POTABLE WATER

Presented by : Arvind Singh Heer MSc-II(Sem-III)Analytical ChemistryPaper-III MITHIBAI COLLEGE

POTABLE WATER

CONTENTIntroductionWater QualityRequirement of potable waterDirect and Indirect pollutantsWater treatmentPotable water purification

INTRODUCTION What is Potable Water?If something ispotablethatmeansit's safe to drink. In developed countries, tapwateris usuallypotable.

WATER QUALITYParameters for drinking water quality typically fall under three categories:physicalchemicalmicrobiologicalPhysical and chemical parameters includeheavy metals, traceorganic compounds,total suspended solids(TSS), andturbidity.Microbiological parameters includeColiform bacteria,E. coli, and specific pathogenic species ofbacteria(such ascholera-causingVibrio cholerae),viruses, andprotozoanparasites.

Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates/nitrites and arseniccan have a more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens.Originally, fecal contamination was determined with the presence ofcoliform bacteria, a convenient marker for a class of harmfulfecalpathogens. The presence offecal coliforms(likeE. Coli) serves as an indication of contamination bysewage. Additional contaminants includeprotozoanoocystssuch asCryptosporidiumsp.,Giardia lamblia,Legionella, andviruses(enteric).[44]Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk.

REQUIREMENT OF POTABLE WATERThe amount of drinking water required is variable.It depends on physical activity, age, health, and environmental conditions.It is estimated that the average American drinks about one liter of water a day with 95% drinking less than three liters per day.In those working in a hot climate up to 16 liters a day may be required.Some health authorities have suggested that at least eight glasses of eightfl ozeach (240 mL) are required by an adult per day (64 fl oz, or 1.89litres).TheBritish Dietetic Associationrecommends 1.8 litres.However, various reviews of the evidence performed in 2002 and 2008 could not find any solid scientific evidence recommending eight glasses of water per day.In the United States, thereference daily intake(RDI) for total water intake is 3.7 litres per day (L/day) for human males older than 18, and 2.7 L/day for human females older than 18 which includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water contained in food.An individual's thirst provides a better guide for how much water they require rather than a specific, fixed quantity.

The drinking water contribution to mineral nutrients intake is also unclear.Inorganicminerals generally enter surface water and ground water viastorm waterrunoffor through the Earth's crust. Treatment processes also lead to the presence of some minerals. Examples includecalcium,zinc,manganese,phosphate,fluorideandsodiumcompounds.Water generated from thebiochemicalmetabolismof nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily water requirements for somearthropodsanddesertanimals, but provides only a small fraction of a human's necessary intake. There are a variety of trace elements present in virtually all potable water, some of which play a role in metabolism. For example, sodium,potassiumandchlorideare common chemicals found in small quantities in most waters, and these elements play a role in body metabolism. Other elements such asfluoride, while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental problems and other issues when present at high levels.Fluid balanceis key. Profuse sweating can increase the need forelectrolyte(salt) replacement.Water intoxication(which results inhyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT POLLUTIONDirect pollution: This is when the polluting material is discharged directly to the body of water.Indirect pollution: Indirect water pollution is when a polluting material finds its way indirectly into the body of water. An example of this is nitrogen pollution of ditches by the run-off from fertilised agricultural land.

WATER TREATMENTWater treatmentis, collectively, the industrial-scale processes that makeswatermore acceptable for an end-use, which may bedrinking, industry, or medicine. Water treatment is unlikesmall-scale water sterilizationthat campers and other people in wilderness areas practice. Water treatment should remove existing watercontaminantsor so reduce their concentration that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use, which may be safely returning used water to the environment.The processes involved in treating water for drinking purposes to provide a safe source ofwater supplymay be solids separation using physical processes such assettlingandfiltration, andchemical processessuch asdisinfectionandcoagulation.

POTABLE WATER PURIFICATION

Water purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to producedrinking waterthat ispureenough for the most critical of its intended uses, usually for human consumption. Substances that are removed during the process ofdrinking water treatmentincludesuspended solids,bacteria,algae,viruses,fungi,mineralssuch asiron,manganeseandsulfur, and other chemicalpollutantssuch asfertilisers.Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment as well. It is therefore common practice to have residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination during distribution.World Health Organisation(WHO) guidelines are generally followed throughout the world for drinking water quality requirements. In addition to the WHO guidelines, each country or territory or water supply body can have their own guidelines in order for consumers to have access to safe drinking water.

REFERENCE Introduction to Potable water Treatment process Simon parsons and Bruce Jefferson Water Pollution Arvind Kumar

-THANK YOU