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Potato
Potato
Potato
Solano tuberosum spp tuberosum
Auto-tetraploid
2n = 4x = 48
Alkaloid-free diploids which could be eaten in quantity
2,000-5,000 year BC
Center of origin is Peru – Bolivia ~ cultivation migration south to Chile.
Named Solanum tuberosum by Casper
Banhin in 1596
South American Indian called the crop papa. The
name potato comes from the
Caribbean Aeawak Indian
word batata
Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena ~ early 1600’s
Jerusalum artichoke
First commercialized in Ireland around 1700’s
Major food source by 1750’s
‘The Curl’
Lead to development of first Seed/Breeding Companies
Sir Thomas Knight 1807
Artificial Hybridization
Potato Blight Phytophthora infestans
1840’s
The Real Irish Potato Blight
Russia 30%
Poland 13%
Germany 12% France
6%
USA 4%
UK 4%
Other 31%
Potato harvested - 2006 Production by County
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
30%
19%
6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4%
Potato by County
200 a
400 cwt/a
80k cwt
24,000 a
475 cwt/a
9,975k cwt 81,000 a
447 cwt/a
36,210k cwt
232,500 a
357 cwt/a
82,650k cwt
Potato by County
Bingham - 20,200k cwt Power - 15,700k cwt Fremont - 10,600k cwt Bonneville - 9,930k cwt Madison - 9,560k cwt Jefferson - 9,100k cwt
Potato Morphology
Potato Morphology
Potato Morphology
Tuber Morphology
Maturation
Type Purpose Examples
Duel purpose Russets
French Fry and table stock
Russet Burbank, Gen Russet, Bannock Russet
Processing Russets French Fry Russet Ranger, Umatilla Russet.
Fresh Russets Table stock (mostly bakers)
Russet Norkotah, Russet Nugget
Duel purpose long whites
French Fry, dehydration
Alturas, Shepody
Fresh long whites Table stock White Rose, Ivory Rose
Round chipping whites
Potato chips Atlantic, Chipeta, FL-1533, Ivory Chip, Snowdon
Round fresh whites Table stock Katrina, Superior
Reds Table stock (boilers) IdaRose, Red Lasoda, Red Pontiac, Red Norland, Chieftain
Specialty Funny stuff Yellow flesh (Yukon Gold), purples.
Cultivation
Green Manure Crops
Brassica Green Manure
Oriental Mustard
Spring Wheat
Clonally propagated.
Tubers are swollen stems.
Tubers eyes are stem meristems.
Tubers transmit multiple viral and bacterial diseases.
Development of potato seed limited generation scheme.
Ring Rot
PVX
PLRV
PVY
Nuclear Stock Potato
Nuclear Stock Potato
Nuclear Stock Potato
Nuclear Stock Potato
Idaho crop Improvement Association.
A tag attached to a container (sack) of seed potatoes assures the growers/buyer that the contains meet quality standards.
Colors represent different grades of quality.
Disease Nuclear G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Well-defined mosaic
0 0 0.05 0.25 0.5 1.0
PLRV 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.2
Blackleg 0 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 -
Ring Rot 0 0 0 0 0 0
Root-Knot 0 0 0 0 0 0
Varietal mix 0 0 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2
Physiological Aging Chitting
Physiological Age
Treatment Spacing (inches)
Stems/ plant
Stems/ acre
2 oz - old 9 3.1 60.016
2 oz - aged 12 4.1 59,532
3 oz – old 12 3.9 56,628
3 oz – aged 15 5.1 59,160
4 oz – old 12 4.2 60,908
4 oz – aged 19 6.2 60,016
Seed Tuber Cutting Fungicide treatment
Seed piece spacing (inches)
Variety Fresh market
Processed Seed Tubers
Russet Burbank 8 - 10 8 – 10 6 – 7
Russet Norkotah 11 – 12 na 7 – 8
Shepody na 8 – 10 6 – 7
Atlantic 5 – 6 7 – 9 4 - 5
Red Lasoda 7 – 9 na 4 – 5
Planting
Planting
Fertility
Nitrogen: Plants turn light green., starts in older leaves.
Phosphorus: Plants are stunted and are darker green. Severe symptoms cause leaf blades to curl upwards and turn purplish.
Potassium: young leaves initially develop a glossy appearance. Severe symptoms can cause scorching of leaf margins.
Soil Test NO3
(1-12 inch) (ppm)
Potential Yield (cwt/acre)
300 400 500 600
----------------- lb N/acre ----------------
0 200 240 280 320
10 160 200 240 280
20 120 160 200 240
High Nitrogen Right Nitrogen
Soil Test P
(1-12 inch) (ppm)
% Free Lime
0 4 8 12
--------------- lb P2O5/acre --------------
0 320 360 400 440
20 0 40 80 120
30 0 0 0 0
Soil Test K
(1-12 inch) (ppm)
Potential Yield (cwt/acre)
300 400 500 600
--------------- lb K2O/acre --------------
50 450 500 550 600
100 250 300 350 400
150 50 100 150 200
Nutrient Use
Petiole Analyses
•Proper petiole sampling techniques are critical for determining potato nutrient status. •The fourth leaf is removed for analyses. •50 – 60 4th leaf samples should be taken per sample. •Leaflets are stripped and the petioles dried before shipping for analyses.
Nutrient Low Marginal Sufficient
Nitrate nitrogen, ppm
< 10,000 10,000 – 15,000
>15,000
Phosphorus, % < 0.17 0.17 – 0.22 > 0.22
Potasium, % < 7.0 7.0 – 8.0 > 8.0
Irrigation
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
< -3 < -3 to -1.5 -1.5 to 0 0 to 1.5 1.5 to 3 > 3
Under irrigation Over irrigation Optimum irrigation
Yield reduction.
Reduction in USDA #1. tubers, Size grade distribution.
Increased disease incidence.
Irregular plant growth:
Growth cracks.
Internal necrosis.
Hollow heart.
Sugar end rot.
Irregular growth, secondary growth.
Hollow Heart
Secondary Growth
Internal Necrosis
Growth Cracks
Pests & Diseases
May June August July
Economic threshold
Economic injury level
Spray
May June August July
Economic threshold
Economic injury level
Spray
May June August July
No Control
With Control
Pest/Crop Stage Pri
or
Cro
p
Betw
een
C
rop
s
Pre
-Pla
nti
ng
Pla
nti
ng
Em
erg
en
ce
Veg
eta
tiv
e
Gro
wth
Tu
ber
Gro
wth
Harv
est
Sto
rag
e
Weeds X X X X X X X X X
Nematodes X
Wireworm X
CPB X X X
Late Blight X X X X X
Early Blight X X X X
Aphids X X
Chemical Group Generic Name Examples
Benzimidazole Thiabendazole TBX®, Tops®, Topsin®
Bezamides Zoxamide Gavel®
Dicarboximides Iproione Rovral®
Phenylamides Mefanoxam Ridomil®, Ultraflourish®
Carboxamides Flutolanil Moncut®, Moncoat®
Phenylpyrroles Fludioxonil Maxim®
Carbarnate Propamocarb Previcur®
Dithiocarbarnate Mancozeb, Metiram, Maneb
Dithane®, Manzate®, Polyram®
Phthalimide Chlorothalonil Bravo®, Echo®, Terranil®
Cyclic-imide Captan Captan®
Cinnamic acid derivative Dimethomorph Acrobat®
Virus Management options
Bacterial ring rot (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. Seprdonicus)
Plant Certified Seed. If found, eliminate all potatoes on the farm. Clean and disinfect all machinary. No potato on the farm for at least 1 year. No seed potato production for ever.
Blackleg (Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica)
Plant Certified Seed. Do not wash seed. Avoid excess irrigation pre-emergence. Use whole (uncut) seed.
Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora )
Avoid brusing. Properly heal (cure) potatoes before storage. Store as cool as possible. Avoid moisture and maintain low humidity.
Common scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Avoid low soil moisture during tuber set. No chemical control available.
Ring Rot Blackleg
Bacterial soft rot Common Scab
Virus Management options
Dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum or Fusarium coeruleum)
Harvest only mature tubers with well developed skin. Avoid tuber damage. Use fungicide (TBZ or Mertect) to treat tubers. Heal harvested tubers at 50-55oF before cold storage.
Potato early dying (Verticilliumj dahliae)
Plant Certified Seed and resistant cultivars. Grow potato once in 5 years. Apply fungicides through irrigation system. Minimize plant stress.
Early blight (Alternaria solani)
Provide proper nutrient and irrigation. Use fungicides when needed. Avoid harvesting when haulm is green.
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Use certified seed. Use seed piece fungicide (Mancozeb, cymoxanil). Unitiate preventative fungicide program. If detected on tubers, increase storage temperature to completely dry tubers before storage. If >5% tuber symptems, don’t store.
Early dying Dry rot
Early blight
Late blight
Virus Management options
Rhyzoctonia, black scurf (Rizoctonia solani)
Use fungicide seed treatment. Plant into warm soils to encourage rapid emergence.
White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
Use long crop rotation. Avoid prolonged canopy wetness. Use chemical control when scouted.
Pink Rot (Phytophthora erythroseprica)
Avoid waterlogging and tuber damage. Use fungicide (mefanoxam) on seed and as foliar.
Pythium leak (Pythium spp.)
Avoid tuber wounds, do not harvest at high temperatures (>65oF).
Silver scruf (Helminthosporium solani)
Plant disease-free tubers. Use fungicide on seed pieces. Keep low humidity in storage.
Powdery scab (Spongospora spp)
Plant certified seed. Follow a 4-year rotation. Use russet cultivars.
Powdery scab
White mold
Pink rot
Rhizoctonia
Weeds
Broadleaves: nightshade (hairy & cutleaf); bindweed; knapweed; kochia; lambsquarter; mallow; wild mustard; pigweed; thistle (Canadian & Russian).
Grasses: Volunteer barley& wheat; wild oat; barnyardgrass; crabgrass; quackgrass.
Parasitic: Dodder.
Herbicides:
Broadleaf: Treflan; Sencor.
Grasses: Eptam; Prowl; Matrix; Poast; Dual Magnum.
Weeds
G palida
Eggs
G. rostochiensis
PCN Damage
Potato Root Knot Nematode
Aphids
TRV
PVX
PLRV
PVY
Virus Management options
Potato virus X (PVX) Plant Certified Seed
Potato mosaic virus (PVY, PVA)
Plant Certified Seed
Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)
Plant Certified Seed. Use systemic insecticide at planting, use aphicides if needed.
Corky Ringspot virus(TRV)
Plant Certified Seed. Use soil fumigant to control stubby root nematodes (vector)
Colorado Potato Beetle
Seed treatment: Chloro-nicotinyl - Cruiser, Gaucho, Genesis
In-furrow/at planting: Carbamate - Temik, Vydate
Foliar: Biological – B. thuringensis
Carbamate – Furidan, Sevin
Chloro-nicitinyl –Admire, Asail, Provado
Pyrethroid – Leverage
Cyclodiene – Thiodan, Phaser.
Organophosphate – Aztec, Diazinon, Di-Syston, Lorsban, Mocap, Imidan.
Pyridine - Fulfill
Harvest
Maturation Windrow
Harvest Haul
Good maturation and seed set before harvest.
Avoid tuber damage:
Appropriate soil moisture to move windrows and harvesters without excessive dirt clods.
Avoid tuber dehydration.
Avoid ‘sharp’ points of harvesters and elevators.
Reduce tuber dropping and impact bruising.
Harvest temperatures when tuber pulp is between 50 and 60oF.
Storage
Sufficiently strong lateral structure to support weight of the potato pile.
Adaquate insolation and moisture barrier.
Air circulation to supply air through the potato pile.
Moisture/humidity control.
Temperature control (raise and lower).
Multiple sensors and controllers to allow maintenance of automaticoptimum storage condition.
Quality
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Tubers freeze
Increased sugar buildup
Seed tuber storage
Processing storage
Chipping storage
Reconditioning to reduce sugars or for sprouting
Too cold
Susceptible to bruise when handling
Minimum respiration
Suberization and wound healing
oF
Alfalfa
