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Potable Water and Sanitation Issues in the Aral Sea
Ayse Kudat
The World Bank
1998
KAZAKHSTAN
RUSSIA
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
CHINATURKMENISTAN
IRAN AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
SOURCES OF POTABLE WATER
Water
Piped Water in the House (6.3%)
Piped Water inthe yard (13.7%) Water Pump in
the yard (26.2%)
Well in theyard (8.2%)
Well in the street (11.6%)
Piped Water next door (2%)
Water Pump in the street (9.1%)
Irrigationcanal (10%)
NaturalSpring (0.2%)
Well next door (8.1%)
River, Lake or Pond (5%)
Piped Water in the street (17.2%)
Water Vendor (0.9%)
Sources of Drinking Water by Geographical Area
32.4
31.7
31.4
27.2
1.8
45.6
24.4
38.8
3.6
0
0 20 40 60
PipedWater
Hand-dugWells
HandPumps
IrrigationCanals
Vendors
32 4
15
67
8
Sea
ARALARAL
Sea
Karakalpakstan
Khorezm
Percentage of Households
Other*
Piped water on the street
Piped water in neighbor'syard
Piped water in yard
Piped water inside
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of households
Other*
Piped water on the street
Piped water in neighbor'syard
Piped water in yard
Piped water inside
Nukus
Urgench
*Category “other” includes well inside yard, well in neighbor’s yard, well on the street, hand pump in the yard, hand pump outside,spring water, rivers, lakes and ponds, irrigation canal, delivered water and bottled water.
Main Water Sources for Drinking and Cooking in Nukus and Urgench
Reasons of Dissatisfaction
0 20 40 60 80 100
Bad taste
Effect on milk
Smell
Dirtiness
Salinity
% of households
Cold Season
Warm season
Urban Areas Rural Areas
0 20 40 60 80 100
Bad taste
Effect on milk
Smell
Dirtiness
Salinity
% of households
Cold Season
Warm Season
0 20 40 60 80 100
Bad taste
Effect on milk
Smell
Dirtiness
Salinity
% of households
Cold Season
Warm Season
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 70
20
40
60
80
100
% o
f ho
use
ho
lds
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7
Households Who Treat Water Before Using It
92% 100% 98% 67% 85% 63%
Do not treat water before
using17%
Treat water before using
83%
No17%
Yes83%
Treatment of Vendor Delivered Water
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Filtering Settling Boiling
pe
rce
nt o
f ho
use
ho
lds
Methods of Treatment Used
Total Number of Hand Pumps Surveyed byGeographical Zone
32 41
5
67
8
Sea
ARAL
Nukus
Urgench
79 hand pumps
20 hand pumps N/A
91 hand pumps
40 hand pumps
154 hand pumps
100 hand pumps
Karakalpakstan
Khorezm
16 hand pumps
Uses of Hand Pump Water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Watering gardens
Drinking
Cleaning
Watering animals
percent of hand pumps used
89%
11%
Piped water available Piped water not available
Availability of Piped Water Supplyin the Settlements with Hand Pumps
0 20 40 60 80 100
Piped WaterAvailable
Piped Water notAvailable
percent of hand pumps used for drinking
Hand Pump Usage for Drinking Purposes in Settlements With and Without Piped Water
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
1.6
2.0 2.1
1.82.0 2.1
1.5
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
gra
ms/
lite
r
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
Hand Pump Water Salinity - in Zones
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percent of hand pumps
gram
s/lit
er
Hand Pump Water Salinity - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan
Average = 1.918 grams/liter
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Percent of Hand Pumps
Coli
Index
Average = 9
Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - Khorezm and Karakalpakstan
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
6.8
3.04.2
6.1
13.4 13.4
3.5
9.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Col
i Ind
ex
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8 Total
Coli Count in Hand Pump Water - in Zones
No74%
Yes26%
Health Problems in Households Dependingon Water Vendors
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Other*
Neurological diseases
Arthritic
Respiratory diseases
Cardiovascular
Stomach and liver
% of individuals
Distribution of Illnesses
*Category “other” includes cancer, allergies and injury-related illnesses.
32 41
5
67
8
Sea
ARALARALSea
Total Household Income from Salary/wagesby Geographical Area
16
1918
2617
1616 15
Main Problems in Rural Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan
• Sanitation
• Lack of Fuel
• Lack of Opportunities to Make a Living
• Lack of Construction Materials
• Health
• Lack of Flour
• Water
PROBLEM2 3PROBLEM1 PROBLEM
%
• Lack of Money for Food Products
64.7
23.0
3.1
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.1
2.7 9.0
16.0
3.6
4.0
4.0
1.3
1.0
58.9
25.4
8.5
12.0
18.0
11.9
6.8
5.8
5.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Other*
Other economic problems
Lack of drainage system
Unemployment
Health
Living conditions
Lack of cons. materials
Water shortage
Water quality
Lack of money for food
Shortage and high cost offlour
% of households
Nukus
Urgench
Priority Problems in Nukus and Urgench
*Category “other” includes home and housing problems, dissatisfaction with job and various problems at the workplace.
Salinity Tolerance Levels
Salinity of the piped water supply is at an intermediate level (0.6-1.5g/l)
Salinity of the piped water supply is at an intermediate level (0.6-1.5g/l)
Salinity of hand pump and hand dug well water is higher (1.5-2g/l)
Salinity of hand pump and hand dug well water is higher (1.5-2g/l)
...however, salinity of these sources is somewhat constant throughout the year
Hand pump water consumers can tolerate higher levels of salinity because of its constant nature in the ground water
Hand pump water consumers can tolerate higher levels of salinity because of its constant nature in the ground water
Women have lower tolerance for salinity in their water
Acceptable taste
Acceptable saltiness
1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.1 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14
salinity in household water (g/l)
Acceptable taste
Acceptable saltiness
Females
Males
Females
Females
Males
Males
Priority Water Supply Improvement Needed in Urgench andWillingness to Make Monthly Payments for It
Connection to pipeline (20%)54.8 sums/month(3.7% of average income)
Change Pipes (10%)51.7 sums/month(3.5% of average income)
Install a Filter (33.3%)71.4 sums/month(4.87% of average income)
Other Improvements* (6.6%)120 sums/month(8.1% of average income)
Install electric pump (23.3%)45.7 sums/month(3.1% of average income)
* Other improvements include increasing the pressure of water.
Build a reservoir (6.6%)17.5 sums/month(1.2% of average income)