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Post World War I Germany
1918-1929
2Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people
Four empires broke up
Self-determination became popular
New nation-states were set up
New boundaries created problems
World economy damaged
What was the world like after World War I?
Changes to society
3Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Homeless people:There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.
What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?
4Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged.
5Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.
6Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.
7Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Summary
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey
• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia (until 1917)• Italy (from May 1915)• USA (fought as an Associated Power from 1917)
Major countries involved
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Back to main summary
Germany
Weimar Republic formed in 1918
Treaty of Versailles
Effects of Reparations
German Hyperinflation, 1922
Leftist Agitation in Germany
“Hands Off the Ruhr”
Germany
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Joins National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) in 1920
Leader(s) – Adolf HitlerAustrian bornWorld War I veteranMember of the National Socialist Workers’ PartyLed the Brownshirts1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall Putsch” – failedWrote Mein KampfBlamed Jews & Communists for losing warAppealed to German’s sense of historyBecomes Chancellor in 1933Attacks JewsTakes title of der FührerRestores Germany’s military mightIgnored Versailles TreatyOrganizes Nazi youth movement
Important Events1919 – Germans elect an assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the Weimar Republic1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall Putsch1929 – Great Depression in Germany1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag fire1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign the Berlin-Rome Axis1938 – Kristallnacht1938 - Austria is annexed – “One blood demands one Reich”1938 – Hitler demands and receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conference
PeopleBlamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles TreatyWidespread opposition to Weimar LeadersBrownshirts – private army of veterans and street thugsHitler appealed to workers and industrialistsPolitical parties banned by NazisLabor unions taken over by NazisChurches controlled and clergy silencedJews – stripped of citizenship and right to hold office; barred from schools and destroyed business
DiplomacyFrance - occupies the industrial Ruhr ValleyU.S. – provides loans to Germany – helps free Germany of debtAdolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent spread of communism; test new weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)
EconomyAllies set reparations at $35 billion 1922 – Germany says it can not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied)Inflation soaredSavings of Germans wiped outMid-1920s – France reaches compromise with GermanyU.S provides loans – Germany has 5-year period of prosperityGreat Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc.
MilitaryTreaty of Versailles limited the size of the Germany armyHitler sought to restore Germany’s military mightGerman factories begin turning out guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.Government stresses importance of a strong military