd` gmquaros g mldsa`orgjco sgy ad
wbgt tbo pravgto-somtlr adstatutalds `l. Vravgto jgdks jomleo tbo hlvord-eodts wlrkadh pgrtdors ad `ogcadh watb tbo mrasas. Pbo hlvordeodts ilmus
as quato ud`orstgd`gjcy ld tbo `leostam omldley. Jut ilroahd odtataos wacc
bgvo ava`o` clygctaos gt jost. ]leo egy jo wblccy prolmmupao` watb ovodts
ad tboar bleo mludtraos. Pboroilro g mludtry doo`s egnlr `leostam pcgyors,
wbamb mgd pgrtamapgto ad aepcoeodtadh g mrasas rospldso.
@ovoclpadh mludtraos sbluc` gcsl murj dgdmagc prl`umts tboy egy jo acc
oquappo` tl bgd`co. At as usoiuc tl roeoejor tbgt ad tbo prosodt mrasas, sleo
somurataos woro pllrcy ud`orstll` jy ovod tbo elst slpbastamgto` jgdks.
Zohucgtlrs gcsl igaco` tl soo tbo systoeam rask tboso prl`umts mrogto`. Ai
tbas kad` li ud`or-ostaegtald li rask mgd lmmur ad tbo dgdmagc modtors li
g`vgdmo` mludtraos at mgd gcsl lmmur ad tblso li `ovoclpadh mludtraos.Pboro gro, li mlurso, egdy otgacs tl wlrk tbrluhb ad sgiohugr`adh dgd-
magc stgjacaty. Vlcamy egkors eust pamk g sodsajco mlejadgtald li rohucgtald,
hlvordeodt hugrgdtoos gd`, ad sleo mgsos, hlvordeodt lwdorsbap. Pboar
mblamos wacc bgvo trg`o-liis> mldsorvgtavo rohucgtald caeats tbo mbgdmos li
g mrasas, jut gcsl admrogsos tbo mlst li mgpatgc gd` rotgr`s hrlwtb. Cako-
waso, hlvordeodt lwdorsbap odsuros tbgt mro`at as gvgacgjco gt gcc taeos, jut
at gcsl tod`s tl rostramt mlepotatald gd` addlvgtald. Bogvy-bgd`o` stgto
lwdorsbap rasks `aromtadh mro`at tl tbo plcatamgccy plworiuc adstog` li tbo
odtroprodouragccy ead`o`.
Pbo lrahadgc Hrlwtb Zoplrtgrhuo` tbgt mludtraos sbluc` `oopod tboar
`leostam mgpatgc egrkots joilro tboy tbrlw lpod tbo `llrs tl hcljgcdgdmo. ]leo mludtraos gro gcsl pursuadh rohaldgc adatagtavos gs g bgciwgy-
bluso jotwood tbo dgtaldgc gd` tbo hcljgc. Pbo Gsagd Jld` Egrkot Adatag-
tavo, ilr oxgepco, gaes tl prlelto `ojt egrkots ad tbo rohald. At blpos tl
gvla` tbo egturaty gd` murrodmy easegtmbos tbgt mldtrajuto` tl tbo Gsagd
dgdmagc mrasas. Pboso egrkots sbluc` bocp eljacazo tbo rohalds gjud`gdt
sgvadhs gd` mbgddoc tboe tl cldh-tore prlnomts, admcu`adh adirgstrumturo,
watblut gdy `otlur tbrluhb Xgcc ]troot lr tbo Maty li Cld`ld.
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Vgrt 0> Lpoddoss gd` Iadgdmagc @ovoclpeodt :8
Dldo li tbas as admldsastodt watb tbo prosueptald tbgt lvor taeo, gs
dgdmagc egrkots `oopod, mludtraos mgd ogso mgpatgc mldtrlcs gd` rocgx mld-
strgadts ld sleo dgdmagc prl`umts. Ilr oxgepco, somuratazgtald, `ospato tbo
romodt oxmossos, as g vory usoiuc adstrueodt ilr gcclmgtadh mgpatgc gd` rogccl-mgtadh rask. Vrlporcy rohucgto`, at as quato cakocy tl jomleo g pgrt li ovoclp-
adh mludtry dgdmagc systoes gs tboy egturo. Jut at tgkos taeo tl juac` tbo
adirgstrumturo tl supplrt tboso egrkots, admcu`adh lrahadgtald mgpgjacaty,
cohgc supplrt, rohucgtlry stgd`gr`s, gd` `asmclsuro roquaroeodts.76
Pl sueegrazo, dgdmagc adstgjacaty aeplsos cgrho mlsts ld tbo rogc omld-
ley. Zohucgtlrs sbluc`, tboroilro, cogd tlwgr`s mldsorvgtase. Pboy sbluc`
gcsl rotgad sujstgdtagc `leostam lwdorsbap li dgdmagc adtoreo`agraos, ai
ldcy sl tbgt tbo hlvordeodt bgs sleoldo tl wlrk watb wbod hbtadh g mra-
sas. G utacaty el`oc li jgdkadh as wlrtb mldsa`oradh, jut sbluc` dlt aepo`o
tbo `ovoclpeodt lvor taeo li prlporcy rohucgto` egrkots ad somuratazo`
gssots gd` `oravgtavos. Vlcamy egkors sbluc` gcsl soo wbgt oeorhos irletbo ro-rohucgtald ojgto ad tbo g`vgdmo` mludtraos. G duejor li ovoclpadh
mludtraos gro dlw eoejors li tbo Iadgdmagc ]tgjacaty Jlgr`, wbamb romodtcy
ropcgmo` tbo Iadgdmagc ]tgjacaty Ilrue. Irle tbgt pormb, tboy gro gmtavocy
pgrtamapgtadh ad tbo hcljgc oiilrt tl rotbadk dgdmagc rohucgtald. G clt wacc
jo cogrdo` irle tbas `ojgto gd` tbo sujsoquodt oxporaodmo.
Iadgccy, dgdmagc rohucgtlrs doo` tl tgko g pgdlrgeam vaow, rgtbor tbgd
ilmusadh ld sujsots li vgragjcos. Pboy eust lvorsoo tbo stgjacaty li tbo
wblco systoe, dlt nust adgtald lr hrlwtb lr mgpatgc roquaroeodts. ]admo
wo `l dlt gt tbas stgho bgvo g wa`ocy gmmopto` tbolry tbgt toccs us wbod
g dgdmagc systoe as lut li jgcgdmo lr jomleadh udstgjco, wo wacc bgvo
tl oxormaso nu`heodt. _sadh nu`heodt aepcaos sleotaeos egkadh eastgkos.Pbas as gd udigeacagr dltald ad tbo g`vgdmo` mludtraos, wboro plcamy egk-
ors bgvo put tll eumb igatb ad oimaodt egrkots gd` saepco plcamy rucos. Jut
ad `ovoclpadh mludtraos, plcamy egkors gro quato igeacagr watb tbo domossaty
li oxormasadh nu`heodt, ovod wbod at as igccajco.
76 Ad tboar gddugc pujcamgtald Egppadh Hcljgc Mgpatgc Egrkots, tbo EmKadsoy Hcljgc Adstatuto sblws
tbgt gs por mgpatg admleo rasos, tbo rlco li jgdkadh `aeadasbos, gd` mgpatgc as admrogsadhcy gcclmgto`
tbrluhb egrkots, admcu`adh egrkots ilr somuratazo` gssots.
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Vgrt ?> Zosacaodmo :1
VGZP ?
Zosacaodmo
@ovoclpadh mludtraos mluc` `l cattco tl provodt tbo dgdmagc mrasas, wbamb
bg` ats lrahads igr irle tboar sblros. Jut tboy mgd jottor propgro tboe-
socvos tl watbstgd` sumb sblmks gd` tl eadaeazo tbo `gegho tboy adamt ld
blusoblc`s. Pbas rosacaodmo sbluc` jo wlvod adtl g hrlwtb strgtohy. Xatbtbo jodot li bad`sahbt, at sbluc` bgvo jood g elro prleadodt iogturo li
Pbo Hrlwtb Zoplrt.
Zosacaodmo as dlt g iroo hll`. At wacc bgvo tl jo purmbgso` gt sleo mlst.
Gd gdgclhy egy bocp. Bahbcy oimaodt systoes cako dotwlrks cgmk ro`ud-
`gdmy. Jut systoes watb ro`ud`gdmy gro elro rosacaodt ad tbo igmo li igacuros
ad sujmlepldodts. Zo`ud`gdmy as gmquaro` gt g mlst. Pbo sgeo as truo li
rosacaodmo ad hrlwtb gd` `ovoclpeodt. At egy odtgac bahbor mgpatgc roquaro-
eodts ad jgdkadh, ovod tbluhb sleo li tbgt mgpatgc musbald egy gppogr
ro`ud`gdt. At egy odtgac tahbtor smgc plcamy ad hll` taeos, ovod tbluhb
tbo ju`hot surpcusos egy sooe oxmossavo. Gd` at egy roquaro mludtraos tl
sot gsa`o g sazogjco stlmk li ilroahd-oxmbgdho rosorvos, `ospato tbo lpplrtu-daty mlsts advlcvo`.
Ldo mgd tbadk li tboso mlsts gs gd adsurgdmo proeaue, wbamb ldo pgys
tl eatahgto tbo elro mgtgstrlpbam mlsts li g mrasas. Blw eumb adsurgdmo ldo
wgdts tl juy `opod`s ld tbo rasks. Pbo mrasas bgs rgaso` elst gssosseodts
li tbo rasks ad tbo hcljgc omldley. Pbas suhhosts tbgt plcamy egkors wacc
geod` tboar hrlwtb strgtohaos tl pcgmo g bahbor pralraty ld mldhuradh tbo
omldley tl watbstgd` sblmks.
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=6 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
Mludtormymcamgc Vlcamaos
Zosacaodmo as pgrtcy g quostald li egmrlomldleam plcamy. Pbo mrasas wgs g
sovoro tost li mludtraos ilroahd-oxmbgdho mlvor, smgc strodhtb, gd` eld-otgry rooxos.
Xbod g mrasas strakos, mludtraos blc`adh gepco ilroahd-oxmbgdho rosorvos
mgd liisot tbo oiiomts li tbo rovorsgc li mgpatgc lws.77Mludtraos tbgt bgvo
kopt tboar smgc plwor `ry, mgrryadh g clw jur`od li pujcam `ojt, mgd gcsl
ud`ortgko mludtormymcamgc staeucus eogsuros watblut nolpgr`azadh tbo puj-
cam dgdmos. Mro`ajco modtrgc jgdks, jgmko` jy g slud` smgc plcamy,mgd
gcsl oxpgd` tboar jgcgdmo sboots tl liisot g tahbtodadh li mro`at.
Paeadh egttors. Mludtraos doo` tl rocaovo mro`at mldstrgadts quamkcy, ltb-
orwaso vagjco jusadossos wacc igac. ]leo li tbas `gegho as arrovorsajco. Gd
udgdtamapgto`, oxtod`o` mro`at clmk-up as tbo dgdmagc oquavgcodt li mclsadh
ill`-stlros ilr wooks watblut pralr wgrdadh.Iasmgc oxpgdsald as eogdt tl caeat tbo `rlp ad ghhrohgto `oegd` gd`
oepclyeodt, pgrtcy jy rostlradh mld`odmo, sl tbgt tbo mlccomtavo iogrs li
mldsueors l dlt jomleo g soci-iucccadh prlpbomy. Boro ghgad tbo spoo` li
tbo rospldso egttors. Hlvordeodts doo` tbo roslurmos, li mlurso, jut gcsl
tbo gjacaty tl spod` tboe quamkcy, watblut tll egdy plcatamgc aepo`aeodts.
Ad`oo`, mludtormymcamgc smgc plcamaos gsk g clt li g mludtrys plcatamgc sys-
toe. Hlvordeodts eust bgvo tbo soci-`asmapcado tl rosast appadh adtl ju`hot
surpcusos `uradh omldleam upswadhs. Pboy eust gcsl bgvo tbo mro`ajacaty tl
mldvadmo tboar mro`atlrs tbgt tbo `omats tboy rud `uradh `lwdturds wacc jo
rovorso` wbod tbo omldley romlvors.7:
Pbo mrasas bgs roead`o` oeorhadh omldleaos tbgt ilroahd mgpatgc mgd jomkco, watb`rgwadh ilr rogslds joyld` tboar mldtrlc. ]admo egdy `ovoc-
lpadh mludtraos mgddlt jlrrlw gjrlg` ad tboar lwd murrodmy, rgasadh ilr-
oahd dgdmo gcsl oxplsos tboe tl murrodmy easegtmbos. Zosacaodt mludtraos,
tboroilro, tod` tl bgvo bahb covocs li sgvadh, wbamb gcclws tboe tl dgdmo
advosteodt irle `leostam slurmos. Pbas spgros g mludtry irle tbo rasks li
g su``od stlp li ilroahd mgpatgc. PboHrlwtb Zoplrtpladto` lut tbgt
tboro as dl mgso li g sustgado` bahb advosteodt pgtb dlt jgmko` up jy bahb
`leostam sgvadhs. At romleeod`o` tbgt mludtraos lpod up tl ilroahd mgpa-
tgc ldcy ad stop watb tboar dgdmagc-egrkot egturaty. Pbo oxporaodmo li
tbo mrasas `los dlt suhhost gdy el`amgtald li tbas prosmraptald.
Pl plsatald tboesocvos tl watbstgd` sblmks, tboroilro, mludtraos sbluc`bgvo clw pujcam `ojt (jltb adtordgc gd` oxtordgc), gepco ilroahd-oxmbgdho
rosorvos, gd` bahb `leostam sgvadhs. Ad taeos li stgjacaty gd` rocgtavocy bahb
77 Gcclwadh g `opromagtald tl lmmur as dlt admldsastodt havod tbo rogc omldley trg`o mbgccodhos.
7: Egdy `ovoclpadh mludtraos gmquaro g mro`ajco modtrgc jgdk joilro tboy juac` g mro`ajco smgc irgeo-
wlrk. Pbgt as ldo rogsld wby tboy sbluc` dlregccy rocy ld eldotgry plcamy tl stgjacazo tbo omldley.
Jut eldotgry plcamy clsos trgmtald wbod omldleaos suiior irle sleo vgragdt li g caqua`aty trgp.
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Vgrt ?> Zosacaodmo =7
hrlwtb, plcamy sbluc` cogd ad tbo mludtormymcamgc `aromtald. Pbas egmrl-
omldleam pru`odmo egy woahb ld hrlwtb ad elro dlregc taeos. Jut at
as mlepgtajco watb spoo`y `ovoclpeodt. Gitor gcc, geldh tbo `ovoclpadh
mludtraos, Mbadg prljgjcy mgeo mclsost tl bgvadh tbas a`ogc mldhurgtald.
@astrajutaldgc Assuos
Pbo pgad adamto` jy tbo mrasas wgs dlt `astrajuto` ovodcy. Nlj clssos, ilr
oxgepco, woro mldmodtrgto` ld mortgad ad`ustraos, sumb gs bleojuac`adh ad
]pgad, ocomtrldams gssoejcy ad Mbadg, lr `ageld` plcasbadh ad Ad`ag. Pbo
mleel`aty pramo-sblmk tbgt promo`o` tbo dgdmagc mrasas gcsl bg` egcahd
`astrajutaldgc oiiomts, jomguso tbo pllr `ovlto sumb g cgrho sbgro li tboar
ju`hots tl ill`.
At igccs tl tbo stgto tl prlva`o slmagc sgioty dots tbgt mgd liior sleo slmagcadsurgdmo ghgadst tboso omldleam easilrtudos. Pbo mrasas cod`s dow urhodmy
tl eogsuros g`vlmgto` ad tbo lrahadgc Hrlwtb Zoplrt, wbamb grhuo` tbgt
plcamy egkors sbluc` od`ogvlr tl prltomtpolpco, ovod gs tboy rosast mgccs
tl prltomt ad`ustraos, res, lr nljs. Pbo roplrt pladto` lut tbgt tbo jost
prltomtalds g hlvordeodt mgd prlva`o gro o`umgtald, wbamb egkos at ogsaor
tl pamk up dow skaccs, gd` g strldh rgto li nlj mrogtald, wbamb egkos at ogsy
tl d` dow oepclyeodt. Joyld` tbgt, at grhuo`, hlvordeodts sbluc` gcsl
ostgjcasb slmagc sgioty dots, wbamb prlva`o g slurmo li admleo tl polpco
jotwood nljs. Pbo oxgmt ilre li tboso sgioty dots eust vgry irle mlud-
try tl mludtry `opod`adh ld tboar covocs li admleo, tbo strodhtb li tboar
pujcam g`eadastrgtald, tboar tgx-rgasadh plwors, gd` tbo oxtodt li plvorty.Ad g`vgdmo` slmagc `oelmrgmaos, g wa`o grrgy li prlhrges bocp musbald
ad`ava`ugcs irle omldleam sblmks jy ro`astrajutadh tbo mlsts geldh tbo
plpucgtald lr adtor-toeplrgccy tbrluhb tbo smgc systoe. Oxgepcos admcu`o
udoepclyeodt adsurgdmo, wgho sujsa`aos pga` tl oepclyors tl liisot mymcamgc
`lwdturds ad baradh, gd` oxtodsavo pujcam wlrks, litod ld adirgstrumturo.
Ad `ovoclpadh mludtraos, tbo mbgccodho as hrogtor. ]lmagc sgioty dots gro
pgtmby gt jost, gd` tbo pllr mgd `rgw ld ldcy eoghor sgvadhs tl liisot igccs
ad tboar admleo. Litod, gcc tboy mgd blpo ilr as sleo toeplrgry, oeorhodmy
rocaoi irle tbo hlvordeodt. Jut sleo mludtraos bgvo sblwd tbgt at as plssa-
jco tl `ovaso elro poregdodt prlhrges tbgt mgd sorvo tbo omldley jltb ad
hll` taeos gd` jg`, oxpgd`adh uradh mrasos tl eoot su``od spakos ad doo`.Ad Jrgzac gd` Eoxaml, ilr oxgepco, oxastadh mld`ataldgc mgsb trgdsiors tl
igeacaos mgd jo eg`o elro hodorlus rocgtavocy ogsacy wbod doo`o`. Ad Ad`ag,
tbo hlvordeodt bgs admrogso` tbo roslurmos `ovlto` tl ats dgtaldgc oepcly-
eodt hugrgdtoo gmt, watblut bgvadh tl mrogto g wblco dow prlhrge.
Ad tbolry, havod caeato` roslurmos, tboso prlhrges sbluc` jo docy
tgrhoto` tl tblso ad doo`. Blwovor, tbo dgrrlwor tbo mlvorgho li tboso
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=: Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
prlhrges, tbo coss plcatamgc supplrt tboy ogrd. @astadhuasbo` omldleasts,
admcu`adh Cgrry ]ueeors gd` Zgva Kgdjur, bgvo grhuo` tbgt tboro gro
g`vgdtghos tl cogky sgioty dots, ad tbgt tboar cogkadoss juys plcatamgc
supplrt. Jrlg`or mlvorgho egy jo tbo plcatamgc pramo wo bgvo tl pgy ilr gwocc-supplrto` sgioty dot.
At tgkos taeo tl wogvo dow sgioty dots. Jy tbo taeo g mrasas grravos, at as
gcrog`y g cattco cgto. Ad rospldso tl rasadh ill` pramos, ilr oxgepco, mludtraos
roslrto` tl jcudt eogsuros, sumb gs mldtrlccadh pramos gd` jgddadh ill`
oxplrts, jomguso tboy bg` dl projuact eombgdases ad pcgmo tl mlpo watb tbo
prljcoe. Bgstacy grrgdho` pujcam wlrks gro gcsl udcakocy tl prl`umo gssots
li cgstadh vgcuo. Pboroilro, mludtraos sbluc` propgro gd advodtlry li wocc-
`osahdo` prlnomts tbgt mgd jo tgkod lii tbo sboci wbod tbo doo` grasos.
Adtordgtaldgc Ghod`g
Pbo adtordgtaldgc rospldso tl tbo dgdmagc mrasas wgs sleowbgt tgr`y mle-
pgro` watb tbo `leostam adtorvodtalds. Gt tbo ldsot li tbo mrasas, tbo wlrc`
cgmko` tbo adstatutaldgc wborowatbgc tl ml-lr`adgto g swait hcljgc rospldso.
Pbo AEI, ilr oxgepco, wgs sblrt li jltb roslurmos gd` cohataegmy. At `a`
dlt bgvo odluhb iud`s tl bocp ovory mludtry tbgt eahbt bgvo jodoto`
irle g clgd. Gt tbo sgeo taeo, egdy mludtraos tbgt eahbt bgvo jodoto`
irle ats bocp roegado` `oopcy rocumtgdt tl sook at.
Pbo wlrc` omldley doo`s stgd`adh grrgdhoeodts tl mlpo watb dgdmagc
mrasos li tbas kad`. Pboso adtordgtaldgc cados li `oiodso eahbt admcu`o AEI
igmacataos, sumb gs tbo dow Icoxajco Mro`at Cado, wbamb prlva`os sujstgdtagcsues tl wocc-rud mludtraos tbgt qugcaiy ad g`vgdmo, watb dl iurtbor stradhs
gttgmbo`. Jut tboso `oiodsos doo` dlt gcc igcc ud`or tbo AEIs purvaow. Pbo
Io`orgc Zosorvos swgp cados watb Klrog gd` Eoxaml, ilr oxgepco, woro
gcsl vgcugjco oiilrts tl jlcstor mld`odmo ad tblso mludtraos. Xbgt egttors
as tbo oimgmy li tboso `oiodsos, dlt tbo adstatutald tbgt blusos tboe.
Pbo H:6 bgs dlw ghroo` tl jlcstor tbo AEIs iud`s, jut ldcy gitor g
1-eldtb ocgy. Ad tbo iuturo, tbo AEIs roslurmos eust jo oqugc tl tbo mrasos
at igmos, gs gd` wbod tboy lmmur. Gd` tbo cadhoradh `lujts gjlut tbo Iud`s
hlvordgdmo doo` tl jo roslcvo` sl tbgt tbo adstatutald mgd gmt gutblratg-
tavocy gd` spoo`acy. Zoslurmos gd` roilre hl bgd` ad bgd`. @ovoclpadh
mludtraos sbluc` jo havod g hrogtor sgy ad tbo adstatutald, mleeodsurgtowatb tboar dow prleadodmo ad tbo wlrc` omldley. Pbo eoejors li tbo
ourl grog sbluc` pgrtamapgto gs g udat watb g woahbt oqugc tl tbo jclms oml-
dleam sazo. Ad tbo iuturo, g mludtrys sbgro li tbo AEIs vltos sbluc` g`nust
poral`amgccy gd` gutlegtamgccy tl roomt ats mbgdhadh woahbt ad tbo wlrc`
omldley. Dl ldo `lujts tbo `aimuctaos li roilreadh g euctacgtorgc lrhgda-
zgtald cako tbo AEI, watb lvor 726 slvoroahd eoejors. Pbo jahhor quostald
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Vgrt ?> Zosacaodmo ==
as wbotbor xadh tbo AEI as bgr`or tbgd mrogtadh gctordgtavo grrgdhoeodts
irle smrgtmb.
Ld tbo smgc sa`o, tbo jost rospldso tl tbo mrasas wluc` bgvo jood g nladt
smgc oxpgdsald, iroo li prltomtaldast eogsuros, sl tbgt ogmb mludtry jod-oto` irle ats doahbjlrs plcamaos, ovod gs ats doahbjlrs jodoto` irle ats
oiilrts. _dilrtudgtocy, sumb mllr`adgtald as dogrcy aeplssajco tl gmbaovo.
]leo mludtraos wluc` rgtbor iroo ra`o ld tboar trg`adh pgrtdors staeucus
spod`adh, odnlyadh tbo jllst tl tboar oxplrts watblut admurradh tbo oxtrg
pujcam `ojt. Jut tbas egkos at bgr`or ilr plcamy egkors tl nustaiy spod`adh
cajorgccy, jomguso tbo jodots cogk lvorsogs.
Pbas iroo-ra`adh as `aimuct tl plcamo. Havod tbo `aiiorodmos jotwood mlud-
traos, at as bgr` tl sgy wbotbor g hlvordeodt as `ladh ats jat tl rostlro
hcljgc ghhrohgto oegd`. Ad Ourlpo, ilr oxgepco, hodorlus wocigro systoes
prlva`o sleo mludtormymcamgc `oegd`, quato gpgrt irle gdy `asmrotaldgry
staeucus tbo hlvordeodt li tbo `gy eahbt `omroo. Ourlpogd mludtraos gcslspod` g cgrhor sbgro li tboar admleo ld aeplrts, litod irle ltbor Ourlpogd
mludtraos, tbgd Georamg `los. Pboar staeucus spod`adh as tboroilro elro
cakocy tl cogk gjrlg`, squgd`oro` ld ilroahd rgtbor tbgd `leostam prl`um-
tald. Pbo od` rosuct as g sot li staeucus pgmkghos watb sleo g``ataldgc prl-
tomtaldast eogsuros tl eadaeazo tboso cogkghos. Pbas mgd jo tbluhbt li gs
g somld`-jost rospldso tbgt as stacc jottor tbgd dl gmtald gt gcc.
Pbo Vllror @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
Pbo H:6 roprosodts lvor 16 pormodt li tbo wlrc`s H@V gd` gjlut twl-tbar`s li ats plpucgtald. Ai ylu g`` g iow mludtraos tbgt wacc cakocy nlad tbo
hrlup ad tbo doxt iow yogrs, cako Dahorag gd` Ohypt, ylu bgvo elst li tbo
egss li tbo hcljgc omldley. Jut tbo hrlup stacc cogvos lut dueorlus segcc
mludtraos, egdy li tboe pllr, watb g mlejado` plpucgtald li gjlut :.:
jaccald polpco.
Pboso mludtraos gro litod gt g pgrtamucgr `asg`vgdtgho ad rospld`adh tl
tbo mrasas. Hodorgccy spogkadh, tboy cgmk tbo sgvadhs roquaro` tl iud` bahb-
hrlwtb advosteodt, cogvadh tboe sleowbgt opod`odt ld ilroahd dgdmadh.
Pboy `l dlt bgvo g musbald li ilroahd-oxmbgdho rosorvos. Pboar qultgs
gt tbo AEI gro segcc, caeatadh tbo geludt tboy mgd jlrrlw ogsacy irle tbo
Iud`. Pboy gro adosmgpgjcy `opod`odt ld adtordgtaldgc trg`o, jomguso tbo`leostam egrkot as dlt jah odluhb, lr vgrao` odluhb, tl mlepodsgto ilr
oxtordgc oegd`. Pboro as, tboroilro, cattco tboy mgd l tl musbald tbo jclws
li tbo mrasas. ]umb mludtraos doo` lutsa`o bocp ad `ogcadh watb g sblmk li
tbas eghdatu`o.
Pbo oahbt eoejors li tbo Ogstord Mgrajjogd murrodmy udald, ilr oxge-
pco, bgvo suiioro` rgegtam omcados ad tlurast grravgcs gd` g stoop igcc ad ilr-
8/14/2019 Post-Crisis Growth in the Developing World : A Special Report of the Commission on Growth and Development
54/100
=0 Vlst-Mrasas Hrlwtb ad @ovoclpadh Mludtraos
oahd-`aromt advosteodt, ospomagccy ad tbo somld` bleos tbgt Georamgds gd`
Jratlds uso` tl odnly. Pboy bgvo gcsl suiioro` omcados ad tbo roeattgdmos ld
wbamb egdy igeacaos rocy. Pboso prljcoes grravo` bgr` ld tbo boocs li tbo
`rgegtam admrogso ad tbo pramos li ill`, iuoc, gd` juac`adh egtoragcs ad :668gd` :662, wbamb strgado` tbo eoejors jgcgdmo li pgyeodts ovod joilro
tbo dgdmagc mrasas strumk watb iucc ilrmo.
]leo li tbo wlrc`s pllror mludtraos bgvo ldcy romodtcy g`lpto` o`h-
cadh hrlwtb-lraodto` plcamaos. Pbo mldsodsus ad igvlr li tboso plcamaos wgs
sleowbgt irghaco hladh adtl tbo mrasas gd` egy jrogk `lwd gs g rosuct li at.
Ai sl, tbod at egy jo tbo pllror, segcc mludtraos tbgt suiior tbo elst cgstadh
mldsoquodmos li tbo mrasas.
Pboar iuturo `opod`s hrogtcy ld `ovoclpeodts joyld` tboar jlr`ors, ld
blw quamkcy ilroahd dgdmadh roturds, gd` blw slld tboar oxplrt egrkots
