POTATO SEEDIt should have proper size (40-60 g)

Should be free from all viral diseases

Should not have been grown in areas where

wart, cyst nematode and other quarantine

diseases are endemic

Should be either free from soil and tuber

borne diseases or carry them within

permissible limits

Should be of right physiological age

SEED REQUIREMENT OF COUNTRYSEED REQUIREMENT OF COUNTRY

Area : 1.9 mha

Seed rate : 2.5 t/ha

Total seed requirement : 4.7 m ton

Grade of seedGrade of seed Area Area required (ha)required (ha) (Prodn. @ 15t/ha)(Prodn. @ 15t/ha)

Breeder seedBreeder seed 8080 1,2001,200

Foundation-IFoundation-I 400400 6,0006,000

Foundation-IIFoundation-II 2,0002,000 30,00030,000

CertifiedCertified 10,00010,000 1,50,0001,50,000

Certified-ICertified-I 50,00050,000 7,50,0007,50,000

Certified-IICertified-II 2,50,0002,50,000 37,50,00037,50,000

HOW TO MEET SEED REQUIREMENT?

Before 1970

SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA BEFORE 1970SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA BEFORE 1970

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HILL GROWN SEED

Hill seed is not of right

physiological age for use in

the plains

It carries soil and tuber borne

pathogens not often found in

the plains

Long distance transport

Area in hills is insufficient for

seed production

SITE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEED PRODUCTION•Freedom from soil borne pathogens like wart, cyst nematodes, bacterial wilt, black scurf, and common scab.

•Low aphid or aphid free period of 75 days after planting.

•The min. & max. temperature should be within 8-28C during crop season.

•Several seed production channels evolved.

•India is the only Asian country with a well established, scientific seed production programme.

APHID POPULATION BUILDUP IN SUB-TROPICS

APHID POPULATION CURVE IN NORTHERN PLAINS OF INDIAA

ph

id n

um

be

r

Cropping pattern vs. virus incidence

APPEARANCE AND BUILDUIP OF APHIDS IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS

RegionDate of

appearanceCritical limit

time

Punjab 2nd wk. Nov. 3rd wk. Dec.

Western UP 3rd wk. Nov. 4th wk. Dec.

Tarai Region Ist wk. Dec. 3rd wk. Dec.

Central plains, UP

1st wk. Dec. 4th wk. Dec.

Eastern plains 4th wk. Dec. 3rd wk. Jan.

COMPONENTS OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE

Disease free seed Blind earthing

Plant Dehaulm Harvest

Punjab,Haryana Oct.7 Dec. 31 Jan, 15

NW & Central plains Oct.15 Jan. 10 Jan. 25

Eastern UP & MP Oct. 31 Jan. 15 Jan. 31

Bihar & W.Bengal Nov. 7 Jan. 20 Jan. 31

Systemic granular insecticide at planting/earthing Removal of off types & diseased plants

1-2 sprays of systemic insecticide + Metalaxyl-Mancozeb in Dec- Jan Crop rotation 2-3 yrs Hot weather cultivation Green manure Tuber treatment- boric acid

Original Refinement

IMPACT OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE

Decentralization of potato breeding

from hills to plains enabling

development of varieties suited to

different agro-climatic regions of

the country

Area under seed production

enhanced 12 folds

Availability of potato seed in hills

and plains in proper physiological

state

Saving on US $ 484 million annually on seed import

After 1970

SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA AFTER 1970SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA AFTER 1970

SUITABILITY OF REGIONS FOR SEED PRODUCTION

State Zone Type of seed Problems

Himachal Pradesh

Northern high hills

Nucleus, breeders, Foundation and certified seed

Low aphids during cropping season and no serious soil and tuber borne disease and pests

Lahaul Spiti

valley

Foundation and certified seed

aphids are common and the occurrence of Sclerotinia and Verticilium wilts

Jammu and Kashmir

Northern high hills

Breeders Foundation and certified seed

Low aphid infestation

Plains Foundation and certified seed

High population of aphids

State Zone Type of seed Problems

North-

eastern

states

North-

eastern high

and mid hills

Foundation,

certified seed

High population of aphids

and incidence of wart and

brown rot disease

Darjeeling

regionSeed for local use Wart disease

Punjab,

Haryana,

western UP,

MP, Bihar

Indo-

Gangetic

plains

Nucleus, breeder,

Foundation,

certified seeds

Low aphids during

October to mid January

and no serious soil and

tuber borne diseases

State Zone Type of seed Problems

West Bengal,

Orissa, eastern MP

North eastern

plains

Foundation and

certified seed

High population

of aphids,

bacterial wilt

Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Andhra

Pradesh,

Plains and

plateau region

Seed for self use High population

of aphids and

brown rot

incidence

Tamil Nadu Nilgiri hills Seed for local

use

Presence of cyst

nematode and

brown rot

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF SEED PRODUCTION

Stage –I (1st year)

Breeder seed

Stage –II (2nd year)

Stage –III (3rd year)

Stage –IV (4th year)

FS-I (5th year)Foundation seed

FS-II (6th year)

Certified (7th year)

CertifiedCertified I (8th year)

Certified II(9th year)

Tuber selection and indexing (Nucleus seed)

VIRUSES

Potato Virus X Potato Virus S

Potato Virus M Potato Virus Y

Potato Leaf Roll Virus Potato Virus A, ALCV

TUBER INDEXING BY ELISA

STAGE - IClonal field multiplication

1 x 1 m; rogue; 100% tested; individual harvest

STAGE - IISeparate clones in rows in field

100 x 20 cm; rogue; 100% tested in composite sample; bulk harvest

Stage III

Bulk

multiplication

60 x 20 cm; rogued; 300 plant/

ha tested; bulk harvest; bulk

harvest

Stage IV

Breeder seed 60 x 20 cm; rogued; 300 plant/

ha tested; bulk harvest

In vitro production of virus free plantlets

Sprout / Shoot tip culture

Virus test In vitro virus free plantPotato tuber/plant

In vitro plantlets

Thermo/ Chemotherapy

Meristem-tip culture

Basic starting material maintained in vitro

+

Microplants Microplants: 80-90% survival

8-12 minitubers/plant

Generation-1Generation-2Breeder Seed

Tissue cultured based seed production system

Aeroponic based seed production system

Microplants Microplants: 80-90% survival8-12 minitubers/plant

Generation-1Generation-2Breeder Seed

CLASSIFICATION PATHWAY (UK)CLASSIFICATION PATHWAY (UK)Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA)Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA)

Nuclear Stock Initiation UnitNuclear Stock Initiation Unit

SASASASANuclear Stock Maintenance UnitNuclear Stock Maintenance Unit

Micropropagation LaboratoriesMicropropagation Laboratories

Pre-basic TC (mini tuber)Pre-basic TC (mini tuber)

Class Pre-basic Class Pre-basic Generation 1-4Generation 1-4

Class Super Elite (SE)Class Super Elite (SE)Generation 1-3Generation 1-3

Class Elite (E)Class Elite (E)Generation 1-3Generation 1-3

AAcannot be entered for further seed cannot be entered for further seed

multiplicationmultiplication

EEC 2

EEC 3

Tolerance limit for off type and diseases (UK)Tolerance limit for off type and diseases (UK)

Defect/diseaseDefect/disease Pre-basicPre-basic Super Super EliteElite EliteElite AA CCCC

Leaf RollLeaf Roll nilnil 0.010.01 0.10.1 0.40.4 2.02.0

Severe mosaicSevere mosaic nilnil nilnil 0.10.1 0.40.4 2.02.0

Total severe Total severe virusvirus nilnil 0.010.01 0.10.1 0.40.4 2.02.0

Mild mosaic Mild mosaic nilnil 0.050.05 0.50.5 0.80.8 5.05.0

Total virusTotal virus nilnil 0.050.05 0.50.5 0.80.8 5.05.0

Black legBlack leg nilnil 0.250.25 0.50.5 1.01.0 2.02.0

Deviations from Deviations from variety and typevariety and type nilnil 0.050.05 0.050.05 0.10.1 0.50.5

(Maximum percentage plants affected) (Maximum percentage plants affected)

G6

G5

G4

G3

G2

G1

G0

Small tubers

In vitro micropropagation

Test 25% of plants (composite samples by ELISA)

Test 250 plants/ha by ELISA

Test 250 plants/ 4ha by ELISA

Symptomatology

Commercial production

Test 100% of plants (composite samples by ELISA, indicator plants, NASH etc.

Fie

ldG

reen

hou

se

Post-harvest test by

symptomatology and ELISA

G = Generation

Generations in seed production and suggestion for virus detection Generations in seed production and suggestion for virus detection (Netherland)(Netherland)

Seed Standards in the Netherlands (% tolerance)Seed Standards in the Netherlands (% tolerance)

DiseaseDiseaseBasicBasic CertifiedCertified

SS SESE EE AA BB CC

Field inspectionField inspection

Varietal impurityVarietal impurity 00 00 00 0.010.01 0.050.05 0.10.1

Bacteria (Black leg)Bacteria (Black leg) 00 00 00 0.030.03 0.10.1 0.10.1

Severe mosaic & PLRVSevere mosaic & PLRV 0.030.03 0.030.03 0.10.1 0.250.25 0.50.5 2.02.0

Mild mosaicMild mosaic 0.030.03 0.030.03 0.10.1 2.02.0 4.04.0 10.010.0

Total virusesTotal viruses 0.030.03 0.030.03 0.10.1 2.02.0 4.04.0 10.010.0

Verticillium wiltVerticillium wilt 2.02.0 2.02.0 3.03.0 4.04.0 8.08.0 --

Lot inspectionLot inspection

Rhizoctonia (Blight)Rhizoctonia (Blight) 1010 1010 2525 2525 2525 2525

PhytophthoraPhytophthora 1 tuber per 50 Kg1 tuber per 50 Kg

Common scabCommon scab Scab scale 2.5 (max. 1/8 of surface)Scab scale 2.5 (max. 1/8 of surface)

External defectsExternal defects 4-12 tubers per 50 kg4-12 tubers per 50 kg

POTATO CERTIFIED SEED STANDARDS

DiseaseIncidence

India Holland* Canada UK

Mild mosaics 3 2 1 5

SM and PLRV 1 0.25 1 2

Brown rot 0.014 0 0 0

LB, Dry rot 1 NP NP NP

Wet rot 0 NP NP NP

Black scurf 5** NP NP NP

Common scab 5** NP NP NP

Total tuber Disease 5 - - -

Root knot nematode Nil NP NP Nil

Cyst nematode Nil NP NP Nil

NP : No limit prescribed * : Brown rot prevalent since 1995

** : Tuber treatment compulsory

SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS FOR FOUNDATION AND CERTIFIED SEEDS

Permissible DI limits for foliar diseases

Seed grade

% DI limits

Off typeMild

mosaic

Severe mosaic/PLRV/PVT/

LST/ yellowsPSTV

FS-1 1.0 0.5-

0.05

FS-II 2.0 0.75-

0.05

Certified 3.0 1.0 - 0.1

PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR TUBER DISEASESPERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR TUBER DISEASES

GradeGrade

% incidence% incidence

Common Common scabscab

Black Black scurfscurf

Cut/ Cut/ bruisedbruised

Late Late blightblight Dry rotDry rot

FS-1FS-1 5.05.0 5.05.0 1.01.0 1.01.0 1.01.0

FS-IIFS-II 5.05.0 5.05.0 1.01.0 1.01.0 1.01.0

CertifiedCertified 5.05.0 5.05.0 5.05.0 1.01.0 1.01.0

Eligibility criteria for production of Eligibility criteria for production of minitubers through tissue cultureminitubers through tissue culture

Basic MaterialBasic MaterialThe basic tissue culture material must be of a notified variety The basic tissue culture material must be of a notified variety and the plantlet should be tested by the accredited laboratory and the plantlet should be tested by the accredited laboratory for freedom fromfor freedom from

PVA, PVS, PVX, PVY, PVM, PLRV, PALCV, PSTVd, PVA, PVS, PVX, PVY, PVM, PLRV, PALCV, PSTVd, endophytic bacteria and fungiendophytic bacteria and fungi

10 plantlet to be tested for each variety 10 plantlet to be tested for each variety

Method Method

ELISA, RTPCELISA, RTPC

Light microscopy Light microscopy

Culturing on mediaCulturing on media

Laboratory & Green HouseLaboratory & Green House Lab and net house facilities free from insect pestsLab and net house facilities free from insect pests

Growth and Potting medium – sterilized Growth and Potting medium – sterilized

Net house facilityNet house facility

Insect proofInsect proof

Double door with changing spaceDouble door with changing space

All micro-propagation and green house All micro-propagation and green house facilities must meet the prescribed facilities must meet the prescribed standards standards

Net house soil should be free fromNet house soil should be free from WartWart

Brown rotBrown rot

Non-cyst forming nematodes Non-cyst forming nematodes

Cyst nematodes Cyst nematodes

Common scabCommon scab

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

The seed producer should inform the competent authority The seed producer should inform the competent authority well in advancewell in advance

Source of seed has to be tissue culture grown plantlets/ micro Source of seed has to be tissue culture grown plantlets/ micro tuberstubers

A minimum of three inspections shall be madeA minimum of three inspections shall be made First inspection (35 days : plains) (45 days : hills)First inspection (35 days : plains) (45 days : hills)

- For diseases, off types & isolation (1 m)- For diseases, off types & isolation (1 m)

Second inspectionSecond inspection

Besides general inspection pathogen testing (viruses) 5 Besides general inspection pathogen testing (viruses) 5 (minimum) – 25 (maximum) plants/varieties(minimum) – 25 (maximum) plants/varieties

Third inspection (immediately after haulm cutting)Third inspection (immediately after haulm cutting)- To check date of haulm cutting?- To check date of haulm cutting?

- Re-growth- Re-growth

INSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITYINSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITY

Use of effective sanitationUse of effective sanitation

Sterilization of nursery bedsSterilization of nursery beds

The net house grown crop should be 100% The net house grown crop should be 100% free from all virusesfree from all viruses

If any of the virus is detected, the crop will be If any of the virus is detected, the crop will be rejectedrejected

INSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITYINSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITY

Certification standards for net house Certification standards for net house grown cropgrown crop

FactorFactor Maximum Maximum Permissible limits (%)Permissible limits (%)

Off typesOff types 0.050.05

Mild mosaicMild mosaic 0.050.05

Severe mosaics, Apical Severe mosaics, Apical Leaf Curl, PLRVLeaf Curl, PLRV 0.050.05

Bacterial wiltBacterial wilt NilNil

Standards for mini tubersStandards for mini tubers

FactorFactor StandardsStandards

Weight (minimum)Weight (minimum) >>1.0 g1.0 g

Germination (minimum)Germination (minimum) 90%90%

Varietal purity Varietal purity (minimum)(minimum) 99%99%

Virus (all)Virus (all) 0.10.1

FUTURE CHALLENGES IN SEED PRODUCTION

•Impact of climate change on vector dynamics and shortening of growing window.

•Emerging new vectors like white fly, thrips, A. gossypi aphids, hoppers, psyllids.

•Increasing pressure of soil & tuber borne disease like common scab, russet scab, black scurf, brown rot, Sclerotium wilt, Sclerotinia stem rot, Verticillium wilt and nematodes

•Monoculture of potato as well as increasing cropping intensity.

•Production of quality seed in non-traditional areas.