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Laryngology and OtologyThe English Conjoint Board offers a diploma (D.L.O.) for

those who have made a special study of the ear, nose, pharynx,and larynx. The final examination for the F.R.C.S. and for theF.R.F.P.S. may be taken in otolaryngology.

MicrobiologyThe University of Sheffield awards a diploma in this subject

after a full-time course of study extending over one universitysession. Entrants will normally be expected to be graduatesof a university, but the senate may deem other qualificationsas equivalent for this purpose.Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

grants by examination a diploma (D.OBST.) to graduates withpostgraduate hospital experience in general medicine or

surgery and in obstetrics. The University of Dublin also offersa diploma (D.G.O.). The higher qualification granted by theSociety of Apothecaries of London has already been mentioned.The final examination for the F.R.F.P.S. may be taken in obstet-rics and gynaecology.

OphthalmologyThe English and Irish Conjoint Boards issue a diploma in

ophthalmology (D.o. and D.O.M.S. respectively). The finalexamination for the F.R.c.s. and for the F.R.F.P.S. may be takenin ophthalmology.

OrthopaedicsThe University of Liverpool offers the degree of M.CH. ORTH.

which is open to medical graduates of an approved universitywho hold the fellowship in surgery of one of the British

colleges or of the American College of Surgeons.

Parasitology and EntomologyThe University of London awards a certificate and s

diploma in applied parasitology and entomology.PathologyThe English Conjoint Board offers a diploma in pathology

(D.PATH.).Physical MedicineThe English Conjoint Board offers a diploma in physical

medicine (D.PHYS.MED.).

Psychological MedicineThe Universities of London, Dublin, Durham, Edinburgh,

Ireland (National University), Leeds, and Manchester, and theEnglish and Irish Conjoint Boards offer diplomas in psycho-logical medicine.

Public Health

A diploma in public health (D.P.H.) is granted by the EnglishConjoint Board and by all the universities of Great Britain,except Cambridge, Oxford, Birmingham, Reading, Sheffield,Nottingham, Southampton, Hull and Exeter, and also by theNational University of Ireland.

RadiologyThe Faculty of Radiology grants a fellowship (F.F.R.). The

University of Edinburgh and the English Conjoint Board offertwo diplomas-one in medical radiodiagnosis (D.M.R.D.) andone in medical radiotherapy (D.M.R.T.). The University ofLiverpool offers a diploma D.M.R.(D.) or (T.) obtainable byexamination after a two-year course in diagnosis or therapy;after a further two years diplomates may be awarded theM.RAD. by presentation of a thesis.

Tropical MedicineA diploma in tropical medicine and hygiene (D.T.M. & H.)

is granted by the University of Edinburgh, by the Universityof Liverpool jointly with the Liverpool School of TropicalMedicine, and by the English Conjoint Board. The Universityof London has an academic postgraduate certificate and anacademic postgraduate diploma in tropical medicine and

hygiene.

Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases

A diploma in tuberculosis and chest diseases (D.T.C.D.) is

granted by the University of Wales.

DENTAL DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS

There are schools of dentistry at the Universities of London,Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Dublin, Durham, Edinburgh, Glasgow,Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and St. Andrews (atQueen’s College, Dundee); and at the University Colleges of Dublinand Cork in the National University of Ireland. London Universityoffers a B.D.S. and an M.D.s.; it also prepares students for thei..D.s.of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. This college has afellowship in dental surgery (F.D.s.) and a diploma in orthodontics(DIP. ORTH.). A fellowship is also granted by the Royal College ofSurgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh University offers a B.D.s. andan M.D.s., Leeds grants an L.D.s., a baccalaureate degree (s.cx.n:;,and mastership (M.CH.D.), and Manchester grants an L.D.S., a B,D,s,,an M.D.s., and also a doctorate in dental science (D.D.s.). GlasgowUniversity and the University Colleges of Dublin and Cork grant aB.D.s. and an M.D.s., and Trinity College, Dublin, offers a B.DENT,sc,and an M.DENT.SC. St. Andrews no longer offers a diploma, but inits place a baccalaureate (B.D.S.), and it has also instituted a doctorateof dental science (D.D.SC.). It continues to offer a diploma in publicdentistry (D.P.D.) and an M.D.S. All the other universities mentionedoffer L.D.S., B.D.S., and M.D.S. Licences in dentistry are granted bythe Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal Faculty ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and the Royal College ofSurgeons in Ireland. The Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeonsconfers a higher diploma in dental surgery (H.D.D.) and a diploma indental orthopxdics (D.D.O.).

Postgraduate Education

EACH university in the United Kingdom with a medicalschool is responsible for the postgraduate education of theregion in which it is situated. Each has a postgraduate educa.tion committee with a dean or director of postgraduate studiesas its executive officer.

IN LONDON

The British Postgraduate Medical Federation (Universityof London) provides postgraduate education in the medicaland dental specialties, supplementing the opportunities avail-able at the undergraduate schools and teaching hospitals andthose provided by the three Royal Colleges. The services ofthe staff of the central office of the Federation are available toall postgraduates, including those from the Commonwealth,the Colonial territories, and foreign countries, in advising onprogrammes of study and in making the arrangements neces-sary. Each of the three Royal Colleges arranges lectures invarious aspects of its specialty, and advises graduates on thesuitability of hospital appointments and programmes of studyfor its higher qualification.

British Postgraduate Medical FederationThe British Postgraduate Medical Federation, which is a

school of the University of London, comprises the PostgraduateMedical School of London at Hammersmith Hospital (with icuniversity departments of general medicine, general surgenand pathology) and 14 Institutes, each associated with a specialpostgraduate teaching hospital or Royal College. The numbenof students that can be admitted to the clinical practice of thehospitals with which the Institutes are associated are limitedresident clinical appointments are available to suitable studen-of the Institutes, and provide the most valuable form of post-graduate education. There are opportunities for research 2"

selected graduates. At all the Institutes instruction is giventhroughout the academic year; it is suitable for graduates ’;.

the early stages of their specialist education and also for thesewho have completed their practical training. Two or more yet’l of hospital work in general medicine and general surgery :1Í’.:: =

graduation are normally advisable before commencing wereIin the special branches. The work at the Institutes is oi :::

1 advanced type and is sufficiently comprehensive to enJ:’;

graduates with suitable practical experience to prepare :::

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higher degrees and diplomas. Emphasis is placed on clinicaland laboratory teaching, supplemented by lectures and demon-strations. Each Institute has a reference library, and takes thecurrent journals relevant to its specialty. Most Institutes

arrange short symposia, varying from one or two days to aweek for Consultants, and there are one-day clinical conferencesopen to Senior Registrars, chiefly those in general medicineand surgery, throughout the country. The programme

arranged for the year 1958-59 will be found in the advertise-ment columns of this issue. Short courses and other forms of

continuing education for general medical and dental prac-titioners and local-authority medical officers are arranged athospitals throughout the four Metropolitan regions, with theassistance of the Regional Advisers in postgraduate medicaland dental education. The Federation has arranged a ninthseries of advanced lectures, entitled The Scientific Basis ofMedicine, to be delivered two afternoons a week, at 5.30 P.M.,at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,during the autumn and winter terms of the 1958-59 session.The lectures are designed especially for research-workers andspecialists in training and are open to all registered medicalpractitioners without fee. Further details are given in theadvertisement columns of this issue. Three lectures on theScientific Basis of Dentistry will be given early in 1959.

It is essential for prospective postgraduate students fromabroad to make their arrangements well in advance, and thosewho desire the assistance of the central office of the Federationare advised to get in touch with the Director of the Federation,Prof. Sir Francis Fraser, M.D., F.R.C.P., at the central office,18, Guilford Street, London, W.C.1, as far in advance of theirarrival in this country as possible. Those sponsored by theiruniversities, governments, or other official bodies receive firstconsideration in the allotment of vacancies. Established

specialists from overseas, here for a short time, who wish tosee something of the practice of this country, are alwayswelcome; they are regarded as visiting colleagues, and theexperts in their specialties are always ready to receive themand let them accompany them in their work and teaching. Aninformation bureau of postgraduate activities in Londonand other university centres is maintained at the centraloffice.The Federation awards annually a number of travelling

fellowships, for the purpose of studying abroad, to graduatesworking in medical or dental schools or teaching hospitals ofthe University of London.

The POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF LONDON isassociated with the Hammersmith Hospital. It has universitydepartments in medicine, surgery, and pathology. The

teaching in the clinical departments is based on ward workwhich is supplemented by lectures during three ten-week termsstarting in January, April, and October. A course for theuniversity diploma in clinical pathology, lasting one year, isavailable for a limited number of selected students. Thedepartment of radiology of the hospital provides courses forthe diplomas in medical radiology of the Conjoint Board. Ayear’s course in ana:sthesia, consisting of lectures and clinicaltraining, is also provided. All these courses begin in October.Facilities for research are available for selected students.

Address: Ducane Road, London, W.12

The INSTITUTE OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES comprises thedepartments of anatomy, physiology, and pathology of theRoyal College of Surgeons of England. The Institute

cooperates with other specialist institutes of the Federationm providing facilities for practical work and instruction in thebasic medical sciences. There are opportunities for researchfor selected graduates. Full-time and part-time courses of14 weeks’ duration suitable for candidates for higher degreesand diplomas, begin in January and September. A two-monthrevision course for primary F.D.S. candidates is held twice a

year beginning in December and June.Address : Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln’s Inn

Fields, London, W.C.2.

The INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH : ROYAL CANCERHOSPITAL comprises the Chester Beatty Research Institute andparts of the departments of physics and radiotherapy at theRoyal Marsden Hospital. The Institute is concerned with allaspects of research into the causation and treatment of cancer,with the training of research-workers in this field, and withadvanced teaching in biophysics, radiotherapy, and problemsof atomic energy. There are laboratories for chemical, bio-chemical, and histological investigations into cancer and allieddiseases. Facilities are afforded to those wishing to pursueresearch in the clinical and pathological aspects of cancer or thephysical and biological foundations of medical radiology, andwho may be working for higher degrees, such as the PH.D. Thedepartment of radiotherapy gives a lecture and demonstrationcourse of one week’s duration in May and November annuallyprimarily for doctors from overseas, and accepts candidates totrain for the diploma in medical radiotherapy. A course oflectures for students studying for the M.sc. degree in biophysicscommences in October.

Address: Fulham Road, London, S.W.3.

The INSTITUTE OF CARDIOLOGY is associated with theNational Heart Hospital. Six appointments in senior-registrarand registrar grades are available in the hospital and theInstitute to provide specialised training for postgraduateswho have already had a sound grounding in general medicine.Full-time and part-time courses of instruction of about elevenweeks’ duration are held twice annually, starting in April andOctober, and two or three short intensive courses of lecturesand demonstrations are held each year in February, June, andNovember; one of these is for general practitioners.

Address: 35, Wimpole Street, London, W.I.

The INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH is associated with The

Hospital for Sick Children and the Postgraduate MedicalSchool at Hammersmith Hospital; the Queen Elizabeth

Hospital for Children, Hackney, also participates in the clinicalteaching of the Institute. The Province of Natal Model Wel-fare Centre offers facilities for the study and care of the healthychild. The Institute provides tuition throughout the year inthree terms of three months each, and in addition a series oflectures by specialists in various spheres is given each term.Clinical clerkships are available for selected students.

Address: The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street,London, W.C.I.

The INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SURGERY is associated with the EastmanDental Hospital. The object of the Institute is to provide post-graduate training in the special branches of preventive and thera-peutic dentistry by means of clinical experience, lectures, demonstra-tions, and research. Courses of various lengths are held,from timeto time in children’s dentistry, orthodontics, conservative dentistry,periodontology, prosthetic dentistry, oral surgery, and oral pathology.For candidates preparing for the F.D.S. of the Royal College of Sur-geons, courses lasting eight months are held twice yearly commencingin October and April. For selected students junior staff appointmentsare available for this period. In April and October there are revisioncourses, lasting eight weeks, suitable for candidates for the finalF.D.S. examination. A course in orthodontics, of a year’s duration,commences in October.

Address: Eastman Dental Hospital, Gray’s Inn Road, London,W.C.I.

The INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGY is associated withSt. John’s Hospital for Diseases of the Skin. Throughout theyear clinical teaching takes place daily in the outpatientdepartment and twice weekly at the inpatient department atHomerton. Tutorials in clinical dermatology and histo-

pathology of the skin are given twice weekly during term time.In each of the university terms there is a series of lectures andweekly clinical demonstrations. Special short courses in histo-pathology and in medical mycology are also held. There arefacilities for study and tuition in pathology, including myco-logy, radiotherapy, and physiotherapy. Advanced studentsmay also be eligible for clinical and research assistantships, theformer of which are competitive. A discussion of cases of

468

special interest, to which students attending the courses areinvited, takes place once a week.

Address: St. John’s Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Lisle Street,Leicester Square, London, W.C.2.

The INSTITUTE OF DISEASES OF THE CHEST is associated withthe Hospitals for Diseases of the Chest (the Brompton andLondon Chest Hospitals). On the medical side, a comprehen-sive full-time course is conducted for a limited number ofgraduates who are specialising in chest diseases, during the twoterms beginning in October and January, and a more selectiveone during the summer term. A larger number can be acceptedfor part-time study, which is suitable for those reading forhigher medical diplomas. Clinical instruction in thoracic

surgery, including cardiac surgery, is given throughout theyear, and there are courses in the October and January terms.Part-time instruction in radiology of the chest is given fortrainee radiologists. Clinical demonstrations and lectures opento the medical profession are given each week.

Address: Brompton Hospital, London, S.W.3.

The INSTITUTE OF LARYNGOLOGY AND OTOLOGY is associatedwith the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital.There is daily clinical teaching throughout the year. Thewhole-time courses held twice yearly include: basic sciences,three months; intensive lecture course, six weeks; practicalrevision course, two weeks; advanced revision course, twoweeks. Short courses on special aspects (such as endoscopy,audiology, pathology, aural surgery, and malignant conditions)are given from time to time.

Address: 330/332, Gray’s Inn Road, London, W.C.l.

The INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGY is associated with theNational Hospital and the Maida Vale Hospital for NervousDiseases, which jointly form a teaching hospital. The.teachingis mainly by attendance on the hospital practice, supplementedby lectures and demonstrations. Two courses in clinical

neurology are held annually commencing in January andOctober. Clinical instruction in neurosurgery is given through-out the year. Courses of clinical demonstrations (two weekly)are held several times a year. A course in the technique andclinical application of electroencephalography is held jointlywith the Institute of Psychiatry twice a year. Advancedstudents are appointed as clinical clerks in the wards or

attached to the special departments and research laboratories.Address: National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square,

London, W.C.I.

The INSTITUTE OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY is associ-ated with Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital, the ChelseaHospital for Women, and the Department of Obstetrics andGynxcology at Hammersmith Hospital. The teaching isbased on ward work and is supplemented by lectures anddemonstrations during two terms of thirteen weeks’ duration,which commence in March and September. Short intensivecourses of a fortnight’s duration, held in June and Decembereach year, are suitable for students preparing for the higherqualifications. A week’s course for general practitioners isheld twice a year.

Address: Chelsea Hospital for Women, Dovehouse Street,London, S.W.3.

The INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY is associated with theMoorfields Eye Hospital. In addition to teaching by means ofattendance on the hospital practice, a routine lecture andtutorial course, normally covering two terms of approximatelysixteen weeks each, is held twice a year commencing in Marchand October; the first part of the course is devoted to anatomy,embryology, histology, physiology, optics and elementaryclinical instruction, and the second part comprises bacterio.-logy, pathology, operative surgery, medical ophthalmology,and all aspects of ophthalmic disease. Introductory courses,lasting one week, in orthoptics and contact-lens practice areheld during each term. Clinical teaching and lectures are giver

at a higher level for advanced students. There are facilitiesfor research for suitably qualified candidates.

Address: Judd Street, London, W.C.I.

The INSTITUTE OF ORTHOPEDICS is associated with the

Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. Training in orthopedicsto selected graduates who have already been trained in generalsurgery and the basic sciences is afforded by means of clinicalappointments, with opportunities for research. For graduatesrequiring a less extensive period of education in the specialty,and especially for those who have acquired practical experienceoverseas or elsewhere, advanced courses are held at varioustimes during the year. These are of seven to ten days’ duration,Twice a year, in the spring and the autumn, a short revisioncourse of a week’s duration in advanced clinical orthopaediesis held. Both the central hospital in Great Portland Street andthe country hospital at Stanmore are attended by postgraduatestudents.

Address: Royal National Orthopmdic Hospital, 234, Great PordandStreet, London, W.1.

The INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY is associated with theBethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital. Trainingnormally covers three years, after experience elsewhere in

general medicine, and is based on responsible hospital dutiesunder supervision. Regular series of lectures and demonstra-tions are given throughout each of the university terms;clinical training continues throughout the year and includesseminars and case-discussions. Students who, because of

previous experience, do not wish to take the comprehensivecourse are able to attend limited series of lectures and clinicalinstruction. For those who wish to specialise in child psychi-atry a six-month course is held twice yearly. A course in thetechnique and clinical application of electroencephalographyis held jointly with the Institute of Neurology twice a year.A year’s course in abnormal psychology for the universitypostgraduate diploma in psychology is available to holders ofan honours degree in psychology. There are facilities for

original investigations under supervision in the clinical

departments and in the psychological, neuropathological;neuroendocrinological, electrophysiological, and biochemical

l

r

departments.

r Address: Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, S.E.5.

The INSTITUTE OF UROLOGY is associated with St. Peter’s,St. Paul’s, and St. Philip’s Hospitals. Comprehensive instruc-tion is given in the wards, outpatient departments, operating-theatres, laboratories, &c., throughout the year. Weekendcourses of demonstrations and lectures are held from time totime for higher examination candidates. In addition lectureson venereology are arranged occasionally in cooperation withthe Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases, andarrangements can be made for graduates to attend a venereal-diseases clinic. In the winter months a series of lecture-discussions on urological subjects of interest to the whokprofession are held on Wednesdays at 5 P.M. Limited number:of clinical assistants are appointed to individual surgeons ?personal tuition, and there are also research assistantships.

Address: 10, Henrietta Street, London, W.C.2.

ROYAL COLLEGES, HOSPITALS, SCHOOLS, &c

The ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND has arrange;’

a number of lectures and demonstrations to be held M . college. A full-time clinical surgery course will be held ê.

’ September and October, 1958, and in February and Ma’1959. This will be limited to two groups of students, 15

, each. In addition two series of 24 surgery lectures will "

given during October and April and at the same time clini-- conferences will be arranged at selected hospitals. In aca’

, thesia three series, each of 36 lectures, demonstrations. -*

, discussion groups, will be given in the autumn, spring. =-e summer. Lectures and clinical demonstrations in oral, =

.1 and general surgery will be held in conjunction with -

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Institute of Dental Surgery in May and October. Lecturesand courses are arranged during the year jointly with theInstitutes of Laryngology and Otology, Urology, and

Ophthalmology. Specialists are available for consultation onpostgraduate training in general surgery, dental surgery, plasticsurgery, and anaesthetics. Facilities are now available for adviceon postgraduate orthopaedic training through the postgraduateorthopaedic committee which has its headquarters at the college.Residential accommodation is available in the Nuffield Collegeof Surgical Sciences. The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,formed jointly by the college and the British PostgraduateMedical Federation, has arranged a programme of postgraduateteaching in the basic medical sciences (see above). Informationon all these courses may be had from Mr. W. F. Davis, DeputySecretary, Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields,London, W.C.2.

The ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND gives a four-month course in anatomy in preparation for the primaryfellowship examinations. There are two courses in eachyear, one starting in October for the February examination andthe other in March for the July examination, but studentsmay join the course at any time. This is a fully comprehensivecourse. In addition there is a similar course starting at thesame time in physiology and the principles of pathology.Details may be had from the registrar of the college.

At ST. MARK’S HOSPITAL, City-road, London, E.C.1,surgeons wishing to specialise in proctology may attendcourses of one to six months, and postgraduate students

working for higher degrees may come for one to four weeks’whole-time study.

THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINEoffers a number of courses. The following last for one aca-demic year of nine months. The course for the University ofLondon’s academic postgraduate diploma in public health,commencing each year at about the beginning of October, isdesigned primarily for qualified medical practitioners whointend to engage in any branch of preventive medicine. Thereare now no vacancies on the course beginning Sept. 30, 1958.Students may elect to make a special study of one of thefollowing: (1) child health; (2) medical statistics and epidemio-logy ; (3) mental health; (4) occupational health; (5) tropicalhygiene; (6) nutrition. Occupational health as a special subject,plus practical work and attendance at clinics (arranged by theschool), is recognised by the Conjoint Board and the Societyof Apothecaries as fulfilling in part the requirements for entryto examination for the diploma in industrial health. The coursefor the University of London’s academic postgraduate diplomain bacteriology, commencing about the beginning of Octobereach year, is intended to give advanced instruction to graduatesin medicine, science (including veterinary science), or pharmacywho intend to follow a career in bacteriology. There are nowno vacancies on the 1958-59 course. Applications for thesubsequent session must be received not later than March 1,1959. The number of places is strictly limited. The course ofstudy for the University of London’s academic postgraduatecertificate and diploma in tropical medicine and hygiene, com-mencing about the beginning of October each year, is designedto give advanced training in tropical medicine. The prelimin-ary C.T.M.&H. course occupies approximately the first 4½months of the complete course. The final course consists ofadvanced study in one of two fields-clinical tropical medicineor tropical hygiene. The course for the University of London’sacademic postgraduate certificate and diploma in appliedparasitology and entomology, commencing about the beginningof October each year, is open to candidates with acceptablequalifications in medicine, veterinary medicine, veterinaryscience, and science. The preliminary C.A.P. & E. course

occupies approximately the first 41/2 months of the completecourse, which is planned mainly for people wishing to take upresearch or laboratory appointments abroad. There are nowno vacancies on the 1958-59 course. Applications for the

subsequent session must be received not later than April 1,1959. The number of places is strictly limited. The five-monthcourse for the Conjoint Board’s diploma in tropical medicineand hygiene is held twice a year. The next courses begin onOct. 6, 1958, and Feb. 23, 1959. A course in statistical methodsapplied to medicine and epidemiology is held annually on twodays a week from about the beginning of January to about theend of April. Students without a medical qualification can beaccepted. A ten-week course in environmental control is heldtwice a year, commencing next on Sept. 30, 1958, and Feb. 23,1959. Although intended primarily for health inspectors fromabroad, the course is so planned as to be of value to medicalofficers and others interested in the health aspects of environ-mental control both at home and abroad.

The ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENEconducts courses of instruction (starting annually in Marchand September) covering the syllabuses for the examinationsof the Conjoint Board for the diplomas in public health and inindustrial health. The next courses will start on Sept. 12,1958. Students are prepared too for the diploma in industrialhealth of the Society of Apothecaries. All tuition may be whole-time or part-time. Part-time courses may be commenced at

any time. Lectures are given by the internal teaching staffof the institute and by external lecturers. For the diploma inpublic health, attendance at the health department of a localauthority and fever hospital is arranged, and there are visitsto places of importance to the public health. For the industrial-health course, practical sessions are arranged at appropriateclinics and departments of hospitals, and arrangements aremade with various medical officers and others in representativeindustries for visits to works under their supervision. Full

information, entry forms, and prospectuses may be obtainedfrom the Dean, 23, Queen Square, London, W.C.1, or from theSecretary, 28, Portland Place, London, W.1.The Institute is a medical corporation, incorporated by

Royal Charter. Under its present name, the Institute cameinto being in October, 1937, as a result of the amalgamationof the Institute of Hygiene and the Royal Institute of PublicHealth, upon the granting of a supplemental Royal Charterto the Institute of Hygiene. Among its main objects and workare:

Laboratory work.-The bacteriological, chemical, and serologicallaboratories are available for the examination and investigation ofpathological specimens, water, milk, sewage, &c.

The Museum of Hygiene.-The Institute maintains a permanenteducational health exhibition, open free to the public daily from9.30 A.M. to 5 P.M. at 28, Portland Place, W.1.

Lectures by medical and scientific authorities upon topics relatingto public health and hygiene are given at spring and autumn sessions.The Harben and the Bengue Memorial Award lectures are deliveredannually at the Institute, and the Blackham lecture triennially.

Examinations for the certificate and the diploma of the Instituteare held twice yearly (in January and June) in London and at centresthroughout the British Isles in the following separate subjects:general hygiene, school hygiene, and mothercraft and child welfare.

The TAVISTOCK CLINIC is an outpatient centre devoted topsychotherapy both of adults and of children on broadlypsycho-analytic lines, and to providing training in certain skillsin this field. Special attention is at present being given to thedevelopment of techniques in handling parents of disturbedchildren, to marital problems, and to group therapy of adults.In addition, the clinic and the associated Tavistock Instituteof Human Relations are engaged in research in the fields ofchild development, personality, preventive psychiatry, andapplied social science. A number of registrar and senior regis-trar posts are established in the adult and the children’s and

parents’ departments. The following courses of training areavailable:

(1) Full-time training in psychotherapy, with special referenceto the needs of the National Health Service, carried out in conjunctionwith the tenure of registrar and senior-registrar appointments inthe adult department. Personal analysis is available as part of thistraining.

(2) A two-year full-time course in child psychiatry (for registrars).

470

(3) A two-year part-time introductory course in psychotherapy,including group experience (open to selected trainee psychiatristsfrom other N.H.S. institutions).

(4) Introductory courses for general practitioners dealing withthe patient-doctor relationship and with psychological factors inill health.

(5) A more advanced two-year course in psychotherapy in generalpractice for limited numbers of family doctors.

(6) Several courses in the Rorschach method of personality assess-ment (by arrangement with the Institute of Human Relations), opento doctors with relevant experience.In addition there are training courses in clinical psychology,educational psychology, advanced social casework, and childpsychotherapy, open to graduate psychologists (non-medical)and social workers, in some instances during their tenure oftrainee posts or fellowships. Both sides of the clinic also con-duct regular case-conferences and other types of instructionwith their internal students which may be open to limitednumbers of suitably qualified professional workers from homeor overseas on request and by permission. From time to timelectures are advertised open to limited numbers of psychiatristsand workers in related fields. Further information may be hadfrom the Medical Director, 2, Beaumont Street, London, W.1.

The TAVISTOCK INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RELATIONS is con-cerned with applied social research and the provision of

advisory services in problems which may cover the family,the factory, the hospital, or the community. Further informa-tion may be obtained from the Secretary, Tavistock Instituteof Human Relations, 2, Beaumont Street, London, W.1.

The INSTITUTE OF PSYCHo-ANALYSIS, 63, New CavendishStreet, London, W.1, provides training in psycho-analytictheory and technique. The course is part-time and lasts aboutfour years. It includes a personal analysis, attendance atlectures and seminars (held in the evenings), and clinical workdone under supervision. Students are required to obtain generalpsychiatric experience at other clinics and hospitals since theInstitute does not set out to teach psychiatry. Completion ofthe course to the satisfaction of the training committee qualifiesthe student for independent work as a psycho-analyst. Onthe recommendation of the training committee, the student iselected an associate member of the British Psycho-AnalyticalSociety and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Training inchild analysis is available for senior students.

The FELLOWSHIP OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE was foundedin 1918. The Fellowship, whose offices are at 60, PortlandPlace, London, W.l, provides a bureau of general informationon postgraduate work, and also arranges various courses ofinstruction to suit the special needs of postgraduates whoserequirements are not met by other existing programmes. TheFellowship’s arrangements include:

(1) Weekend courses, occupying the whole of a Saturday andSunday. These are given in various hospitals in such subjectsas infectious diseases, general medicine, the rheumatic diseases,orthopxdics, plastic surgery, and clinical surgery.

(2) Courses specially suitable for, though not restricted to,.candidates for the D.c.H., D.OBST., M.R.C.P., and F.R.C.S. (final).These include general medicine, general surgery, midwifery,and children’s diseases. Some are full-time courses, lastingone or two weeks; others are spread over longer periods,taking place in the mornings, afternoons, or late afternoons;they are intended particularly for postgraduates not free for

’ full-time study.The Postgraduate Medical Journal, the official organ of the

Fellowship, is published monthly and contains a special sectiondevoted to general postgraduate news and information aboutthe work carried on in all the main centres of teaching through-out the British Isles. The Journal can be obtained by subscrip-tion or in single copies.

The TUBERCULOSIS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE is a body com-posed of representatives from the Joint Tuberculosis Counciland the National Association for the Prevention of Tubercu-losis. The Institute organises lecture and demonstration coursesat home and overseas for doctors, and at home university

centres for doctors, nurses, health visitors, social workers, andadministrators. Intensive three-day clinical courses for doctorsare held throughout the year at King George V Hospital forDiseases of the Chest, Godalming, and East Fortune Hospital,Drem, East Lothian. Short weekend lecture courses are

arranged locally for general practitioners. Particulars oicourses may be obtained from the Secretary, TuberculosisEducational Institute, Tavistock House North, TavistoclSquare, London, W.C.l.

PROVINCES

BirminghamThe Board of Graduate Studies of the University of

Birmingham provides a large number of extended and shortintensive courses of instruction to help general medical anddental practitioners to keep abreast of recent advances. Mostof these are held at hospitals in Birmingham, but some arearranged at other centres, such as Coventry. They endeavourto cover the needs of doctors and dentists practising in theWest Midlands, but practitioners from further afield, particu.larly Birmingham graduates, are welcomed if they care to

attend. General medicine, general surgery, pxdiatrics,obstetrics, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, dental pros-thetics, and general dental surgery are the main subjectscovered. In arranging these facilities the Board of GraduateStudies works in close cooperation with the Midland Faculty

: of the College of General Practitioners and the Central CountiesDental Postgraduate Committee.The Institute of Accident Surgery, which is affiliated to the

Board of Graduate Studies of the university, holds shortintensive courses in traumatic surgery at the BirminghamAccident Hospital. Some are planned to help surgical con-sultants and trainees, some are for industrial medical officersand nurses, and others are for general practitioners. Each yeara five-day course in industrial ophthalmology is held at theBirmingham and Midland Eye Hospital.The University of Birmingham does not grant any medical

diplomas and its doctorates of medicine and philosophy andits mastership of surgery are only given for theses providinga substantial advance in knowledge. Graduates of universitiesother than Birmingham must have pursued original work in theBirmingham Medical School or in its teaching or affiliated

hospitals for a minimum period of two years before submittingsuch theses. The only courses of instruction for higherdiplomas are for the diploma in psychological medicine of theConjoint Boards (parts i and 11 in alternate years) and theM.R.C.P. (every one or two years). Facilities for parts I and of the D.M.R.D. and D.M.R.T. are, however, available to thoseholding trainee appointments in the teaching hospital. Attach-ments as observers and research-workers in the medicalschool and teaching hospital are arranged for large numbersof postgradaute students from other centres in England andfrom abroad, but no financial support can be offered and theexpenses of all such attachments have to .be met by outsidesponsoring bodies or by the student himself. The Board ofGraduate Studies, in conjunction with the University Deparnment of Social Medicine, pursues a number of research pro’jects in which the help of general practitioners is invoked. Thechairman of the Board of Graduate Studies is Dr. A. G. Whitfield, The Medical School, Birmingham, 15.Bristol

1 he degrees of doctor of medicine (M.D.), master of surgery(CH.M.), and doctor of philosophy (PH.D.) are open to graduarof other universities, but to only those candidates who havepursued original research in the university for not less thantwo years. In effect, this regulation means that these highdegrees are open to only those graduates of other universiwho hold appointments on the staff of the university or of of the Bristol hospitals. The university diploma in psy vlogical medicine is in abeyance. The university offers a diplin public health, and a course will be held in the sess1958-59. A few postgraduates are accepted for trainingthe D.M.R.D. and D.M.R.T. (Conjoint) and arrangement;

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sometimes be made for suitable candidates to hold a part-timepost in the Bristol hospitals while doing the course. A coursein child health lasting three months usually begins in Octoberof each year, but in 1958 the course will not be held. Refreshercourses for general practitioners consist of Sunday morninglecture-demonstrations in Bristol and occasional intensiveweekend courses at hospitals in various parts of the South-West region. A Board of Dental Studies has been establishedto organise and direct dental studies in the university. A post-graduate course in medical physics for science students hasbeen instituted. A review of preregistration appointments hasbeen undertaken to ensure that only house-officer posts whichhave the facilities necessary for sound postgraduate training arerecognised for the purpose. A medical postgraduate dean hasbeen appointed.

CambridgeThe School of Postgraduate Teaching and Clinical Research

includes the departments of experimental medicine, humanecology, medicine, and radiotherapeutics. In the John BonnettClinical Laboratories, pathological and biochemical services ofthe United Cambridge Hospitals are provided by universityteaching officers under the direction of the professors of

pathology and biochemistry. Particulars of the research activi-ties of the school are given in the departmental annual reports,which are published in the Cambridge University Reporter inFebruary each year. Prof. J. S. Mitchell took up office asregius professor of physic in July, 1957, and among the pro-posals submitted to the University in association with his

appointment were plans for the development of the facilitiesof the Postgraduate Medical School and the United CambridgeHospitals, in collaboration with the East Anglian RegionalHospital Board. An important step in this direction was theappointment of Dr. Leslie Cole as dean of the PostgraduateMedical School in December, 1957. The attention of theCouncil of the Senate and the Hospital Authorities has beendrawn to the urgent need for the provision on a site close tothe radiotherapeutic centre of Addenbrooke’s Hospital of abuilding to house an Institute of Postgraduate Medical Studies,with lecture rooms, laboratories, and study rooms, and toprovide more permanent accommodation for the departmentsof medicine and radiotherapeutics, both of which are at presentin temporary buildings.Between October and July in each academic year special

sessions are devoted to teaching by members of the consultantstaff of the United Cambridge Hospitals. Other teachingactivities include clinical or clinicopathological meetings heldon the second Friday of each month during term which give anopportunity for general practitioners and others to meet thestaffs of the teaching hospital and of the various departmentsof the medical school. One-day symposia on subjects of par-ticular interest to general practitioners are held monthly onSaturdays throughout the academic year. These symposiausually take the form of lecture-discussions followed by case-demonstrations. To meet the needs of practitioners who areunable to leave their practices on Saturdays it is proposed tohold one or two Sunday meetings during the coming year.During the summer of 1959 it is planned to arrange a longercourse for general practitioners, from July 6 to 11 at

Addenbrooke’s Hospital. Accommodation and board willbe provided in Downing College. Residential courses inmidwifery are available for undergraduate and postgraduatestudents at the Maternity Hospital. All postgraduate coursesand symposia are open without fee, subject to the terms of theMinistry of Health scheme, to practitioners who are undercontract with an executive council of the National HealthService, and who have not less than 500 (or in the case of arural practice 250) persons on their N.H.S. lists. Practitionerswho do not qualify for a grant under the Ministry of Healthscheme may be charged fees at rates corresponding to thosewhich otherwise would have been payable by the Ministry.A course on Progress in the Biological Sciences in Relation toDermatology has been arranged from Sept. 22-27, 1958. Thecourse will consist of a number of half-day sessions each

devoted to a group of papers on the same or related subjects.The course is designed primarily for those engaged in theclinical practice of dermatology but is open to any medicallyqualified person interested in the subjects under discussion.Courses are also contemplated on anxsthesia, diabetes,psychiatry, metabolic aspects of disease, and dental surgery.Further details of postgraduate facilities may be obtainedfrom the Secretary of the Medical School, Tennis CourtRoad, . Cambridge. ,

DurhamThe part-time course for the diploma in public health ended

in June. Seven of the eight candidates obtained their diplomas.’ The next course will begin in January and extend over fiveacademic terms until June, 1960. Refresher courses for generalpractitioners were held during the year. These consisted ofintensive weekend courses in medicine, paediatrics, psychiatry,and obstetrics, and extended courses consisting of severalafternoon sessions in various subjects. A number of localpractitioners attended two-week resident courses in obstetricsin the Princess Mary Maternity Hospital. Postgraduateinstruction in anatomy, physiology, pathology and bacteriology,and other subjects is always available by arrangement with theprofessors of the departments concerned. Several postgraduatestudents from overseas have been provided with suitable coursesand research facilities leading to higher degrees.LeedsThe University of Leeds grants two postgraduate diplomas,

the diploma in public health and the diploma in psychologicalmedicine. Both are now part-time courses, that for the diplomain public health being five terms. The course for the diploma inpsychological medicine covers eight academic terms. Extendedrefresher courses for general practitioners, comprising onehalf-day session a week for six weeks, and weekend refreshercourses on special topics are arranged from time to time bothin the teaching hospitals and in regional hospitals. The

secretary of the postgraduate committee is Dr. T. A. Divine,School of Medicine, Thoresby Place, Leeds, 2.

LiverpoolPostgraduate courses have continued as in previous years.

Out of a total of 716 students in the medical school, 205 arepostgraduates, 16 attended the course in general surgery, 19 inorthopxdic surgery, 15 in public health, 11 in anxsthesia, 12in psychological medicine, 25 in radiodiagnosis, 7 in radio-therapy, 4 in venereology, 67 in tropical medicine and hygieneand 22 the part-time M.R.C.P. course recently established. Thecourse in general surgery is suitable for candidates who havealready passed the primary examination for the F.R.C.S., butcandidates for the course in orthopaedic surgery must alreadyhold the F.R.c.s., to become eligible to take the examination forthe M.CH.ORTH. degree. The courses leading to the D.M.R.D.and D.M.R.T. extend over two years; candidates are usuallyfound registrar appointments during the second year. In thecourse in anxsthesia, students are found appointments in recog-nised general hospitals to gain practical experience. Furtherinformation regarding university postgraduate courses may beobtained from the dean of the faculty of medicine.The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine offers a course

of instruction for the diploma in tropical medicine and hygienegranted by the University of Liverpool. Two such coursesare held each year, starting in the middle of September andthe beginning of January and continuing for approximatelythree months. Only those students who hold a medical

qualification registrable in the United Kingdom or otherwiserecognised by the University, and who have attended theapproved course of instruction in this school, are eligible tosit for this diploma. The school also provides courses in

parasitology and entomology for students taking the diploma inpublic health granted by the University of Liverpool. Coursesof instruction in veterinary parasitology and entomology aregiven during each academic session to Liverpool Universityundergraduates taking the M.R.c.v.s. diploma and B.v.sc.

degree.

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Manchester

Courses in preparation for the diplomas in psychologicalmedicine, public health, radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy havebeen held during the past session and will be offered in 1958-59.A one-year course in medical statistics is available, but thecourse for the diploma in bacteriology will not be conductedduring the session 1958-59. Refresher courses in industrialhealth have been held, and a series of lecture-demonstrationsfor general practitioners, given in conjunction with the Collegeof General Practitioners, was very successful. A similar serieswill be held on alternate Sunday mornings during the Michael-mas Term, 1958. The Dean of Post-Graduate Medical Studiesis Mr. R. L. Newell, F.R.C.S., who is available for consultation-by appointment.

OxfordThe university committee responsible for postgraduate

medical studies was recently reconstituted and its duties madethe subject of a new university statute. The first duties of thiscommittee are to meet the obligations imposed upon theuniversity by Act of Parliament-namely, keeping generalpractitioners informed of the latest developments in profes-sional knowledge, and approving hospitals and posts thereinfor preregistration purposes. Facilities for postgraduatemedical studies are available in the Nuffield professorial depart-ments of the university under the professors of medicine,surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, anaesthetics, and ortho-paedic surgery. Certain clinical appointments on the staff ofthese departments are open to specialist trainees from theCommonwealth. In addition to the provision made in thesedepartments for the training of specialists, there are approxi-mately 20 trainee appointments in the teaching hospitals(the United Oxford Hospitals) and 11 in certain departments ofselected non-teaching hospitals of the Oxford region. These

appointments (senior registrars) are in the following branchesof medicine: general medicine, pxdiatrics, psychologicalmedicine, chest diseases, pathology, general surgery, ortho-paedics and accident services, otolaryngology, ophthalmology,obstetrics and gynaecology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery,dental surgery, and radiology. 6 of these are " paired " posts,the holders of which spend part of their period of training ina teaching hospital and part in a non-teaching hospital bymutual agreement. Facilities for the continuing education ofgeneral practitioners are provided in hospitals at Oxford,Reading, Aylesbury, Stoke Mandeville, and Northampton.Most departments of the United Oxford Hospitals may bevisited by general practitioners on certain days throughout theclinical year (September to July). Practitioners may followeither an intensive course of a week or a fortnight (when pro-grammes are arranged to suit individual requirements) or anextended course spread over a number of weeks or months.In addition special short courses can be arranged for generalpractitioners. All inquiries should be made to the Director 01Postgraduate Medical Studies, Osler House, 43, WoodstoctRoad, Oxford, from whom further details of long and shoncourses may be obtained.

Sheffield’ The recently resuscitated D.P.H. course was successfullyconcluded this session, but for various reasons. another courseis not to begin at once. The development of the department ofpsychiatry has enabled the department to become increasinglya focus for regional postgraduate education in this specialty.Other postgraduate activities include an experiment in whichthe usual intensive refresher course for general practitionersis being held in the hospitals of the Nottingham area instead ofin Sheffield as in past years. -

WALES

CardiffRegular courses are conducted for the D.P.H. (Wales), com-

mencing in October every other year, and for the diploma intuberculosis and chest diseases (D.T.c.D.) (Wales) (January toJune each year). A special short course in tuberculosis is also

held each year. Prospectuses are available for these CO1lrB1B..During terms, departmental provision is made for postgraduateteaching. A standing arrangement also exists between th;medical school (through its professorial departments), theteaching hospitals, and the regional board for regional consul.tants to spend short periods in Cardiff. Special courses fe-general practitioners are arranged in association with the WekBoard of Health-two short courses of 5 sessions each o:.

selected subjects extending over one week in the autumn, an;a fortnight’s general course in the spring. In addition, for:weekend postgraduate courses in dentistry are being held fordental practitioners, and in these the regional hospitals mo’:willingly cooperate. Further information may be obtained froir.the Dean of Clinical and Postgraduate Studies, Medical SchoolOffice, 34, Newport Road, Cardiff.

SCOTLANDAberdeen

Fortnightly refresher courses are held each year, mainlyfor general practitioners, which cover recent advances in

medicine, surgery, obstetrics, paediatrics, and other specialties,From time to time extended courses of eight or ten weeklrafternoon meetings are held. There is also occasionally a

Sunday-morning course for general practitioners when theycan attend two lectures each Sunday for seven weeks, onsubjects in medicine, surgery, paediatrics, and midwifery. Themain postgraduate training is that given to registrars in all thedepartments of medicine. In these posts registrars are rotatedround the different wards and hospitals in their own specialty,and also they may spend periods in related departments, Asurgical registrar, for example, may go round the generaisurgical wards of the region but may also receive training inthoracic surgery, neurosurgery, orthopaedics, pxdiatric surgery,and otolaryngology. In the same way a medical registrar mavact for a time in a similar position in the children’s and feverhospitals.Edinburgh

Postgraduate teaching in Edinburgh is arranged by thc

University in collaboration with the Royal College of Physi,cians and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Thfcourses are administered by the Edinburgh Post-GraduateBoard for Medicine and cover the subjects of internal medicinesurgery, and basic medical sciences, in addition to refreshzrcourses for general and dental practitioners. Two courses ifinternal medicine, lasting twelve weeks, start in April ancOctober each year. These courses comprise lectures, lemrc-demonstrations, clinical teaching, and clinical-pathologicdemonstrations; they are suitable for graduates wishing Kspecialise in medicine or who require a refresher course in ?current outlook on internal medicine. Two courses in suigcpare held each year, starting in March and October. Thcourses last twelve weeks and provide coordinated instmcticrin general surgery and in the specialist branches of surge:1Clinical teaching in the wards of the Edinburgh Royal Infirvav,and other general and specialist surgical units in the city 11;’been arransed. Graduates are thus able to snend a Deriod 1:

each unit, following the work of the department and obtail,-systematic instruction. A comprehensive course in the medlc-sciences of anatomy, physiology, pathology, bacteriology. andbiochemistry is held in the summer; three hundred hour, ,instruction are given in this course, over a hundred of are devoted to practical teaching, including work in an anaK’department. This course is suitable for those requiring a t’preparation in these subjects. It is desirable that those t.1"::this course should already have considerable basic knoi’Similar basic-science courses of ten weeks’ duration, star

‘=

in October and March, are organised by the Royal Coll’Surgeons under the xgis of the Post-Graduate Board. ’July to September a course in clinical medicine is arrang.:which clinical instruction in small groups is given in

teaching medical units in Edinburgh. For those ’’

holding higher qualifications short intensive courses insubjects are held from time to time. The numbers on

:,’

473

courses are limited so that discussion can be free. Throughthe Director of Post-Graduate Studies, postgraduate studentsmay be attached for clinical duties to the medical and surgicalunits in Edinburgh. Preference is given to those who haveattended the courses.The fourteen-day general-practitioner course, held in May

each year, provides teaching either at the bedside or by meansof lecture-demonstrations. Emphasis is laid on recent advancesin treatment, and free discussion, as well as constructivecriticism by members of the,course, is encouraged. Instructionfor local general and dental practitioners is arranged throughoutthe autumn term. In addition, courses of one day’s duration, onselected subjects, are held at intervals throughout the year.Courses are often booked up several months in advance, sothose intending to apply should do so early. Applicants shouldwrite, giving particulars of their medical qualifications andpostgraduate experience, to the Director of Post-GraduateStudies, Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh, 8.

GlasgowGlasgow University Post-Graduate Medical Education Com-

mittee, representing the University and the Royal Faculty ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, is offering the followingcourses during the coming session. A nine weeks’ part-timecourse in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, andbacteriology will be held, as in previous years, from October toDecember. The course is suitable for candidates preparingfor the primary examinations for the surgical fellowships, andwill provide a total of approximately 180 hours of instruction.The course is organised primarily for the junior staff of hos-pitals in the Western Region of Scotland, but it is also open toother applicants. A modified form of the course is availablefor trainees in anaesthetics reading for the primary examinationof the F.F.A. Clinical attachments to teaching units of one tothree months’ duration can be arranged in general medicine,general surgery, and various specialties for those proceeding tohigher qualifications. An annual course for the diploma inpublic health is available and a course for the diploma inindustrial health will be arranged in any year in which thereare sufficient applicants. Short courses in other specialties arearranged when the demand arises and are advertised in themedical journals. For the ensuing session a three weeks’ coursein mental deficiency and two weekend courses in chemotherapyhave already been arranged. The department of psychologicalmedicine will hold a part-time course, extending from Januaryto June, 1959, for candidates reading for the D.P.M. Trainingin radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy, recognised for the D.M.R.D.and D.M.R.T. is available. At least two refresher courses for

general practitioners are held each year. A very successfuladdition to the range of postgraduate courses has been theinstitution of short intensive courses on the use of radioactiveisotopes. These courses are organised by the staff of the

regional physics department, which advises and assists hospitalson matters concerned with isotopes and electronic apparatus.St. Andrews

Under the postgraduate training programme in the uni-versity a new combined clinical and medical sciences coursewill be held in Queen’s College, Dundee, from October, 1958,to March, 1959. Those who have been accepted for this coursewill have a clinical attachment in a special subject of their choiceand a supervisor who will guide their reading and laboratorywork in relation to their specialty. All the postgraduates willattend the medical sciences course. A new postgraduate coursein anatomy and physiology will also begin in October in thepreclinical departments of St. Salvator’s College. The directorof postgraduate education is Prof. R. B. Hunter, F.R.C.P.E.,department of pharmacology and therapeutics, Queen’s College,Dundee.

IRELANDI)t4blinThe only postgraduate course of the University of Dublin

at present available for other than Dublin graduates is that forhe diploma in gynaecology and obstetrics. The number of

places in the course has been limited to 15. The examinationfor the diploma in psychological medicine is now open to

graduates of other universities. Last year a clinical post-graduate course, restricted to Dublin graduates, was given atthe end of the long vacation; the course was very successfuland a similar course will be given this year.The National University of Ireland awards diplomas in

public health, psychiatry, and child health.

REGISTRATION

No-oNE is a legally qualified medical practitioner unless hisname appears on the Register kept by the General MedicalCouncil. In the field of medical education the Council hasa statutory responsibility for ensuring that the courses of studyand examinations for any qualification conferring a title toregistration do not fall below a proper minimum standard.The Council, through its Disciplinary Committee, is also

responsible for discipline within the profession. The MedicalAct, 1956, regulates the constitution and functions of theCouncil and the procedure of medical registration and

discipline. The new Act superseded a great many statutoryprovisions that had preceded it. The Act, and Orders andRegulations made under it, provide that a person will not beeligible for full registration until he has, after passing a

qualifying examination, served as a house-officer in approvedhospitals or institutions for twelve months. During this periodhe would be provisionally registered.The approximate number of second-year students admitted

to medical schools in the United Kingdom and in Ireland was2725 during 1950-51, 2565 during 1951-52, 2494 during1952-53, 2280 during 1953, 2437 during 1954, 2485 during1955, 2415 during 1956, and 2192 during 1957.The numbers newly registered (including Commonwealth

practitioners) were: in 1951, 3075; in 1952, 4493; in 1953, 2320(507 fully registered and 1813 provisionally registered); in

1954, 4542 (2222 fully registered and 2320 provisionallyregistered); in 1955, 5310 (2992 fully registered and 2318provisionally registered); in 1956, 5522 (3113 fully registeredand 2409 provisionally registered; and in 1957, 5455 (3226fully registered and 2229 provisionally registered). The totalsfor 1954-57 include, of course, a considerable proportion ofthose provisionally registered in the previous year. The

widening gap between the number provisionally registered andthose fully registered in recent years is largely due to the

Numbers starting study and registering.** The numbers shown as starting study are taken from the Medical Students’

Register up to 1938; and since then from returns made by the medicalschools to the General Medical Council. Both forms of notificationare incomplete for certain years. Starting with 1953, the figure isbased on the annual examination returns and covers the calendar yearinstead of the academic year as formerly.

474

Number of fully registered doctors on the Medical Register.

increasing number of Commonwealth practitioners who obtainfull registration, without (except in a minority of cases) firstapplying for provisional registration.The number obtaining provisional and full registration in 1953

was much lower than in the preceding five years. This is attributableto two things: (1) some people who would normally have registeredin 1953 took special steps to obtain registration before the end of1952 in order to avoid the preregistration year; and (2) the length-ening of the curriculum at certain Scottish universities meant thatfewer than usual qualified and became provisionally registered in1953. The striking increase in the number of newly registered doc-tors in 1952 (4493 as against 3075 in 1951) was largely due to theaddition of 1452 names to the Commonwealth List in 1952 (ascompared with 471 in 1951).

The Defence Services

Royal Naval Medical ServiceThe Medical Service of the Royal Navy affords, to medical

practitioners who are attracted by the prospect of sea serviceand work with the Royal Navy, a wide opportunity to practisetheir profession in an attractive environment. A backgroundof naval tradition naturally permeates the Royal Naval Hos-pitals and Naval Training Establishments, as well as Her

Majesty’s ships. Officers serving on the permanent list areencouraged to specialise in all branches of medicine, and theyare given full facilities to obtain higher qualifications. Coursesof postgraduate study are carried out not only in naval hos-pitals but also at civilian teaching centres. There is a wide

variety of subjects comprised in the title " naval medicine ",and it might often be claimed that certain of these subjects areunique. They include the physiology of diving, the physicalaspects of service afloat and ashore, Commando service,tropical diseases, and industrial hygiene; an important furtherspecialty is that of aviation medicine, and a small number ofNaval medical officers undergo full pilot training before under-taking duties with the Fleet Air Arm or in research establish-ments. Furthermore, a naval medical officer is no longerconcerned with the care of the sailor alone, but must alsohave up-to-date knowledge of the diseases of women andchildren so that he may attend the needs of the W.R.N.S.,members of the Q.A.R.N.N.S., NavalV.A.D.s, and the wives andchildren of Servicemen and Admiralty personnel servingabroad.The Royal Naval Medical Service offers a life career with

service on the active list up to 55 for all officers, to 57 for

surgeon captains, and to 60 years of age for surgeon rear.admirals. Provision is made in the regulations for countingprevious experience, both service and professional. Allprmou;commissioned service as a medical officer in one of the Amic:Forces is allowed to count in full, and all non-medical com.missioned service is allowed to count as half. Civilian hospinexperience, and also experience of a special nature in prm:;practice which is recognised by the Medical Director-Genet"as warranting additional seniority, may be allowed to count L;to a limit of seven years in all.The additional seniority will be reckoned as service for py.

and promotion but not for retired pay or gratuity. Leave z.granted to officers at the following scales : in the UnitsKingdom, 42 days a year; when appointed to H.M. Ship,on general service, at the rate of 3 days a month; when 0,

foreign service, 14 days local leave a year with a further 2 day;for each month abroad on return to the United Kingdom.

Entry in the first place is for a short-service commission oieither three or four years which may be extended. During thi:time application may be made for transfer to the permanent list,Medical practitioners who undertake their National Servic;in the Royal Navy are also eligible to apply to transfer to tkpermanent list. The normal career for a medical office:

provides for promotion to the full rank of surgeon lieutenamafter one year’s service, and to surgeon lieutènant-commanderafter a further seven years’ service. Surgeon lieutenant-com.manders are promoted to surgeon commander by selection atabout their 15th year of total service and surgeon commander,are promoted by selection to surgeon captain about their 2Myear of total service. Subsequent promotion to surgeon rear.admiral is by selection.

Rates of nav are as follows’ v

Additional allowances are granted to married officers according to rr,When the officer is not accommodated or messed, additional alloaapccare paid.

Medical officers are also eligible for allowances, in addition L’the basic rates of pay, on the same scale and under the sa1]1;

conditions as for other officers of equivalent rank. Th-include travelling expenses, subsistence allowance, and pl-ages for wives and families. Officers who transfer to pemaMKcommissions after a minimum of one year’s service will .:

paid a permanent commission grant of C1500 (taxable).The maximum rates of retired pay in addition to termin.

grants are payable to officers who complete certain specif,," cm

periods of service. Officers allowed to withdraw who ,t;

ineligible for retired pay will be eligible to receive gratult1’-,Further information may be obtained from the Medic.

Department, Admiralty, Queen Anne’s Mansions, St. JamesPark, London, S.W.l.

ROYAL NAVAL DENTAL SERVICE

Dental officers are entered for Naval service under similar C0:;’tions to those applying to medical officers. Information conK-conditions of service can be obtained from the Medical Deparr;-./of the Navy, Queen Anne’s Mansions, St. James’s Park, Los;"S.W. 1.

Royal Army Medical CorpsThere is, at the moment, a limited requirement for ti-

specialists, particularly ophthalmologists, otolaryngoka- -radiologists. In the main, however, the R.A.hi.C. w

applications from young recently qualified practitioners.Non-specialist Career66% of medical officers will be employed on sc’’

practitioner duties. After attending the junior officer cC’at the Royal Army Medical College, they serve 2 -’

officer in medical charge of a unit with concurrent payduties in a military hospital where they become con’-"with the soldier and his environment, the objects c’