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Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

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Page 1: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Post-Independence / 20Post-Independence / 20thth Century Long-Term Century Long-Term

StrugglesStruggles

Page 2: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

China: 1960’s-PresentChina: 1960’s-Present Mao tried 2 major reform programs:Mao tried 2 major reform programs:

1. Great Leap Forward1. Great Leap Forward Promoted agriculture/industry by getting rid of private property Promoted agriculture/industry by getting rid of private property

(tried to get distinct ‘Chinese’ communism)(tried to get distinct ‘Chinese’ communism) Massive Failure (“Giant Step Backward”) – mismanaged quota Massive Failure (“Giant Step Backward”) – mismanaged quota

system, bad harvests contribute to 20 million dead from starvation, system, bad harvests contribute to 20 million dead from starvation, etc.etc.

2. Cultural Revolution2. Cultural Revolution-Tried to further the revolution by making sure everyone was -Tried to further the revolution by making sure everyone was “revolutionary” enough“revolutionary” enough

--Red GuardsRed Guards – persecuted, imprisoned, killed 7 million teachers, – persecuted, imprisoned, killed 7 million teachers, intellectuals, professionals, or anyone with ties to “foreigners” or intellectuals, professionals, or anyone with ties to “foreigners” or the “bourgeoisie” valuesthe “bourgeoisie” values

Impact:? - Impact:? - China was depleted of its educated people, meaning it China was depleted of its educated people, meaning it took years longer for the country to developtook years longer for the country to develop

Page 3: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Post-Mao ChinaPost-Mao China Deng Xiaoping – Mao’s Deng Xiaoping – Mao’s

successorsuccessor Led “Deng’s Revolution” – Led “Deng’s Revolution” –

movement that moderated movement that moderated Mao’s strict communism and Mao’s strict communism and isolation by doing:isolation by doing: Oversaw the beginnings of the Oversaw the beginnings of the

“modern China” we see today“modern China” we see today Brought China into Brought China into

international markets/trading international markets/trading againagain

Opened China to foreign Opened China to foreign capitalistscapitalists

Sent Chinese students to Sent Chinese students to foreign universities (needed to foreign universities (needed to rebuild intellectual class)rebuild intellectual class)

Page 4: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square Thousands of Chinese Thousands of Chinese

students organized pro-students organized pro-democracy protests at democracy protests at Tiananmen Square – 1989Tiananmen Square – 1989

Influenced by pro-Influenced by pro-democracy movements at democracy movements at end of Cold Warend of Cold War

Deng approved bloody Deng approved bloody crackdown – thousands crackdown – thousands killed/imprisonedkilled/imprisoned

China also got back Hong China also got back Hong Kong from Britain in 1997Kong from Britain in 1997

Page 5: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

China TodayChina Today

Central Question: How does China reap the Central Question: How does China reap the benefits of the global economy and world benefits of the global economy and world capitalism/trade without sacrificing their capitalism/trade without sacrificing their Communist principles?Communist principles?

Deng clearly had to walk a fine line in that Deng clearly had to walk a fine line in that effort (opened up Chinese markets, used effort (opened up Chinese markets, used capitalism to bring economy back – but capitalism to bring economy back – but cracked down on democracy at Tiananmen)cracked down on democracy at Tiananmen)

Page 6: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.
Page 7: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

India TodayIndia Today Largest democracy in the world (1 billion people)Largest democracy in the world (1 billion people) Amidst problems – India has maintained free elections, critical Amidst problems – India has maintained free elections, critical

press, etc.press, etc. Major leaders:Major leaders:

1966-77; 80-94 – 1966-77; 80-94 – Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter, no relation to (Nehru’s daughter, no relation to Mohandas)Mohandas)

She led India with “Green Revolution” – program to increase She led India with “Green Revolution” – program to increase agriculture yieldsagriculture yields

India’s Problems Today:India’s Problems Today:-Overpopulation-Overpopulation

-Poverty-Poverty-Sectarian Violence (mainly Hindus/Muslims) – but also with the -Sectarian Violence (mainly Hindus/Muslims) – but also with the

government’s crackdown on the Sikh minority in the Punjab who government’s crackdown on the Sikh minority in the Punjab who wanted autonomywanted autonomy

Indira Gandhi was assassinated – so was her son, Rajiv, who took power Indira Gandhi was assassinated – so was her son, Rajiv, who took power in 1985 and was killed in 1991.in 1985 and was killed in 1991.

Page 8: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Middle East – IsraelMiddle East – Israel Israel – Became staunch US ally after they were created in 1948Israel – Became staunch US ally after they were created in 1948 Israel has fought many wars (fought Arab neighbors after independence, Israel has fought many wars (fought Arab neighbors after independence,

again vs. Egypt/Syria in 1967 Six Day War; and again vs. Egypt and other again vs. Egypt/Syria in 1967 Six Day War; and again vs. Egypt and other Arab allies in 1973 Yom Kippur War)Arab allies in 1973 Yom Kippur War)

Similarities of each conflict: Israel invaded by Arab neighbors who Similarities of each conflict: Israel invaded by Arab neighbors who questioned Israel’s right to exist – Israel has been aided with money and questioned Israel’s right to exist – Israel has been aided with money and support by their biggest ally – The U.S.A.support by their biggest ally – The U.S.A.

Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat (took over in place of Nasser) negotiated Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat (took over in place of Nasser) negotiated peace settlements with Israel in 1970s (Sadat gets assassinated by peace settlements with Israel in 1970s (Sadat gets assassinated by extremists in his country)extremists in his country)

Palestinian Liberation OrganizationPalestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) formed and led by Yasser (PLO) formed and led by Yasser Arafat to ensure the rights of Palestinian Muslims living in Israel (they Arafat to ensure the rights of Palestinian Muslims living in Israel (they remain “stateless”)remain “stateless”)

Arafat and Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin spoke of more Palestinian self-rule Arafat and Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin spoke of more Palestinian self-rule (Rabin was also assassinated later by an extremist Israeli who didn’t (Rabin was also assassinated later by an extremist Israeli who didn’t support peace with the Arabs)support peace with the Arabs)

Problems continue today (UN is still working at developing a 2 state Problems continue today (UN is still working at developing a 2 state solution) – meaning that Palestinian Arabs would get their own country – solution) – meaning that Palestinian Arabs would get their own country – but where, and would land from Israel be “given” to them?but where, and would land from Israel be “given” to them?

Page 9: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

IranIran Iranians are Muslim, but different from most others (Shia sect, Persian in Iranians are Muslim, but different from most others (Shia sect, Persian in

ethnicity)ethnicity) In 1979, Iran had a Revolution to rid the country of secularism (Religious In 1979, Iran had a Revolution to rid the country of secularism (Religious

affairs separate from politics). They wanted a return to fundamentalist affairs separate from politics). They wanted a return to fundamentalist Islamic valuesIslamic values

Leader, at the time, was the U.S. backed Leader, at the time, was the U.S. backed Shah of IranShah of Iran. U.S. liked him . U.S. liked him because he kept oil prices low and ensured Communism wouldn’t come to because he kept oil prices low and ensured Communism wouldn’t come to IranIran

1979 Revolution put 1979 Revolution put Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini in power in Iran while the Shah in power in Iran while the Shah was in the U.S. receiving medical treatment. When the U.S. wouldn’t send was in the U.S. receiving medical treatment. When the U.S. wouldn’t send the Shah back to stand trial for the “crimes” he had committed, Iranian the Shah back to stand trial for the “crimes” he had committed, Iranian students took several U.S. embassy workers hostage (Iran Hostage Crisis)students took several U.S. embassy workers hostage (Iran Hostage Crisis)

Was an effort by Muslims to use terrorist and other un-conventional Was an effort by Muslims to use terrorist and other un-conventional methods to exert power on a Superpower (The US)methods to exert power on a Superpower (The US)

This is an example of the rise of This is an example of the rise of IslamismIslamism

Page 10: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

IslamismIslamism Belief in the late 20Belief in the late 20thth century that Islamic traditions had been century that Islamic traditions had been

in a state of decline for several yearsin a state of decline for several years Belief that secularism of society was brought on by American Belief that secularism of society was brought on by American

and European norms in society/economyand European norms in society/economy Anger at these societies has increased – accompanied by belief Anger at these societies has increased – accompanied by belief

that Middle East regions have been exploited for oil resources that Middle East regions have been exploited for oil resources while societies living in these countries remain poorwhile societies living in these countries remain poor

Many have shifted – with Islamism – to have a revival of Many have shifted – with Islamism – to have a revival of Islamic values and powerIslamic values and power

Some have interpreted this to mean there is a mandate from Some have interpreted this to mean there is a mandate from Allah (God) to use violence to make changesAllah (God) to use violence to make changes

These people are convinced the Islamic world is under siege These people are convinced the Islamic world is under siege and a and a jihadjihad needs to be fought to protect the Islamic world needs to be fought to protect the Islamic world from attackfrom attack

Page 11: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Mexico in the late 20Mexico in the late 20thth/Early 21/Early 21stst CenturiesCenturies

Mexico’s Constitution of 1917 guaranteed many aspects of Mexico’s Constitution of 1917 guaranteed many aspects of land reform that was huge for the millions of landless, land reform that was huge for the millions of landless, Mexican peasants (Remember that land reform was and Mexican peasants (Remember that land reform was and continues to be the big issue in Mexico and other Latin continues to be the big issue in Mexico and other Latin American countries)American countries)

Pres. Lazaro Cardenas actually (1930s) made good on Pres. Lazaro Cardenas actually (1930s) made good on promises – redistributing land to peasants, taking away promises – redistributing land to peasants, taking away influence of foreign investors, etc.influence of foreign investors, etc.

But, Mexico didn’t continue reforms into 20But, Mexico didn’t continue reforms into 20thth century with century with political power being held by the PRIpolitical power being held by the PRI

Foreign investors continue to keep loads of power, land Foreign investors continue to keep loads of power, land distribution continues to be an issuedistribution continues to be an issue

PRI lost power in 2000 with election of reform-minded PRI lost power in 2000 with election of reform-minded Vicente FoxVicente Fox

Jose Calderon is the current president of Mexico Jose Calderon is the current president of Mexico

Page 12: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

ArgentinaArgentina South America – big economy based on the cattle industry and South America – big economy based on the cattle industry and

agriculture, industry, many European migrantsagriculture, industry, many European migrants Regionally, so far south that it has escaped the influence of Regionally, so far south that it has escaped the influence of

American economic intervention – remained uniquely American economic intervention – remained uniquely independentindependent

Juan PeronJuan Peron became nationalist leader and hero after WWII – became nationalist leader and hero after WWII – he stressed strong nationalism, freedom from outside he stressed strong nationalism, freedom from outside intervention, industrialization, and appealed to masses of intervention, industrialization, and appealed to masses of lower-class citizens. VERY POPULAR with masseslower-class citizens. VERY POPULAR with masses

Peron’s wife Peron’s wife EvitaEvita was possibly more popular. She pushed her was possibly more popular. She pushed her husband’s policies while meeting the needs of the poor masses husband’s policies while meeting the needs of the poor masses – making her very loved and admired– making her very loved and admired

Page 13: Post-Independence / 20 th Century Long-Term Struggles.

Africa Africa --Liberation TheologyLiberation Theology -Pan African unity promoted-Pan African unity promoted -Organization of African Unity (OAU) formed to prevent conflicts – -Organization of African Unity (OAU) formed to prevent conflicts –

decided to keep artificial boundaries to prevent conflictsdecided to keep artificial boundaries to prevent conflicts --South AfricaSouth Africa – Black population there remained dispossessed and – Black population there remained dispossessed and

disfranchiseddisfranchised -Oppressive white regime denied black people basic civil/human -Oppressive white regime denied black people basic civil/human

rightsrights -White government, led by Afrikaner National Party, put forth -White government, led by Afrikaner National Party, put forth apartheidapartheid

laws that promoted “Separateness”laws that promoted “Separateness” --Apartheid:Apartheid: promoted white supremacy in South Africa through laws promoted white supremacy in South Africa through laws

(whites are minority, but get most land rights)(whites are minority, but get most land rights) -African National Congress (ANC) – formed with leader -African National Congress (ANC) – formed with leader Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

– who was jailed in 1963– who was jailed in 1963 -Under leadership of de Klerk in late 1980s, system was abolished, -Under leadership of de Klerk in late 1980s, system was abolished,

Mandela released from prison, a new constitution written, elections held – Mandela released from prison, a new constitution written, elections held – Mandela becomes first black president.Mandela becomes first black president.


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