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POTENTIAL OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN IMPROVING SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN THE MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WAN AKMAL IRSYAD BIN WAN GHAZALI A project report submitted in partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Master of Science in Construction Technology Management Faculty of Technology Management and Business Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia FEBRUARY 2016
Transcript

POTENTIAL OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN IMPROVING

SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN THE MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

WAN AKMAL IRSYAD BIN WAN GHAZALI

A project report submitted in partial

Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

Master of Science in Construction Technology Management

Faculty of Technology Management and Business

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

FEBRUARY 2016

iii

DEDICATION

For Allah the only God, for my beloved parents, family,

and my friends.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, The Most Merciful. The completion of this study was not

possible without HIS blessings. Thank you for guiding me all the way around this

time. This research also would not be completed without help, support and

contribution of many people. My appreciation and sincere thanks I bid to my

supervisor, Dr. Aryani Binti Ahmad Latiffi for her direction, advice and support

throughout this study. Her understanding and personal guidance have provided a

good basis for this research. Her detailed and constructive comments along with her

professionalism motivate me to withstand throughout the journey of this study.

I would also like to express sincere gratitude for my father, Wan Ghazali Bin

Wan Bakar, for his kind support and motivations during the period of completing

this journey. Not forgetting my mother, Rohana Binti Md Rus, who have always be

patient with me during this period. They have understood me so much and they

sacrifice their time with me especially when I am not at home even on holidays in

order to finish this study. Without their prayers and advices, I would not be where I

am today.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the respondents who have

participated in this research by providing highly valuable insight, information and

time. Their interest and opinion are valuable. Without them, this research is not

possible.

Many thanks also given to my colleagues whom have supported me through

rise and falls during this study. Their motivational words often bring me up even

when I stumbled along this journey.

This research would not have been completed without the help of many

including the writings of others, who are acknowledged within the reference section.

May Allah bless your kindness. Thank you.

v

ABSTRACT

The construction industry is one of the hazardous industries. The scenario makes the

safety research in industry is very important. BIM is a 3-Dimensional (3D) object

database that can be easily visualised, has rich data and structured information. To

improve safety in the construction industry, BIM is used to detect and alert

construction members to potential project hazard. This research discusses the

improvement of safety management in the Malaysian construction industry through

BIM implementation and to promote BIM implementation in safety management

among construction player in Malaysia. Literature review was carried out to

discover BIM implementation in safety management of the construction industry.

Six (6) semi structured interviews have been done toward the construction players

such as client, contractor and BIM consultants that have experience in practicing

BIM in construction projects in Malaysia. All data obtained from the semi-structured

interviews were analysed using content analysis technique. The interview revealed

that BIM have seven (7) advantage which are improvising 2D drafting, change

management, convenience use of data, improve coordination, improve accuracy and

efficiency, facilities management and enhance safety. However according to

respondents, there are six (6) disadvantages in BIM implementation such as cost of

BIM tools, cost of training, compatibility between software platforms, licensing

issues, control of data entry and the adoption rate from 2D CAD to BIM. In safety

aspect, there five (5) areas which BIM can help to improve which are excavation

risk management plan, crane management plan, fall protection plan, emergency

response plan, logistic planning of construction site, regular maintenance and

forensic Investigation. The findings from the interviews provided clear evidence of

the potential of improvement of safety management through BIM implementation.

There are three (3) methods to increase the use of BIM for safety management in

malaysian construction industry such as government role, clear guidelines, standards

and technical codes and education and Thus, the research could encourage BIM

implementation in safety management in the Malaysian construction industry.

vi

ABSTRAK

Industri pembinaan merupakan salah satu industri yang berbahaya. Senario ini

menjadikan penyelidikan keselamatan dalam industri adalah sangat penting. . BIM

adalah 3-Dimensi (3D) objek yang mempunyai pangkalan data yang boleh dilihat

dengan mudah, mempunyai data yang kaya dan maklumat yang berstruktur. Untuk

meningkatkan keselamatan dalam industri ini, BIM digunakan untuk mengesan dan

memberi amaran kepada ahli pembinaan jika terdapat potensi bahaya di tapak

pembinaan projek Kajian ini membincangkan potensi BIM dalam meningkatkan

pengurusan keselamatan dalam industri pembinaan Malaysia dan mencadangkan

kaedah untuk menggalakkan penggunaan BIM dalam pembinaan pengurusan

keselamatan di kalangan peserta di Malaysia. Tinjauan literatur dijalankan untuk

mengenal pasti pelaksanaan BIM dalam pengurusan keselamatan. Enam (6) temu

bual separa berstruktur telah dilakukan ke arah ahli pembinaan seperti pelanggan,

kontraktor dan perunding BIM yang mempunyai pengalaman dalam mengamalkan

projek BIM di dalam industri pembinaan di Malaysia.. Semua data yang diperolehi

daripada temu bual dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kandungan. Hasil

penemuan daripada temu bual memberikan bukti yang jelas tentang potensi

peningkatan pengurusan keselamatan melalui pelaksanaan BIM itu. Temu bual telah

mendedahkan bahawa BIM memberi kelebihan kepada projek pembinaan antaranya

ialah memperbaiki draft 2D, pengurusan perubahan, kemudahan penggunaan data,

meningkatkan penyelarasan, meningkatkan ketepatan dan kecekapan, pengurusan

faciliti dan meningkatkan keselamatan. Walau bagaimanapun menurut responden,

terdapat enam (6) kelemahan dalam pelaksanaan BIM seperti kos peralatan BIM, kos

latihan, keserasian antara platform perisian, isu-isu pelesenan, kawalan kemasukan

data dan kadar penggunaan dari 2D CAD kepada BIM. Dalam aspek keselamatan,

terdapat lima (5) perkara yang BIM boleh membantu untuk memperbaiki yang

penggalian pelan pengurusan risiko, pelan pengurusan kren, pelan perlindungan

terjatuh, pelan tindakan kecemasan, perancangan logistik tapak pembinaan,

penyelenggaraan berkala dan siasatan forensik. Hasil penemuan daripada temubual

memberikan bukti yang jelas tentang potensi peningkatan pengurusan keselamatan

melalui pelaksanaan BIM. Terdapat tiga (3) kaedah untuk meningkatkan penggunaan

BIM untuk pengurusan keselamatan dalam industri pembinaan malaysia seperti

vii

peranan kerajaan, garis panduan yang jelas, standard dan kod teknik dan pendidikan

dan Oleh itu, kajian ini boleh menggalakkan pelaksanaan BIM dalam pengurusan

keselamatan dalam pembinaan Malaysia industri.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Research Background 5

1.3 Problem Statement 6

1.4 Research Questions 8

1.5 Research Objectives 9

1.6 Research Scope 9

1.7 Significance of Research 10

1.8 Research Methodology 11

1.9 Conclusion

ix

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Definition of BIM 14

2.3 BIM Tools 16

2.3.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture 17

2.3. 2 Autodesk Revit Structure 18

2.3.3 Autodesk Revit MEP 19

2.3. 4 Autodesk Navisworks 19

2.3.5 Exactal Cost-X 20

2.4 Advantages of BIM Application 20

2.4.1 Improving 2-Dimensional(2D) Drafting 21

2.4.2 Change Management 21

2.4.3 Convenience Use of Data 22

2.4.4 Improving Coordination of Project Team

Members 23

2.4.5 Improving Accuracy and Efficiency of Project

Team Performance 23

2.4.6 Facilities Management (FM) 24

2.4.7 Enhance Safety 24

2.4.8 Waste Minimization 25

2.5 Disadvantages of BIM Application 25

2.5.1 Cost of BIM Tools 26

2.5.2 Cost of Training The Construction Player in

Adopting BIM tools 26

2.5.3 Compatibility Between BIM Tools Platform 27

2.5.4 Licensing Issues of Data Contribution 27

2.5.5 Control of Data Entry 28

2.5.6 Adoption Rate from 2D CAD to BIM 28

2.6 The Role of Construction Members 28

2.6.1 Client 29

2.6.2 BIM Consultant 29

2.6.3 Contractors 30

2.7 Safety Management Issues In Construction Industry 31

x

2.8 BIM Implementation in Safety Management 34

2.8.1 Excavation Risk Management Plan 36

2.8.2 Crane Management Plan 37

2.8.3 Fall Protection Plan 38

2.8.4 Emergency Response Plan 41

2.9 Strategies to Encourage BIM Implementation in 44

Construction Project

2.9.1 Goverment Encouragement To Implement BIM 44

2.9.2 Clear Guidelines, Standards and Technical Codes 45

2.9.3 Education 45

2.10 Conclusion 46

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Research Approach 47

3.2.1 Population and Sampling 48

3.3 Research Method And Instrument 49

3.3.1 Interview 49

3.3.1.1 Semi Structured Interview 50

3.3.1.2 Qualitative Survey Method 52

3.3.2 Pilot Study 53

3.7 Data Analysis 55

3.8 Summary 56

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Objectives of Interviews 57

4.3 Discussion on Data from Interviewers 58

4.4 Respondent’s Background 58

4.5 Current Practices of BIM in Construction Projects 60

4.5.1 Understanding on BIM 61

4.5.2 Usage of BIM in Construction Projects 63

4.5.3 The transition made by company in

adopting BIM 67

4.6 BIM Effects to Construction Projects 72

xi

4.6.1 BIM Tools Used in Construction Project 72

4.6.2 The Responsbilities of each party on BIM 75

implementation in construction projects

4.7 BIM effect to construction projects 79

4.7.1 Advantage of BIM Implementation 81

4.7.1.1 Improvising 2D drafting 81

4.7.1.2 Change Management 83

4.7.1.3 Convenience Use of Data 84

4.7.1.4 Improve coordination 86

4.7.1.5 Improve Accuracy and Efficiency 87

4.7.1.6 Facilities Management 89

4.7.1.7 Enhance Safety 90

4.7.1.8 Waste Minimization 92

4.7.2 Disadvantages of BIM implementation 93

4.7.2.1 Cost of BIM Tools 93

4.7. 2.2 Cost of Training 95

4.7.2.3 Compatibility between 96

Tools Platforms

4.7.2.4 Licensing Issues 98

4.7.2.5 Control of Data Entry 100

4.6.3.2.6 Adoption Rate from

2DCAD to BIM 103

4.8 Potential of BIM in Improving Safety Management

in Construction Projects 104

4.8.1 Current Safety Practices at construction site 105

4.8.2 BIM Usage in safety management in

construction project 109

4.8.2.1 Excavation Risk Management

Plan 109

4.8.2.2 Crane Management Plan 111

4.8.2.3 Fall Protection Plan 113

4.8.2.4 Emergency Response Plan 115

4.8.2.5 Logistic Plan Construction Site 117

4.8.2.6 Regular Maintenance 119

xii

4.8.2.7 Forensic Investigation 119

4.8.3 The Differences between Project Using BIM

and Project without Using BIM 122

4.9 Potential Improvement of BIM for

Safety Management in Construction Projects 131

4.9.1 Factors influencing the implementation of

BIM in Safety Management in Malaysian

construction Industry 131

4.9.2 Methods to Increase The Usage of BIM for

Safety Management in Malaysian

Construction Industry 134

4.9.2.1 Government Role to Encourage

BIM Implementation In safety

Management 134

4.9.2.2 Clear Guidelines, Standards and

Technical Codes 136

4.9.2.3 Education and Training 138

4.10 Summary 139

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 140

5.2 Research Overview 140

5.2.1 Objective 1: To identify the improvement

of safety management in the Malaysian

construction industry through

BIM implementation 141

5.2.2 Objective 2: To promote BIM

implementation in safety management

among construction players in Malaysia 142

5.3 Limitations of Research 143

5.31 Limited Respondents 143

5.3.2 Limited Research 143

xiii

5.4 Recommendations for Future Research 143

5.5 Conclusion 144

REFERENCES 146

APPENDIX

VITA

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Definition of BIM throughout the World 15

3.1 Respondents Feedback on Interview Questions 54

4.1 Respondents’ background 59

4.2 Definition of BIM 61

4.3 Usage of BIM in construction Project 63

4.4 The transition made by company on ‘human’ factor 67

4.5 The transition made by technology factor 70

4.6 BIM tools used in construction project 73

4.7 summary of the BIM tools used by respondents 74

4.8 The responsibilities of Client on project using BIM 75

4.9 The responsibilities of BIM consultant on project using BIM 77

4.10 The responsibilities of contractor on project using BIM 78

4.11 BIM effect to the Construction Project 80

4.12 BIM effect in reducing Safety Issues 121

4.13 The differences in element of time between project using BIM

and project without using BIM 122

4.14 The differences in element of cost between project using BIM

and project without using BIM 125

4.15 The differences in element of quality between project using BIM

and project without using BIM 127

4.16 The differences in element of safety between project using BIM

and project without Using BIM 129

5.1 Potential Improvement Recommended by Respondents 144

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Employees Accident by Sector for Death, Non Permanent 2

Disability and Permanent Disability until June 2014

1.2 Flow Chart of Research Methodology 11

2.1 BIM tools Suggested by Malaysian Public Work

Department 17

2.2 A Comparison Between Traditional and BIM Process 23

2.3 Causes of Construction Accidents in year 2000-2004 32

2.4 Screenshots of 4D Excavation Simulations 36

Depicting Installation of Sheet Piles And Utility Pipes

2.5 The Crane Work Zone And Steel Truss Placement 37

By The Crane Management Plan

2.6 Modelling of Railing System For Fall Protection 39

Against Leading Edges

2.7 Roof Construction Simulations 39

2.8 BIM Screenshots Illustrating a 4D Model of a 40

Virtual Wall Assembly Mock-up.

2.9 Emergency Response Plan 42

2.10 BIM during pre-planning on the renovation project 43

3.1 Procedure of Interview Protocol 51

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

% - Percentage

2D - 2-dimesional

3D - 3-dimesional

4D - 4-dimesional

5D - 5-dimesional

6D - 6-dimesional

7D - 7-dimesional

n-D - n-dimesional

AEC - Architectures, Engineering and Contractors

BIM - Building Information Modelling

CAD - Computer Aided Design

CIDB - Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia

FM - Facility Manager

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

ICT - Information Communication Technology

IT - Information Technology

M&E - Mechanical and Electrical

NCI - National Cancer Institute at Putrajaya

PAM - Malaysian Institute of Architects

UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

USA - United States of America

UK - United Kingdom

xvii

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE

A Interview Question

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

1.1 Introduction

Construction is one of the emerging industries in the world. It involves many

activities from the interpretation of ideas into drawings and plans and to the

contractor selection stage, and through the physical construction phase of the project

when the project is completed and turned over to the owner. According to Anderson

et al., (2006), the construction stages are divided into three main sections, simply

described as pre-construction, construction and post construction. The complex and

dynamic nature of the construction industry and its on-site work patterns is widely

recognised. This separates it from the manufacturing industry, which are mostly

stationary fabrication settings. Safety planning in an unstructured construction

environment is thus more challenging (Zhang et al., 2013). Significant time and

economic resources are lost when workers are injured on the jobsite. Some

practitioners even claim that construction sites are often under-resourced and under-

planned when it comes to safety planning (Charehzehi, and Ahandkoob, 2012).

2

Figure 1.1 : Employees Accident by Sector for Death, Non Permanent Disability and

Permanent Disability until June 2014 (Source : DOSH, 2014)

Figure 1.1 shows the statistic of occupational accidents by sectors in

Malaysia from January 2014 until June 2014 from Department of Safety and Health

(DOSH) Malaysia.Construction process gave effects in rising number of safety and

health management problems. When safety issues arise, it will enhance the chance

for a project to delay and lowering the project final product’s quality. In accordance

with a statistic from DOSH (2014) from January until June 2014, the three (3) most

dangerous industries that lead to occupational accidents are manufacturing,

agriculture and construction. The manufacturing industry in Malaysia lead the other

industries in aspect of occupational accidents with a total cases of 964 cases

including 24 cases of death, 866 cases of non-permanent disability and 74 cases of

permanent disability. The second most dangerous industry in Malaysia is agriculture,

forestry, logging and fishing. There are total of 224 cases including 22 death cases,

198 non-permanent disability cases and 4 permanent disability cases. Meanwhile,

construction industry is in the third place with a total of 85 cases including 35 cases

3

of death, 48 cases of non-permanent disability and two (2) cases of permanent

disability. According to DOSH (2014), most fatal accidents occur due to falling from

height and struck by falling objects. Furthermore, from the observation by DOSH,

the factors that contributed to the accidents are because of no safe work procedure

working at height and no appropriate supervision by the site management team.

According to Puerto & Clevenger (2011), such accidents highlight the fact that

personal protective equipment is, generally, an imperfect and last resort to protect

workers from work and health hazards, since its effectiveness depends on its

adequate use by the employee. In addition, Puerto & Clevenger (2011) also states

that the need for personal protective equipment can be reduce through better design

solutions provides a higher level of protection to all workers by providing protection

independent of worker action.

Recently, technology advancement gives birth of a new era in the

construction industry worldwide. With the advancement of Information

Communication and Technology (ICT) nowadays, all construction information is

digitised; the architectural plans, structural plans are drawn using computer (Azhar,

Hein & Sketo, 2011). The positive explosion of ICT usage in the industry is widely

spread. One of the ICT that can be apply to the construction industry is through

Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM provides a powerful new platform for

developing and implementing “design-for-safety” tools and methods to facilitate both

engineering and administrative controls during design and construction (Puerto &

Clevenger,2011).

Definitions of BIM are differ throughout the world. For instance Azhar ,

Hein and Sketo (2011) state that BIM represents the process of development and use

of a computer generated model to simulate the planning, design, construction and

operation of a facility, from which views and data appropriate to various users needs

can be used to improve the process of delivering the facility

Currently, BIM has been implemented in many countries such as the United

Kingdom (UK), Australia, Hong Kong, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Singapore

(Furneaux and Kivit, 2008; Mohd and Latiffi, 2013). In 2010, 36% of the Western

European industry participants were adopting BIM. This can be compared to the 49%

adoption rate in North America (McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010). In Malaysia, the

idea to implement BIM was introduced in 2007 by the Director of Public Works

Department (Mohd and Latiffi, 2013).

4

In Malaysia, BIM mainly utilise to reduce construction cost and avoid design

problems in planning phase. BIM was brought in the industry as the sign of

government’s awareness of the potential of BIM. Moreover, BIM also has been seen

as a concerted action to ensure collaboration between construction players such as

architects, engineers, project managers and contractors (JKR, 2013). However BIM

is not widely used in Malaysia due to lacking support received from the management

as they did not realise the benefits and the importance of BIM in construction

projects, CIDB (2011). The implementation of BIM in Malaysia is often involves

more on the process design. Malaysian government encourages construction players

to apply BIM to construction projects because it can overcome construction project

problems such as delay, clash of design by different professionals and construction

cost overrun (Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013).

Nowadays, there has been considerable interest in improving worksite safety

through safer design and work method statements using BIM (Chi et al., 2012). A

building information model allows constructors to visually assess jobsite conditions

and recognise hazards (Azhar et al., 2012). Thus, with the progress in the field of

information technology (IT), BIM can be applied to construction activities to reduce

the problem faced in the industry. Current researches and industry practice provide

example of successful use of BIM for clash detention and circulation analysis. It

allows virtual safety controls which can be used to detect and alert designer and

contractors to potential project hazards (Puerto & Clevenger, 2012).

With the approach on BIM, it allows features such as information sharing

within an interface by many parties. In addition by Sulankivi et al., (2012) the

utilisation of BIM technologies can result in improved occupational safety by

connecting the safety issues more closely to construction planning, providing more

illustrative site layout and safety plans, providing methods for managing and

visualising up-to-date plans and site status information, as well as by supporting

safety communication in various situations, such as informing site staff about making

safety arrangements in response to a particular risk or warning about various risks.

The use of BIM also encourages other project partners to involve in both risk

assessment and planning (Sulankivi et al., 2012).

Therefore, a research on the potential of BIM in safety management aspect in

the Malaysian construction Industry is needed to help the industry in finding an

alternative of safety practices applicable in industry.

5

1.2 Research Background

Nowadays, construction industry is one of the biggest industries expanding in the

world parallel to the improvement of technology The construction industry

undoubtedly plays a significant role in the development process of a country

contributing towards employment and economic growth. However, construction

industry has proven to be a highly hazardous industry due to its fatality rates despite

recognition on good safety cultures (Abdullah & Wern, 2011). Besides the rapid

activities in the industry, there is a lot of problems arises including accidents in

which the construction site lead to injuries and even fatal (Hanapi et al., 2013).

According to (Charehzehi and Ahandkoob, 2012) those who spend their

working lives on construction sites have a higher probability which is about 1 in 300

chance of being killed at work. (Charehzehi and Ahandkoob, 2012) stated that over

the years the construction industry has had among the highest rates of reported work-

related deaths and injuries.

The high accident frequency is still globally a real safety challenge in the

building construction sector. When compared with other industries the construction

jobs are infamous for being the most dangerous occupation. According to the USA

based Occupational Health Administration (OSHA) 31 per cent of all work-place

fatalities occur in the construction industry. This frequency in figures meant 9,5

fatalities per 10,000 construction workers in Europe in 2006 and 11 fatalities per

100,000 workers in USA in 2007 (Kiviniemi et al., 2011).

In year 2014, Department of Safety And Health of Malaysia recorded a total

of 85 cases including 35 cases of death, 48 cases of non-permanent disability and 2

cases of permanent disability until June 2014 (DOSH, 2014).

Designers have held responsible in conventional safety practices for safety of

end –users and considered constructors responsible for safety of construction

workers. Taiebat (2011) states that, the construction industry is on the top list of

hazardous industries which justified the importance of safety research in industry.

According to Puerto & Clevenger (2012), accidents in workplace can be avoided by

improving engineering, administrations controls, and improve safety training.

One of the important aspects in safety planning is to properly understand hazard

before they occur. Construction players such as project managers, safety officer,

6

safety engineer and architect are allowed to assess jobsite conditions visually while

recognising hazards through a BIM application, this will give them enough time to

develop hazard precaution plans.

BIM also called n-D Modelling or Virtual Prototyping Technology is a

revolutionary development that is quickly reshaping the Architecture-Engineering-

Construction (AEC) industry (Azhar et al., 2012). In addition, Azhar et al., (2012)

states that the technology component of BIM helps project stakeholders to visualise

what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design,

construction or operational issues. Referring to Behringer and Azhar (2012),

occupational safety will be improved by connecting safety issues more intimate to

construction planning by the use of BIM.

1.3 Problem Statement

In the future, the construction industry would be challenged by increasingly difficult

and complex problems in both engineering and management. According to Hsiao et

al., (2006), construction industry is a high risk industry because there is a high risk of

accident occurrence.

Construction stages involve many risks. The safety measures in a project

especially in Malaysia are arguable. Safety received a great concern of participants

but environment of industry is proven as an unsafe place to work. The extensive

references of fatality studies in construction showed that high rates of fatalities are

reported for the construction industry.

In Malaysia, there are many safety standards that should be follow by the

construction players in order to ensure the safe environments during the construction

project stages and also at the construction site. Department of Safety and Health

(DOSH) Malaysia (2014) has prepared several guidelines, acts, regulations, order

and codes of practices for the Malaysian construction industry such as factories and

machinery act (amendment) (2006), occupational safety and health act 1994 (act

514), regulations under occupational safety and health act 1994 (act 514) and

guidelines under building construction and engineering work.

7

The main objectives of the guidelines, acts, regulations order and codes are

practices are to ensure there are sufficient safety precautions are taken during the

construction works to avoid any accidents and harm due to the hazardous activity of

construction project (DOSH, 2014). Preparation of safety equipments such as safety

boots, safety helmets and scaffoldings for work in high places are examples that was

subjected in the guidelines, acts, regulations order and codes are practices required

by DOSH.

An independent method to assess and evaluate the safety and health

performance of a contractor in construction projects were design. This method is

called Safety And Health Assessment System in Construction (SHASSIC).

According to Ramuseren (2009), SHASSIC is intended to complement the normal

contractual requirement and specification in a project.

It is not intended to be used independently as working requirement and

specification. Unless specified in the project contract, safety and health designated

person should not use SHASSIC to decide if the project site or parts of the project

site are in accordance with requirement of the relevant Acts and Regulations or OSH

Management System (Ramuseren, 2009). It is still the responsibility of the contractor

to ensure that safety and health of construction site conforms to legislations

requirement, approved standards, code of practice, guidelines, specifications and

contractual requirements (Ramuseren, 2009). Despite the measures taken by the

government bodies such as DOSH and CIDB, accidents in construction sites is still

in worrisome and alternatives prevention method of the potential hazards should be

identify

According to Puerto & Clevenger (2011), 3D visualisation and analyses is

one of the important aspects that play a critical part in improving safety. For example

BIM enabled safety controls can be used to detect and alert designers and contractors

to potential project hazard. By using BIM in safety management, the project can

increase the quality of projects. BIM is useful in assisting construction players to

construct small or high—risk projects successfully (Furneaux & Kivit, 2008).

BIM can enhance construction site safety (Puerto and Clavenger, 2011).

According to Azhar et al., (2011), architects, contractors and engineers were helped

by BIM to visualise what is to be built in simulated environment while recognising

potential design, construction or operational problems.

8

In Malaysia, BIM was only initiated late in 2007 based on report by PWD

(2007). According to Ahmad Latiffi et al., (2013) BIM in Malaysia is often involves

more on design. Malaysian government gives encouragement to the construction

players to implement BIM because it can overcome construction problems such as

delay, clash of design and construction cost overrun (Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013).

Lack of literature findings on implementation of BIM in safety management aspect

in Malaysian construction industry indicates that there are lack of awareness and

knowledge of construction players in Malaysia about the potential of BIM in safety

management aspects.

Therefore, this research is made in order to study on potential of BIM

towards safety management aspects in the Malaysian construction industry and to

suggest the ways to promote BIM usage in reducing safety issues among

construction players in Malaysia.

1.4 Research Questions

To study on the potential of BIM in reducing safety and health management issues in

Malaysian construction industry, two questions were presented in this research. Thus,

the research questions are as follows:

1) How BIM can improve safety management in the Malaysian construction

industry?

2) What are the ways to promote BIM implementation in safety management

among construction players in Malaysia?

9

1.5 Research Objectives

This research is to study on the potential of BIM in reducing safety and health

management issues in Malaysian construction industry. Thus, the research objectives

are as follows:

1) To identify the improvement of safety management in the Malaysian

construction industry through BIM implementation.

2) To promote BIM implementation in safety management among construction

players in Malaysia.

1.6 Research Scope

This research focuses on construction players whom have practiced BIM and are

practicing BIM in construction projects in Malaysia. Specifically, the construction

players that have involved in this research are clients, contractors and BIM

consultants. Client was chosen because they are the owner of the project, and they

have the information regarding the project and safety practices in the project.

Contractor was chosen because they understand the most about implementation of

safety measure in the construction site. Contractors also were chosen because they

have their own safety officer and safety engineer in every construction site which is

required by Department of Safety and Health Malaysia. Therefore contractor will

realise more about how safety and health management was applied in Malaysian

construction industry. BIM consultants were chosen as they were well trained and

knowledgeable about BIM design and BIM usage. They have the ability to detect the

benefits and the problems by implementing BIM moreover in aspect of safety and

health management.

10

1.7 Significance of Research

In the pre-contruction stage, the construction players of the can gain benefit by this

research in aspect of planning the design base on 4D models with respect to the

safety. From this research, they will realise the importance of having a good safety

management planning by 4D modelling to avoid unwanted incidents in the

construction phase.

This research is expected to help contractors to determine the safety issues

arose in the construction industry. Contractors have to play it roles in controlling or

minimising the hazards by using BIM. Labours, site supervisor and engineers at the

site also gain benefit from this research as their life at the workplace is safer due to

the application of BIM. The labours were informed by the management at the site if

there are any particular hazards on their activities during that time. Therefore, the

labours work in a safe and confident environment and it increase their production

level.

In post construction stage, the management level are be able to reduce the

safety issues compared to the project that do not utilise BIM their project. By

reducing the safety issues, top management also can reduce the money that allocated

for the medical bills and compensation to the construction players if any safety

problems arise. The increment in productivity lead to a time efficient and it also

benefit to client. Client always ask for a project to finish on schedule or earlier than

that. Therefore, client gain a lot of benefit from this research in aspect of cost and

time. This research also explains the steps to encourage the applications of BIM

among construction players in Malaysia. Through this research, construction players

can use it as a stepping stone to take the first steps towards applying BIM in their

projects.

11

1.8 Research Methodology

Research methodology is an approach to review and to control research process

(Fellows and Liu, 2009). Figure 1.2 shows research methodology process for this

research in order to achieve the research’s aim and objectives.

Figure 1.2: Flow Chart Of Research Methodology

Based on figure 1.2, during the planning phase, the researcher has read the

background of construction industry and safety management aspect in construction

industry, After that, the researcher came with several title that is suitable to achieve

the objective of Master Project. From the several title, the researcher then made a

selection of topic based on safety management in construction industry. The research

Data

Collection:

Interview

Identification

of objectives

• Reading the background.

• Find a suitable title.

• Make a selection of topics.

• Production of an initial draft.

• Recruiting definition.

Qualitative data:

• Semi- Structured Interview with the

construction industry players.

Data Analysis

• The results of research.

• Analyze the data using content data

analysis.

• Report the results of the analysis.

Data

Collection:

Literature

Review

• Secondary Data

• Find Facts and accurate information related

• Books, journals, report, & internet

• Recommendations and suggestions

referrals from past studies.

Conclusion and

Recommendation

Conclusion was made based on the analysis

of the research objectives.

Recommendation made for future research

12

which is on the potential of BIM in safety management aspect in Malaysian

construction industry was selected. The researcher has produced an initial draft and

found the definition of the research.

Next, in the literature review process, the researcher found the facts and

accurate secondary data related to the potential of BIM in safety management aspect

in Malaysian construction industry that was selected through books, journals,

reports, thesis, magazines and the internet. The aim is to provide in-depth

knowledge of the research which were conducted in order for the research to run

smoothly.

After that, the method based on the scope of the research was determined.

The research methodology determined must meet the objectives of the research that

has been fixed from the start of the research. In the data collection stage, primary

data were obtained through the semi-structured interview with the construction

players which were using qualitative survey method. The first advantage is a

researcher may face respondents and this allows both sides to explore the meaning of

the question and responses involved (Patton, 2002). Any misunderstandings between

researchers and respondents can be checked and corrected immediately and this

affect the credibility of studies (Othman, 2006). Other advantages of interview

method is when excess input from respondents and if they are mistaken, or did not

understand the question, the data obtain from respondents can be separated (Patton,

2002). After the data were obtained, the the analysis stage take place.

The data were analised using content analysis. The result of the analysis

were reported and the recomendation were presented for the benefits of the future

research.

Next, conclusion was made based on the analysis of the research objectives.

Besides, reccomendations were made for future research and also in order to

promote a agreater BIM implementation in improving safety management in

Malaysian construction industry.

13

1.9 Summary

This research was made to study the potential of BIM in safety management in

Malaysian construction industry This research also developed ways to promote BIM

usage in reducing the safety issues among construction players in Malaysia. The

safety and health management are one of the concerns in the Malaysian construction

industry. Based on previous study, BIM can help in safety and health management

however in Malaysia, the implementation of BIM is more focus on design to reduce

construction cost and avoid design problems in planning phase. This research

focused on client, contractor and BIM consultant as well as high-rise building. Usage

of BIM in a project will help the project to reduce its safety issues and therefore can

increase the productivity in the sector. As the Malaysian construction industry are

lacking the relevant data about the potential of BIM in safety management aspect,

this research can contribute towards achieving an even better practice in the

Malaysian construction industry.

Next chapter focused on literature review related to BIM in safety

management in the Malaysian construction industry.

14

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter contains discussion on BIM in the safety management aspects in

construction industry. This chapter aim is to explore on potential of BIM in

improving safety management in Malaysian construction industry.

2.2 Definition of BIM

The BIM definition depending on how the past researcher has used the BIM. Some

of the researchers may have implemented BIM in the field to increase the integration

of communication. Therefore, BIM is viewed by the researcher from the perception

on the field of communication. Some researcher may implemented BIM to increase

safety and other aspects such as scheduling, visualising and modelling. For better

understanding of BIM, the basic definition of understanding of BIM should be

understood. Table 2.1 show the definition of BIM.

15

Table 2.1 : Definitions of BIM

No Year Author Definition

1 2008 Sabol A complete 3D digital representation of a building system or

subsystem, which is both a visually accurate model of a building and a

database for recording the breadth of information developed and

associated with building components.

2 2009 Words And Images Use of a 3D building model to analyse the designed building’s energy

efficiency by running “what if” scenarios to determine the best of

several potential solutions. The software can automatically take off all

items contained in the model and that way produce an impressively

precise estimate.

3 2009 Thomsen A technology for collaboration, an integration tool for the fragmented

and specialised building industry which allows building to be build

virtually, before building physically, uncovering problems of

sequence, interference and constructability of the building

4 2011 NBS BIM Rich information model consisting of potentially multiple data

sources, elements of which can be shared across all stakeholders

and be maintained across the life of a building from early inception

to post-construction stages.

5 2011 NBS BIM The process of creating and using electronic data models of

buildings to facilitate a co-ordinated understanding of a broad

range of real world building issues, both as a design or

specification tool and as an analytical tool for achieving statutory

approvals or client driven performance requirements.

6 2011 Shourangiz et al., An IT enabled approach that involves applying and maintaining an

integral digital representation of all building information for different

phases of the project life cycle in the form of a data repository.

7 2011 Rajendran And

Clarke

The development and use of a computer software model to

simulate the construction and operation of a facility

8 2012 Azhar et al., A virtual process that encompasses all aspects, disciplines, and

systems of a facility within a single, virtual model, allowing all

team members (owners, architects, engineers, contractors,

subcontractors and suppliers) to collaborate more accurately and

efficiently than traditional processes.

9 2012 Arayici, Egbu &

Coates

The utilisation of a database infrastructure to encapsulate built

facilities with specific viewpoints of stakeholders

16

Table 2.1 : Definitions of BIM throughout the world (continued)

10 2012 Building Smart

Australasia

A 3D object database that can be easily visualised, has rich data

and structured information. BIM is a process of representing

building and infrastructure over its whole life cycle from

planning, design, construction, operations, maintenance and

recycling.

11 2012 HM Government A collaborative way of working, underpinned by the digital

technologies, which unlock more efficient methods of

designing, creating and maintaining the assets. It embeds key

products and asset data and a 3D computer model that can be

used for effective management of information throughout a

project lifecycle- from earliest concept through to operation.

For this research, the definition of BIM were refered in context of manipulating BIM

to analyse “what if” scenarios to determine the best of several potential solutions

especially in aspects of safety purpose in the construction industry as mentioned in

the definition of BIM by The Foundation of Wall And Ceiling Industry Therefore,

the definition of BIM is not rigid to one particular means but it differs through the

globe.

2.3 BIM Tools

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is not particular software, it is a system of

process. Communication reliability can be seen through BIM process in defining a

project team, identifying the key processes and dependencies throughout a project,

assigning roles and assigning responsibilities to each project team (MSC, 2013).

BIM tools have been introduced in many types and functions. Among the

tools are Revit, Tekla, Bentley, Autodesk, Vico and Cost X. Each tool has its own

functions, and they are each used to manage different activities in construction

projects (Cream, 2012).The selection of BIM tools is based on four (4) features,

which are communication reliability, accuracy, usability and reliability of data

exchange (JKR, 2013)

17

The application of BIM in estimating process shows the accuracy of BIM

during the taking-off process. BIM can reduce the number of errors related to

measurement estimates during the estimating process (Nassar, 2012). Through this

process different construction players make useful and sufficient communication and

collaboration by distributing design data to all the construction players involve in

order to increase productivity and reduce errors. Therefore, BIM is a combination of

different software group known as BIM tools.

Figure 2.1 : BIM tools Suggested by Malaysian Public Work Department. (Latiffi et

al., 2013)

2.3.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture

Autodesk is a leading BIM software vendor in Architecture, Engineering &

Construction (AEC) industry. They was founded in 1982. Autodesk focuses on 2D

and 3D design and animation software for media also. Autodesk makes a pioneer

18

movement in BIM from 3D CAD to intelligent design systems. Autodesk provides

design software which is also used widely in manufacturing industry. Malaysia

Public Work Department (PWD) acknowledged that BIM tools from Autodesk

applicable to the industry which serves as the tools for BIM platform for Malaysian

government. This has been officially declared by the PWD on 25 February 2010

(JKR,2013; Latiffi et al., 2013). Autodesk Revit Architecture possess the BIM

functionality and widely used in architecture and design community due to better

collaborative and integrated building design system. It retain all the BIM

functionality that makes it better in design with maintaining documentation and

construction. It has data interoperability with other BIM solutions and has unique

features on sustainable design analysis, clash detection, construction planning, and

material fabrication (Autodesk, 2014).

Architect can utilise Revit Architectural to illustrate construction processes

through 4-Dimensional (4D) simulation and clash detection (Autodesk,2014).

2.3.2 Autodesk Revit Structure

Autodesk Revit Structure provides structural BIM model contains information for

structural design and analysis. Also provides structural design drawings with real

visualisation and makes a bridge on data share between architect and structural

design team. Fabrication has the another important feature of this solution also

(Autodesk, 2014).

In addition, an architect uses Revit Architecture to design plans of every

aspect of a building including walls, staircases, doors and roof. Revit Structural

allows structural engineers to perform structural design and analysis by modelling

building using the basic components of walls and a foundation (Autodesk,2012).

Revit Structural are able to illustrate construction processes through 4-Dimensional

(4D) simulation and clash detection (Autodesk,2014).

19

2.3. 3 Autodesk Revit MEP

Autodesk Revit MEP is a Building Information Modelling solutions for mechanical,

electrical and plumbing designers. Revit MEP has interoperability with other BIM

design software like with Revit Architecture for collect the architectural model data

and other revit software such as Revit Structural. Revit MEP is used for MEP system

design and analysis which permits better coordination with sustainable and cost

effective MEP design.(Autodesk,2013)

Revit MEP can be used by mechanical engineers to develop a model of ducts,

piping and to gain a betterunderstanding of HVAC zones (Autodesk,2012). On top of

that, Revit MEP allows electrical engineers to model placement of light fixtures as

well as to create circuits and wiring. All of these tools can be used to create drawings

in 2 Dimension (2D) and 3D (Autodesk,2013).

2.3.4 Autodesk Navisworks

Autodesk Navisworks software is used for advanced analysis process like clash

detection and project simulation. Also used for combining and reviewing the design

data which are created through different BIM software.(Autodesk,2013)

Moreover, project managers can use Autodesk Navisworks to create a

multidiscipline model to simulate and optimize scheduling, identify and coordinate

clashes as well as establish collaboration between contractors and design team,

which consists of architects, structural engineers as well as mechanical, electrical and

plumbing (MEP) engineers; this collaboration enables the team to gain insight into

potential problems (Autodesk,2013).

20

2.3.5 Exactal Cost-X Construction Estimating

From a cost efficiency point of view, central to any BIM strategy is an emphasis on

value for money, standards, cost benchmarking and sustainability. Whilst there is

nothing new in these requirements, the way and speed they can be achieved can be

improved significantly by the use of CostX as part of a BIM workflow. As an

interoperable estimating software tool, CostX allows the seamless transfer of digital

information between Designers, Cost Managers and Estimators (Exactal,2014). This

allows fast and extremely simple extraction of cost geometry and building

dimensions from CAD files and BIM models to provide faster, more accurate take-

offs for measurement, estimating, analysis and options resolution.

CostX is renowned worldwide as a leading BIM estimating solution and is

used in a variety of industries for this reason.Construction players can view and

takeoff from 3D models / BIM within the program which can support 5D BIM using

information from the model live-linked to user-defined rate libraries and workbooks-

all within the one program (Exactal, 2014). Furthermore according to exactal (2014),

networked environment allows instantaneous information sharing with others

working on the server. CostX also imports a multitude of drawing files and external

rate information, and exports to a variety of formats, taking interoperability to a new

level. It’s never been easier to bring BIM into your business with CostX.

According to Latiffi et al., (2013). the PWD acknowledged that BIM tools

from Autodesk and Exactal Cost-X were applicable to the industry. The tools serve

as an application platform for Malaysian government (Latiffi et al., 2013).

2.4 Advantages of BIM Application In Construction Projects

BIM can be implemented in the construction phases. There are many benefits of

using BIM. Some of the advantages are:

21

2.4.1 Improving 2-Dimensional (2D) drafting

BIM improves over 2D drafting by allowing the designers to view the building and

its content from 360 degrees (360°). BIM is more than 3 dimensional drawing; it is a

data repository that holds design, construction and maintenance information

combined in one convenient model that can be shared with all the stakeholders

(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013). BIM can verify and show potential problems during

the earlier stage of construction such as clash detection (Mitchell and Keaveney,

2013). Construction players will be able to do corrections at the earlier stage and thus

will reduce cost of the rework (McNell et al., 2011). BIM allows process of

producing and editing multiple design portions in the same time which is proven to

save time (Shourangiz, 2011).

The use of BIM significantly reduces the time required to generate shop

drawings and material take offs for procurement (Shourangiz, 2011). An alteration to

any one of these elements will give effects to the others such as cost, scheduling of

the projects and material (McNell et al., 2011 ).

2.4.2 Change Management

Construction industry is a very gullible to changes. Changes happen in different

phases in construction such as in the pre-planning stage (Shourangiez et al., 2011).

Design change is defined as the changes resulting from a modification within or

outside the original scope of work and require re-design and revision to the contract

documents (Shourangiz et al., 2011).

According to Mitchell and Keaveney (2013), all corresponding views and

locations change if one parametric element in one location is changed. BIM process

promises consistency in documentation thus allowing greater project visualisation

(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013). BIM also will provide early warnings and flags to

enhance the visibility among managers to see the changes in any views. These

warnings will be arranged into an elements change report to facilitate coordination

(McNell et al., 2011).

22

2.4.3 Convenience Use of Data

BIM makes the data of a project to be used conveniently. According to Shourangiz et

al., (2011), BIM is a comprehensive concept of process and tools which integrates all

required data and information for specific projects. From new management

paradigm, the integration can be implemented through varies of building software

such as Primavera, Revit, and Naviswork Managerial processes and concepts such as

critical chain project management, critical path method and concurrent engineering at

all projects life cycle can be utilised.

BIM is a tool which possess a rich database that contains information about

manufacturers, pricing, physical information (such as material weight and size) and

also electromechanical devices in the building. The integration of BIM application

allows the architect to has a BIM model, which has integrated to the model of the

mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) of the building (Sullivan, 2007).

Convenience use of data means very precise schedule of materials can be developed

from the parametric model elements and the parametric model elements will

automatically change with visual components. Accurate materials schedules allow

team members to project usage of the material before construction complete

(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013).

2.4.4 Improving Coordination of Project Team Members

BIM is laid on two pillars, communication and collaboration. BIM enables all team

members to easily access the information about each building component within its

modelled elements (McNell et al., 2011). The information such as power

consumption and weight of an element can be accessed by the team (Azhar et al.,

2012)

23

Figure 2.2 : A comparison between traditional and BIM process (McNell,2011)

Figure 2.2 shows comparison between traditional process and BIM process.

In traditional process, there is a separated process between concept design,

documents and drawings and construction and operation. In BIM process, all process

related to the construction and operation of a building are integrated and used

throughout the construction stages such as cost estimation, documentation and

drawings and facilities management (McNell et al., 2011). The information is used

and integrated through active access and sharing of data among the construction

players and this improve coordination among construction players (Mitchell and

Keaveney, 2013).

2.4.5 Improving Accuracy and Efficiency of Project Team Performance

In conventional construction processes without BIM utilisation, Building project

teams rarely work together more than once. Each of these parties has resorted to

concentrating on contractual arrangements to prevent liability and this has formed

impediments to collaboration and innovation in the design and construction phases

(Mitchell and Keyveney, 2013).The team performance is often influenced by the

accuracy and efficiency of the team. Most processed in BIM are automated and the

involvement of human resources is minimised, it is claimed that by using BIM, the

24

efficiency of monitoring, controlling and updating in construction projects life cycle

enhanced remarkably (Shourangiz et al., 2011).

The integration of one element to another in BIM increased accuracy for

quantity takeoff. Integrators scheduling based on material availability and progress

can be shown visually. By a visual presentation, project managers can quickly

optimise construction schedules with ever-changing materials deliveries, cost and

availability (McNell et al., 2011). In addition Mitchell and Keyveney (2013) states

that BIM process promises consistency in documentation, promotes collaboration

among construction players and offers many application that can be used to improve

efficiency.

2.4.6 Facilities Management (FM)

The facility management is made easier by BIM usage. The rationale for using BIM

goes beyond the ease of use of the BIM models. Other reasons include productivity

gains, project controls, rapid visualisation capabilities, and downstream uses of the

database built into the model, such as for facility management and operations

(Sullivan, 2009).

According to Mcnell et al., (2011) facilites managers can use BIM to gather

usage data, prepare maintenance schedules using predictive data, manage daily

operations and plan for future purchases and construction additions. Full equipment

data including operating parameters, usage data, predictive data, service history,

replacement price and links to other manufacturer data, combined with a fully

rendered 3D depiction of the equipment creates a powerful tool for facility managers

( Shourangiz et al., 2011)

2.4.7 Enhance Safety in Construction Project

Project team is leveraging BIM and collaborating design review to enhance and

improve the health, safety and welfare (HSW) performance of their projects. Such

HSW advantages include enhanced occupant safety. BIM is identified as a possible

tool which may help to improve safety management by allowing job-hazard analysis

146

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