• Post World War I India Indian troops made great contribution to British war

effort – expected self-government Indian National Congress - advancements in numbers

of legislators offset by reductions in civil libertiesRise of Mohandas Gandhi as nationalist leader

• Support from educated middle class who were base for nationalist cause

• Support from the peasant classes

Rival Muslim League founded to represent India’s Muslim minority

Radical Muslim and Hindu factions

The symbolism of the spinning wheel

The Salt March Gandhi’s political use

of hunger strikes Passive Resistance Jawaharlal Nehru

• Post World War II India“Quit India” movement 1942British repression – Gandhi and Nehru

arrestedGrowing power of Muslim League led by

Muhammad Ali Jinnah – support during war1947 – India and Pakistan gain independence

• Huge population displacement due to migrations• Atrocities committed by Muslims and Hindus• Gandhi assassinated 1948

• India after IndependenceThe military has defended Indian secular democracy

from religious extremism and would-be dictatorsLarge middle-class makes India different from other

former Asian and African colonies India has invited foreign investment allowing it to build

on its colonial-era infrastructureAgricultural output increased under the Green

RevolutionWealth gap remains between poor population and the

wealthy upper classes

• Post World War I Middle EastBetrayal of Arabs by British and FrenchAcquisition of Mandates through League of

NationsThe Balfour Declaration 1917The Zionist Movement – Theodor Herzl

• Jewish nationalism• Jewish immigration to Palestine• British restriction of Jewish migration• Jewish-Palestinian conflict

• Iran Monarchy headed by the Shah

established by the British after WWI

Shah pushed modernization and Westernization

The Shah’s defiance of conservative clergy and lack of reforms for poor laid foundation for revolution

1978 – Iranian Revolution establishes theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini Khomeini

Moderates and leftists were repressedPromised reforms did not happenUS embassy held hostage until election of

ReaganAnnexation of Iranian oil-rich provinces by

Iraq resulted in long destructive war ending in 1988

Iranian government still anti-American but bulk of Iranian people pro-American

The Iranian bomb?

• EgyptStrategic location due to Suez CanalBritish occupation during warWidespread discontent with British controlRioting caused Britain to begin long-term

withdrawalEgypt left in hands of Khedival governmentEgyptian elites ruled at expense of Egyptian

poor

1930’s - Free Officers Movement – organization of idealistic reformist Egyptian military officers

1930’s – The Muslim Brotherhood – Islamic reformist group

1952 military coup against khedive by army officers – Gamal Abdul Nasser takes power

First Egyptian rule since 6th century BC

Egypt run as quasi dictatorship Gamal Abdul Nasser

Initially relationship with United States and Soviet Union but soon turned to USSR

Advocated Pan-Arabism – established UARDomestic mismanagement combined with

increase in population made Egypt poorAswan DamAid from West dried upLoss in 1967 Six Day War

Successor Anwar SadatSadat expelled Russians and

encouraged Western tiesLoss in 1973 Yom Kippur

War Peace treaty with IsraelSadat assassinated by

Muslim fundamentalists

Anwar Sadat

• The Palestinian QuestionWWII Holocaust sparked large migration of

Jews to PalestineBritish resistance to Jewish migration resulted

in growing terrorism and formation of Jewish military arm, Haganah

United Nations partitions Palestine between Muslims and Jews

War erupts as Muslim states attack JewsIsrael wins war – created Israel in 1948

• Ghana Nkrumah pushed ambitious

modernization programs but many were blocked by rival political parties and ethnic groups

Many of Nkrumah’s policies were socialist – gained support of USSR but scared away Western investment

Ghana dependent on single export crop of cocoa

Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial

Ghana leader of the Non-Alignment movement

Nkrumah overthrown by military coup in 1972

Kwame Nkrumah

Mau Mau

Non-Settler Africa - Ghana Settler Africa - Kenya

First Black African state 1957Kwame Nkrumah – educated in WestMore radical than Ghanan African elitesUsed boycotts, rallies, and strikes against BritishMore political control given to Africans Peaceful transfer of power to Africans in stages

Substantial numbers of Europeans lived in colonyWhites blocked rise of nationalist movements and concessions on part of BritainWhites refused reforms or give up landsBlacks turned to violent revolutionary struggles for independence (Mau Mau)Moderates like Jomo Kenyatta imprisonedWar with nationalist guerrillas brought Britain to peace table giving Kenyatta presidency over new country

• French AlgeriaFrench and Dutch less willing to give up

coloniesLarge French population in Algeria (1 million+)Nationalist movement under National

Liberation Front (FLN) Characterized by violence on both sidesSettler backlash caused collapse of French

Fourth Republic in 1960

The Secret Army Organization (OAS) planned assassination of De Gaulle

Algeria granted independence in 1962900,000 settlers along with thousands of pro-

French Arabs and Berbers Algeria currently undergoing war with Islamist

fundamentalists

• South AfricaVery large white populationNo homeland for Afrikaners (Boers) to fall

back onSociety based on white supremacy and

segregation (apartheid)South Africa became independent in 1961

under the control of the white Afrikaner National Party

Apartheid became law of land in 1948

Vote denied to black Africans and coloreds

Blacks restricted to “homelands,” or “Bantustans” based on tribal groups

Black homelands poverty-stricken – created pool of labor for white businesses

All protests against the state severely repressed by the police and army

The African National Congress (ANC) was outlawed and leaders (Mandela) jailed or murdered (Biko)

International boycott weakened the economy

Conflicts with guerrillas in Angola and Namibia seemed endless

Afrikaner President F. W. De Klerk began dismantling apartheid system – freed Mandela

Mandela elected president in 1994 Bitterness between whites and

blacks remain – inter-tribal conflict between Zulus and Xhosas remains as well

• Problems Facing AfricaPopulation pressures

• New food crops• Better distribution due to

railroads and steamships• Colonization ended tribal

warfare• Improved hygiene and infant

mortality rates• Resistance to birth control

measures• AIDS epidemic? Malaria

epidemic?

Urbanization• Rural poor move to cities that lack jobs• Urban poor turn to crime, scavenging, or begging• Urban poor a volatile factor in political struggles• Lack of urban planning spawns huge slums• Increased pollution

Damaged Ecosystems• Deforestation• Overgrazing• Desertification• Poaching

• Neocolonialism?Neocolonialism- the belief that developed nations

(West) is politically and economically exploiting lesser developed nations much like they did under colonialism

Little money to industrializeMain economic activity – selling raw resources or

cash cropsDependence on single exportLoans from World Bank or other states comes with

strings attached