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POST WWII - POLITICAL
GI Bill• Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944
• Over 15 million given opportunities• Postwar boom in higher education
• How does that change the face of college students?• How does that change the Florida University system?
• Low-interest loans• Effects on home ownership, suburbs• Farms and businesses
• Helped stimulated the postwar economic expansion
1948 Election• Dem – Harry Truman• Rep – Thomas Dewey• Dixiecrats (States’ Rights Party) – Strom Thurmond
• Why did they leave the Democrats?
• What was wrong with the polls?
Truman’s Fair Deal Plan• First Introduced in 1946, and again after 1948 election• Fair Deal tried to expand upon the New Deal programs
• National Health Care system• Aid to education• Civil Rights • Public housing• Minimum wage hike
• Most measures defeated in Republican-controlled Congress• Minimum wage only major one passed• Foreign policy (Cold War) took priority
• 22nd Amendment• Passed in 1951• Limited President to Two
terms• Made Washington’s
precedent a rule• Why?
• Executive Order 9981• 1948 (after congress
would not pass law)• Truman desegregates
the military with executive order.
The Eisenhower Decade• “I Like IKE”• 1952 Election
• Rep – Dwight Eisenhower• Dem – Adlai Stevenson
• Checker’s Speech• Eisenhower’s VP Nixon
• 1956 Election• Rep – Dwight Eisenhower• Dem – Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower Presidency• “Modern Republicanism”
• Fiscal Conservative who tried to balance the budget• Sometimes rated as the top economic President
• Was it his policies or a great economy?
• Did expand Social Security, raise minimum wage• Federal Highway Act – Interstates• Did not expand much on other domestic issues
• Looking in hindsight, was this a mistake?
McCarthyism• A Second Red Scare – McCarthyism
• Worrying about communism after a World War. Sound Familiar?
• Smith Act – passed in 1940, made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the government.• Upheld in 1951 with Dennis et al v. United States
• HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee• Started in WWII to find Nazis in gov’t, used then against communists• Leader in late 40s – Richard Nixon• ACLU argued this was against 1st Amendment Rights• Hollywood Ten – blacklisted for not testifying
McCarthyism – Spies like us• Alger Hiss -1950
• Work in State Dept.• “pumpkin papers”• Never convicted of
Espionage, but of perjury• Nixon lead investigation
• Rosenbergs• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
were traced to spy ring that gave atomic secrets
• Found guilty of treason and executed in 1953
• Some thought it was just hysteria
McCarthyism – Rise and Fall • Joseph McCarthy – Rep. Senator from Wisconsin
• Use communism issue in reelection campaign in 1950• Said 205 Communists worked in State Department
• Popularity increased as he used a steady stream of unsupported accusations.• Loved by many as he attacked wealthy and privileged• Helped Republican candidates in early 50s
• During the televised Army-McCarthy Hearings he was exposed.• “McCarthyism” = “witchhunt”
1950s Civil Rights - I• WWII – Phillip Randolph – March on Washington threat• Jackie Robinson and baseball – 1947• 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson • Chief Justice – Earl Warren
• Thurgood Marshall - NAACP
• “separate facilities are inherently unequal”• Schools were to end segregation with “all deliberate speed”
Civil Rights II• Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955
• Rosa Parks resisted segregation law• Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. organizes boycott
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)• Leader of non-violent protests (passive resistance)
• Greensboro (NC) sit-in movement - 1960• Woolworth lunch counter was segregated• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) started
• Florida – “wade-ins” at segregated beaches
Civil Rights III• Little Rock Central High School - 1956
• Gov. Orval Faubus used National Guard to keep black students out• Eisenhower sends in troops to uphold federal authority• “Little Rock Nine”