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Postharvest management for

perennial crops

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Goal of growing crops

Goal is not only to produce more but maintain

the quality or at least minimize deterioration

of harvested crops

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Primary and secondary processing of jackfruit

Primary processing Secondary processing Harvesting

Ripening

Transport

Handling of fresh cut

Chip manufacture

(peeling, slicing,

cooking) Jam production

Manufacture of

wine

Flour production

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Coconut

Harvesting

Dehusking

Splitting of nuts Drying in tapahan (smoke kiln or copra drier)

or under the sun (7 d)

Grading

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Postharvest management

Storage Reduce metabolism to a biologically accepted minimum so

as to arrest deterioration and allow sale or use to a laterdate

Make produce available during off season

Reduce losses due to glut Avail of better prices of commodity

Refrigeration-single most effective method to slow

down deterioration Effectivity can be enhanced by using supplementary

treatments

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Some supplementary practices to

refrigeration

1. Ionization-breaking of chemical bonds so as toform ions that carry electrical charges; ions canalter cellular molecules and kill insects andmicroorganisms

Also a quarantine treatment

Sources of ionizing energy: RadioisotopesCo-60, produces electromagnetic

waves (gamma rays)

Electron gun produces non-nuclear energy Electron beam

Gamma rays

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Some effects of irradiation

Controls fruit fly, weevil and anthracnose in

citrus, papaya and mango w/o problem of

residues

Delays ripening by inactivating enzymes in

papaya, mango, pineapple

Retains physico-chemical and nutritional levels

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radura

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2. Some chemical treatments

a) Calcium

Ca ions membrane stabilizer by forming

bonds with polygalacturonic acids in the

middle lamella of plant cells

Ca application

Dipping in CaCl2solution (4%), vacuum infiltration,

forced infiltration

Used in mango, banana and avocado

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b) Sulfites-substances that contain S

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Potassium bisulfite (KS2O5)

Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)

Sulfites prevent browning or discolorationthrough their actions on enzymatic and non-

enzymatic reactions

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Sulfite effects and application

Effects

Control disease

Prevent browning

Application: fumigation

Fumigation Shot method: 1% SO2for 15 to 20 min (lychee, longan,

rambutan)

Trickle

Use of SO2release pads grapes Dipping in sodium metabisulfite (10%)

young coconut (followed by MAP)

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c) 1-Methylcyclopropene (C4H6)

Inhibits action of ethylene

receptors such that

ethylene cannot bind to

elicit action = it blocks

ethylene action

Non-toxic

Very minute amounts

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Serek et al. (1995) confirmed efficacy of

1-MCP in carnation and Christmas cactus

Early results showing the effectiveness of 1-MCP, then named SIS-X,in preventing the natural senescence of

carnations (left, photo taken after 1 week in the vase) and Christmas cactus (right, plants treated with 1-MCP,

then exposed to 1 mLL1 ethylene.) Photo courtesy of M. Serek. (Serek et al.,1995, Plant Growth Regulat.)

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1-MCP on fruit crops

apples (Bai et al.2005)

avocado (Jeong et al.2002; Feng et al.2000)

banana (Jiang 1999, Golding et al.1999)

papaya (Manenoi et al. 2007)

pineapple (Shinjiro et al.2002)

mango (Hofman et al. 2001)

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Treatment chamber

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d. Other plant growth substances

Cytokinins

Retard chlorophyll degradation, maintain high

protein level

Gibberellins

Lower respiration and delay color change (guava,

banana, orange)

Auxins

Retarded ripening in bananas

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3. Heat treatments

Hot water treatment of

mangoes for

disinfection

Vapor heat treatment

facility for fruits for

dinfestation

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4. Atmosphere modification

Advantages: Prolong shelf life

Reduction of fruit sensitivity to ethylene

Alleviation of chilling injury

Control of pests and diseases since resulting

atmosphere is not favorable for their growth

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Passive MA (product-generated MA) Surface coating or waxing

Use of semi-permeable films: ideal film shd allow

more CO2to exit than allow entry of O2 Active MA

Introduction of partial vacuum

Provision of pores in the film (macropores-pricking; micropores-engineered to allow passage

of gases)

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Evaporative cooling-provide

highly humid condition;

increase RH from 10 to 20%

and decrease temperatureby 1 to 6%

An alternative to

refrigeration

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Important insect pests of horticultural produce

Fruit flies carambola or starfruit, papaya,

mango, guava, banana, dragon fruit, jackfruit

Fruit borers-durian (husk borer), pummelo

(citrus rind borer)

Mealy bugs- secrete honey dew on which sooty

mold grow in; pineapple crown, papaya,citrus

Weevil- mango

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Sanitary and phytosanitary measures

Laws, regulations and procedures instituted bycountries to protect human, animal, plant life or

health negotiated under the GATT

Recognize standards developed by organizations(Codex Alimentarius, FAO)

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Sanitary and phytosanitary measures

Deals with:

quarantine declaring areas free from insects and diseases

preventing pest and disease spread

regulation on treatment of imported fruit

Japan, NZ, US, Australia require VHT (fruit fly disinfection)

on mango

pesticide residues in food (maximum residue level)

certification a certificate is issued attesting to thephytosanitary status of a consignment

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Treatments Chemical

Fumigation

Insecticide dust or spray

Fungicides

Irradiation

Heat treatment Hot water treatment (mango 52 to 55C for 10 min)

Vapor heat treatment raise fruit temp in a watervapor saturated atmosphere until the required

disinfestation temp is attained Carabao mango pulp temp maintained at 46C for ten min

Papaya- 46C, 70 min

Minimally processed fresh cut or

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Minimally processed, fresh cut or

ready to eat fruit

Dragon

fruit,

starfruit,

strawberry,

melon

dragonfruit

Sticky rice in

jackfruit

pummelo

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Some practices to further optimize

crop productivity

Crop rotation-growing of different crops in a

definite order of succession on the same land

Increased yields

Better control of weeds, pests

Maintenance of organic matter

Balanced utilization of nutrients

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Intercropping-growing of two or more crops in

the same land by putting the crops in

alternative rows

www:/freepatentsonline.

com

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Multiple cropping a system of cropping in

which as many crops as possible are grown in

the same land within a year

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Hydroponics

Simplyhydro.com

Hydroponicgardening.com

Growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, inwater, without soil

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Organic agriculture REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10068

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE INTHE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1Title.- This Act shall be known as the "Organic Agriculture Act of 2010".

Section 2Declaration of Policy.- It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote,propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organicagriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition andenrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce

pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion ofnatural resources, further protect the health of farmers, consumers,and the general public, and save on imported farm inputs. Towards this end,a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based organic agriculture systemswhich include, among others, farmer-produced purely organic fertilizers such as compost,pesticides and other farm inputs, together with a nationwide educational and promotionalcampaign for their use and processing as well as adoption of organic agriculture system as a viablealternative shall be undertaken.

The State recognizes and supports the central role of the farmers, indigenous people and otherstakeholders at the grassroots in this program.

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Organic agriculture

Green manuring and use of organic fertilizers

Composting

Pest management

use of organic pesticides

companion crops

mulching

sanitation

Traps, other physical barriers

Mixed cropping, crop rotation