POTENTIAL OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN IMPROVING
SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN THE MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
WAN AKMAL IRSYAD BIN WAN GHAZALI
A project report submitted in partial
Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Master of Science in Construction Technology Management
Faculty of Technology Management and Business
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
FEBRUARY 2016
iii
DEDICATION
For Allah the only God, for my beloved parents, family,
and my friends.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, The Most Merciful. The completion of this study was not
possible without HIS blessings. Thank you for guiding me all the way around this
time. This research also would not be completed without help, support and
contribution of many people. My appreciation and sincere thanks I bid to my
supervisor, Dr. Aryani Binti Ahmad Latiffi for her direction, advice and support
throughout this study. Her understanding and personal guidance have provided a
good basis for this research. Her detailed and constructive comments along with her
professionalism motivate me to withstand throughout the journey of this study.
I would also like to express sincere gratitude for my father, Wan Ghazali Bin
Wan Bakar, for his kind support and motivations during the period of completing
this journey. Not forgetting my mother, Rohana Binti Md Rus, who have always be
patient with me during this period. They have understood me so much and they
sacrifice their time with me especially when I am not at home even on holidays in
order to finish this study. Without their prayers and advices, I would not be where I
am today.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the respondents who have
participated in this research by providing highly valuable insight, information and
time. Their interest and opinion are valuable. Without them, this research is not
possible.
Many thanks also given to my colleagues whom have supported me through
rise and falls during this study. Their motivational words often bring me up even
when I stumbled along this journey.
This research would not have been completed without the help of many
including the writings of others, who are acknowledged within the reference section.
May Allah bless your kindness. Thank you.
v
ABSTRACT
The construction industry is one of the hazardous industries. The scenario makes the
safety research in industry is very important. BIM is a 3-Dimensional (3D) object
database that can be easily visualised, has rich data and structured information. To
improve safety in the construction industry, BIM is used to detect and alert
construction members to potential project hazard. This research discusses the
improvement of safety management in the Malaysian construction industry through
BIM implementation and to promote BIM implementation in safety management
among construction player in Malaysia. Literature review was carried out to
discover BIM implementation in safety management of the construction industry.
Six (6) semi structured interviews have been done toward the construction players
such as client, contractor and BIM consultants that have experience in practicing
BIM in construction projects in Malaysia. All data obtained from the semi-structured
interviews were analysed using content analysis technique. The interview revealed
that BIM have seven (7) advantage which are improvising 2D drafting, change
management, convenience use of data, improve coordination, improve accuracy and
efficiency, facilities management and enhance safety. However according to
respondents, there are six (6) disadvantages in BIM implementation such as cost of
BIM tools, cost of training, compatibility between software platforms, licensing
issues, control of data entry and the adoption rate from 2D CAD to BIM. In safety
aspect, there five (5) areas which BIM can help to improve which are excavation
risk management plan, crane management plan, fall protection plan, emergency
response plan, logistic planning of construction site, regular maintenance and
forensic Investigation. The findings from the interviews provided clear evidence of
the potential of improvement of safety management through BIM implementation.
There are three (3) methods to increase the use of BIM for safety management in
malaysian construction industry such as government role, clear guidelines, standards
and technical codes and education and Thus, the research could encourage BIM
implementation in safety management in the Malaysian construction industry.
vi
ABSTRAK
Industri pembinaan merupakan salah satu industri yang berbahaya. Senario ini
menjadikan penyelidikan keselamatan dalam industri adalah sangat penting. . BIM
adalah 3-Dimensi (3D) objek yang mempunyai pangkalan data yang boleh dilihat
dengan mudah, mempunyai data yang kaya dan maklumat yang berstruktur. Untuk
meningkatkan keselamatan dalam industri ini, BIM digunakan untuk mengesan dan
memberi amaran kepada ahli pembinaan jika terdapat potensi bahaya di tapak
pembinaan projek Kajian ini membincangkan potensi BIM dalam meningkatkan
pengurusan keselamatan dalam industri pembinaan Malaysia dan mencadangkan
kaedah untuk menggalakkan penggunaan BIM dalam pembinaan pengurusan
keselamatan di kalangan peserta di Malaysia. Tinjauan literatur dijalankan untuk
mengenal pasti pelaksanaan BIM dalam pengurusan keselamatan. Enam (6) temu
bual separa berstruktur telah dilakukan ke arah ahli pembinaan seperti pelanggan,
kontraktor dan perunding BIM yang mempunyai pengalaman dalam mengamalkan
projek BIM di dalam industri pembinaan di Malaysia.. Semua data yang diperolehi
daripada temu bual dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kandungan. Hasil
penemuan daripada temu bual memberikan bukti yang jelas tentang potensi
peningkatan pengurusan keselamatan melalui pelaksanaan BIM itu. Temu bual telah
mendedahkan bahawa BIM memberi kelebihan kepada projek pembinaan antaranya
ialah memperbaiki draft 2D, pengurusan perubahan, kemudahan penggunaan data,
meningkatkan penyelarasan, meningkatkan ketepatan dan kecekapan, pengurusan
faciliti dan meningkatkan keselamatan. Walau bagaimanapun menurut responden,
terdapat enam (6) kelemahan dalam pelaksanaan BIM seperti kos peralatan BIM, kos
latihan, keserasian antara platform perisian, isu-isu pelesenan, kawalan kemasukan
data dan kadar penggunaan dari 2D CAD kepada BIM. Dalam aspek keselamatan,
terdapat lima (5) perkara yang BIM boleh membantu untuk memperbaiki yang
penggalian pelan pengurusan risiko, pelan pengurusan kren, pelan perlindungan
terjatuh, pelan tindakan kecemasan, perancangan logistik tapak pembinaan,
penyelenggaraan berkala dan siasatan forensik. Hasil penemuan daripada temubual
memberikan bukti yang jelas tentang potensi peningkatan pengurusan keselamatan
melalui pelaksanaan BIM. Terdapat tiga (3) kaedah untuk meningkatkan penggunaan
BIM untuk pengurusan keselamatan dalam industri pembinaan malaysia seperti
vii
peranan kerajaan, garis panduan yang jelas, standard dan kod teknik dan pendidikan
dan Oleh itu, kajian ini boleh menggalakkan pelaksanaan BIM dalam pengurusan
keselamatan dalam pembinaan Malaysia industri.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Background 5
1.3 Problem Statement 6
1.4 Research Questions 8
1.5 Research Objectives 9
1.6 Research Scope 9
1.7 Significance of Research 10
1.8 Research Methodology 11
1.9 Conclusion
ix
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Definition of BIM 14
2.3 BIM Tools 16
2.3.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture 17
2.3. 2 Autodesk Revit Structure 18
2.3.3 Autodesk Revit MEP 19
2.3. 4 Autodesk Navisworks 19
2.3.5 Exactal Cost-X 20
2.4 Advantages of BIM Application 20
2.4.1 Improving 2-Dimensional(2D) Drafting 21
2.4.2 Change Management 21
2.4.3 Convenience Use of Data 22
2.4.4 Improving Coordination of Project Team
Members 23
2.4.5 Improving Accuracy and Efficiency of Project
Team Performance 23
2.4.6 Facilities Management (FM) 24
2.4.7 Enhance Safety 24
2.4.8 Waste Minimization 25
2.5 Disadvantages of BIM Application 25
2.5.1 Cost of BIM Tools 26
2.5.2 Cost of Training The Construction Player in
Adopting BIM tools 26
2.5.3 Compatibility Between BIM Tools Platform 27
2.5.4 Licensing Issues of Data Contribution 27
2.5.5 Control of Data Entry 28
2.5.6 Adoption Rate from 2D CAD to BIM 28
2.6 The Role of Construction Members 28
2.6.1 Client 29
2.6.2 BIM Consultant 29
2.6.3 Contractors 30
2.7 Safety Management Issues In Construction Industry 31
x
2.8 BIM Implementation in Safety Management 34
2.8.1 Excavation Risk Management Plan 36
2.8.2 Crane Management Plan 37
2.8.3 Fall Protection Plan 38
2.8.4 Emergency Response Plan 41
2.9 Strategies to Encourage BIM Implementation in 44
Construction Project
2.9.1 Goverment Encouragement To Implement BIM 44
2.9.2 Clear Guidelines, Standards and Technical Codes 45
2.9.3 Education 45
2.10 Conclusion 46
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Research Approach 47
3.2.1 Population and Sampling 48
3.3 Research Method And Instrument 49
3.3.1 Interview 49
3.3.1.1 Semi Structured Interview 50
3.3.1.2 Qualitative Survey Method 52
3.3.2 Pilot Study 53
3.7 Data Analysis 55
3.8 Summary 56
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Objectives of Interviews 57
4.3 Discussion on Data from Interviewers 58
4.4 Respondent’s Background 58
4.5 Current Practices of BIM in Construction Projects 60
4.5.1 Understanding on BIM 61
4.5.2 Usage of BIM in Construction Projects 63
4.5.3 The transition made by company in
adopting BIM 67
4.6 BIM Effects to Construction Projects 72
xi
4.6.1 BIM Tools Used in Construction Project 72
4.6.2 The Responsbilities of each party on BIM 75
implementation in construction projects
4.7 BIM effect to construction projects 79
4.7.1 Advantage of BIM Implementation 81
4.7.1.1 Improvising 2D drafting 81
4.7.1.2 Change Management 83
4.7.1.3 Convenience Use of Data 84
4.7.1.4 Improve coordination 86
4.7.1.5 Improve Accuracy and Efficiency 87
4.7.1.6 Facilities Management 89
4.7.1.7 Enhance Safety 90
4.7.1.8 Waste Minimization 92
4.7.2 Disadvantages of BIM implementation 93
4.7.2.1 Cost of BIM Tools 93
4.7. 2.2 Cost of Training 95
4.7.2.3 Compatibility between 96
Tools Platforms
4.7.2.4 Licensing Issues 98
4.7.2.5 Control of Data Entry 100
4.6.3.2.6 Adoption Rate from
2DCAD to BIM 103
4.8 Potential of BIM in Improving Safety Management
in Construction Projects 104
4.8.1 Current Safety Practices at construction site 105
4.8.2 BIM Usage in safety management in
construction project 109
4.8.2.1 Excavation Risk Management
Plan 109
4.8.2.2 Crane Management Plan 111
4.8.2.3 Fall Protection Plan 113
4.8.2.4 Emergency Response Plan 115
4.8.2.5 Logistic Plan Construction Site 117
4.8.2.6 Regular Maintenance 119
xii
4.8.2.7 Forensic Investigation 119
4.8.3 The Differences between Project Using BIM
and Project without Using BIM 122
4.9 Potential Improvement of BIM for
Safety Management in Construction Projects 131
4.9.1 Factors influencing the implementation of
BIM in Safety Management in Malaysian
construction Industry 131
4.9.2 Methods to Increase The Usage of BIM for
Safety Management in Malaysian
Construction Industry 134
4.9.2.1 Government Role to Encourage
BIM Implementation In safety
Management 134
4.9.2.2 Clear Guidelines, Standards and
Technical Codes 136
4.9.2.3 Education and Training 138
4.10 Summary 139
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Research Overview 140
5.2.1 Objective 1: To identify the improvement
of safety management in the Malaysian
construction industry through
BIM implementation 141
5.2.2 Objective 2: To promote BIM
implementation in safety management
among construction players in Malaysia 142
5.3 Limitations of Research 143
5.31 Limited Respondents 143
5.3.2 Limited Research 143
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5.4 Recommendations for Future Research 143
5.5 Conclusion 144
REFERENCES 146
APPENDIX
VITA
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Definition of BIM throughout the World 15
3.1 Respondents Feedback on Interview Questions 54
4.1 Respondents’ background 59
4.2 Definition of BIM 61
4.3 Usage of BIM in construction Project 63
4.4 The transition made by company on ‘human’ factor 67
4.5 The transition made by technology factor 70
4.6 BIM tools used in construction project 73
4.7 summary of the BIM tools used by respondents 74
4.8 The responsibilities of Client on project using BIM 75
4.9 The responsibilities of BIM consultant on project using BIM 77
4.10 The responsibilities of contractor on project using BIM 78
4.11 BIM effect to the Construction Project 80
4.12 BIM effect in reducing Safety Issues 121
4.13 The differences in element of time between project using BIM
and project without using BIM 122
4.14 The differences in element of cost between project using BIM
and project without using BIM 125
4.15 The differences in element of quality between project using BIM
and project without using BIM 127
4.16 The differences in element of safety between project using BIM
and project without Using BIM 129
5.1 Potential Improvement Recommended by Respondents 144
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Employees Accident by Sector for Death, Non Permanent 2
Disability and Permanent Disability until June 2014
1.2 Flow Chart of Research Methodology 11
2.1 BIM tools Suggested by Malaysian Public Work
Department 17
2.2 A Comparison Between Traditional and BIM Process 23
2.3 Causes of Construction Accidents in year 2000-2004 32
2.4 Screenshots of 4D Excavation Simulations 36
Depicting Installation of Sheet Piles And Utility Pipes
2.5 The Crane Work Zone And Steel Truss Placement 37
By The Crane Management Plan
2.6 Modelling of Railing System For Fall Protection 39
Against Leading Edges
2.7 Roof Construction Simulations 39
2.8 BIM Screenshots Illustrating a 4D Model of a 40
Virtual Wall Assembly Mock-up.
2.9 Emergency Response Plan 42
2.10 BIM during pre-planning on the renovation project 43
3.1 Procedure of Interview Protocol 51
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
% - Percentage
2D - 2-dimesional
3D - 3-dimesional
4D - 4-dimesional
5D - 5-dimesional
6D - 6-dimesional
7D - 7-dimesional
n-D - n-dimesional
AEC - Architectures, Engineering and Contractors
BIM - Building Information Modelling
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CIDB - Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
FM - Facility Manager
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
ICT - Information Communication Technology
IT - Information Technology
M&E - Mechanical and Electrical
NCI - National Cancer Institute at Putrajaya
PAM - Malaysian Institute of Architects
UTHM - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
USA - United States of America
UK - United Kingdom
xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX TITLE
A Interview Question
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
1.1 Introduction
Construction is one of the emerging industries in the world. It involves many
activities from the interpretation of ideas into drawings and plans and to the
contractor selection stage, and through the physical construction phase of the project
when the project is completed and turned over to the owner. According to Anderson
et al., (2006), the construction stages are divided into three main sections, simply
described as pre-construction, construction and post construction. The complex and
dynamic nature of the construction industry and its on-site work patterns is widely
recognised. This separates it from the manufacturing industry, which are mostly
stationary fabrication settings. Safety planning in an unstructured construction
environment is thus more challenging (Zhang et al., 2013). Significant time and
economic resources are lost when workers are injured on the jobsite. Some
practitioners even claim that construction sites are often under-resourced and under-
planned when it comes to safety planning (Charehzehi, and Ahandkoob, 2012).
2
Figure 1.1 : Employees Accident by Sector for Death, Non Permanent Disability and
Permanent Disability until June 2014 (Source : DOSH, 2014)
Figure 1.1 shows the statistic of occupational accidents by sectors in
Malaysia from January 2014 until June 2014 from Department of Safety and Health
(DOSH) Malaysia.Construction process gave effects in rising number of safety and
health management problems. When safety issues arise, it will enhance the chance
for a project to delay and lowering the project final product’s quality. In accordance
with a statistic from DOSH (2014) from January until June 2014, the three (3) most
dangerous industries that lead to occupational accidents are manufacturing,
agriculture and construction. The manufacturing industry in Malaysia lead the other
industries in aspect of occupational accidents with a total cases of 964 cases
including 24 cases of death, 866 cases of non-permanent disability and 74 cases of
permanent disability. The second most dangerous industry in Malaysia is agriculture,
forestry, logging and fishing. There are total of 224 cases including 22 death cases,
198 non-permanent disability cases and 4 permanent disability cases. Meanwhile,
construction industry is in the third place with a total of 85 cases including 35 cases
3
of death, 48 cases of non-permanent disability and two (2) cases of permanent
disability. According to DOSH (2014), most fatal accidents occur due to falling from
height and struck by falling objects. Furthermore, from the observation by DOSH,
the factors that contributed to the accidents are because of no safe work procedure
working at height and no appropriate supervision by the site management team.
According to Puerto & Clevenger (2011), such accidents highlight the fact that
personal protective equipment is, generally, an imperfect and last resort to protect
workers from work and health hazards, since its effectiveness depends on its
adequate use by the employee. In addition, Puerto & Clevenger (2011) also states
that the need for personal protective equipment can be reduce through better design
solutions provides a higher level of protection to all workers by providing protection
independent of worker action.
Recently, technology advancement gives birth of a new era in the
construction industry worldwide. With the advancement of Information
Communication and Technology (ICT) nowadays, all construction information is
digitised; the architectural plans, structural plans are drawn using computer (Azhar,
Hein & Sketo, 2011). The positive explosion of ICT usage in the industry is widely
spread. One of the ICT that can be apply to the construction industry is through
Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM provides a powerful new platform for
developing and implementing “design-for-safety” tools and methods to facilitate both
engineering and administrative controls during design and construction (Puerto &
Clevenger,2011).
Definitions of BIM are differ throughout the world. For instance Azhar ,
Hein and Sketo (2011) state that BIM represents the process of development and use
of a computer generated model to simulate the planning, design, construction and
operation of a facility, from which views and data appropriate to various users needs
can be used to improve the process of delivering the facility
Currently, BIM has been implemented in many countries such as the United
Kingdom (UK), Australia, Hong Kong, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Singapore
(Furneaux and Kivit, 2008; Mohd and Latiffi, 2013). In 2010, 36% of the Western
European industry participants were adopting BIM. This can be compared to the 49%
adoption rate in North America (McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010). In Malaysia, the
idea to implement BIM was introduced in 2007 by the Director of Public Works
Department (Mohd and Latiffi, 2013).
4
In Malaysia, BIM mainly utilise to reduce construction cost and avoid design
problems in planning phase. BIM was brought in the industry as the sign of
government’s awareness of the potential of BIM. Moreover, BIM also has been seen
as a concerted action to ensure collaboration between construction players such as
architects, engineers, project managers and contractors (JKR, 2013). However BIM
is not widely used in Malaysia due to lacking support received from the management
as they did not realise the benefits and the importance of BIM in construction
projects, CIDB (2011). The implementation of BIM in Malaysia is often involves
more on the process design. Malaysian government encourages construction players
to apply BIM to construction projects because it can overcome construction project
problems such as delay, clash of design by different professionals and construction
cost overrun (Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013).
Nowadays, there has been considerable interest in improving worksite safety
through safer design and work method statements using BIM (Chi et al., 2012). A
building information model allows constructors to visually assess jobsite conditions
and recognise hazards (Azhar et al., 2012). Thus, with the progress in the field of
information technology (IT), BIM can be applied to construction activities to reduce
the problem faced in the industry. Current researches and industry practice provide
example of successful use of BIM for clash detention and circulation analysis. It
allows virtual safety controls which can be used to detect and alert designer and
contractors to potential project hazards (Puerto & Clevenger, 2012).
With the approach on BIM, it allows features such as information sharing
within an interface by many parties. In addition by Sulankivi et al., (2012) the
utilisation of BIM technologies can result in improved occupational safety by
connecting the safety issues more closely to construction planning, providing more
illustrative site layout and safety plans, providing methods for managing and
visualising up-to-date plans and site status information, as well as by supporting
safety communication in various situations, such as informing site staff about making
safety arrangements in response to a particular risk or warning about various risks.
The use of BIM also encourages other project partners to involve in both risk
assessment and planning (Sulankivi et al., 2012).
Therefore, a research on the potential of BIM in safety management aspect in
the Malaysian construction Industry is needed to help the industry in finding an
alternative of safety practices applicable in industry.
5
1.2 Research Background
Nowadays, construction industry is one of the biggest industries expanding in the
world parallel to the improvement of technology The construction industry
undoubtedly plays a significant role in the development process of a country
contributing towards employment and economic growth. However, construction
industry has proven to be a highly hazardous industry due to its fatality rates despite
recognition on good safety cultures (Abdullah & Wern, 2011). Besides the rapid
activities in the industry, there is a lot of problems arises including accidents in
which the construction site lead to injuries and even fatal (Hanapi et al., 2013).
According to (Charehzehi and Ahandkoob, 2012) those who spend their
working lives on construction sites have a higher probability which is about 1 in 300
chance of being killed at work. (Charehzehi and Ahandkoob, 2012) stated that over
the years the construction industry has had among the highest rates of reported work-
related deaths and injuries.
The high accident frequency is still globally a real safety challenge in the
building construction sector. When compared with other industries the construction
jobs are infamous for being the most dangerous occupation. According to the USA
based Occupational Health Administration (OSHA) 31 per cent of all work-place
fatalities occur in the construction industry. This frequency in figures meant 9,5
fatalities per 10,000 construction workers in Europe in 2006 and 11 fatalities per
100,000 workers in USA in 2007 (Kiviniemi et al., 2011).
In year 2014, Department of Safety And Health of Malaysia recorded a total
of 85 cases including 35 cases of death, 48 cases of non-permanent disability and 2
cases of permanent disability until June 2014 (DOSH, 2014).
Designers have held responsible in conventional safety practices for safety of
end –users and considered constructors responsible for safety of construction
workers. Taiebat (2011) states that, the construction industry is on the top list of
hazardous industries which justified the importance of safety research in industry.
According to Puerto & Clevenger (2012), accidents in workplace can be avoided by
improving engineering, administrations controls, and improve safety training.
One of the important aspects in safety planning is to properly understand hazard
before they occur. Construction players such as project managers, safety officer,
6
safety engineer and architect are allowed to assess jobsite conditions visually while
recognising hazards through a BIM application, this will give them enough time to
develop hazard precaution plans.
BIM also called n-D Modelling or Virtual Prototyping Technology is a
revolutionary development that is quickly reshaping the Architecture-Engineering-
Construction (AEC) industry (Azhar et al., 2012). In addition, Azhar et al., (2012)
states that the technology component of BIM helps project stakeholders to visualise
what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design,
construction or operational issues. Referring to Behringer and Azhar (2012),
occupational safety will be improved by connecting safety issues more intimate to
construction planning by the use of BIM.
1.3 Problem Statement
In the future, the construction industry would be challenged by increasingly difficult
and complex problems in both engineering and management. According to Hsiao et
al., (2006), construction industry is a high risk industry because there is a high risk of
accident occurrence.
Construction stages involve many risks. The safety measures in a project
especially in Malaysia are arguable. Safety received a great concern of participants
but environment of industry is proven as an unsafe place to work. The extensive
references of fatality studies in construction showed that high rates of fatalities are
reported for the construction industry.
In Malaysia, there are many safety standards that should be follow by the
construction players in order to ensure the safe environments during the construction
project stages and also at the construction site. Department of Safety and Health
(DOSH) Malaysia (2014) has prepared several guidelines, acts, regulations, order
and codes of practices for the Malaysian construction industry such as factories and
machinery act (amendment) (2006), occupational safety and health act 1994 (act
514), regulations under occupational safety and health act 1994 (act 514) and
guidelines under building construction and engineering work.
7
The main objectives of the guidelines, acts, regulations order and codes are
practices are to ensure there are sufficient safety precautions are taken during the
construction works to avoid any accidents and harm due to the hazardous activity of
construction project (DOSH, 2014). Preparation of safety equipments such as safety
boots, safety helmets and scaffoldings for work in high places are examples that was
subjected in the guidelines, acts, regulations order and codes are practices required
by DOSH.
An independent method to assess and evaluate the safety and health
performance of a contractor in construction projects were design. This method is
called Safety And Health Assessment System in Construction (SHASSIC).
According to Ramuseren (2009), SHASSIC is intended to complement the normal
contractual requirement and specification in a project.
It is not intended to be used independently as working requirement and
specification. Unless specified in the project contract, safety and health designated
person should not use SHASSIC to decide if the project site or parts of the project
site are in accordance with requirement of the relevant Acts and Regulations or OSH
Management System (Ramuseren, 2009). It is still the responsibility of the contractor
to ensure that safety and health of construction site conforms to legislations
requirement, approved standards, code of practice, guidelines, specifications and
contractual requirements (Ramuseren, 2009). Despite the measures taken by the
government bodies such as DOSH and CIDB, accidents in construction sites is still
in worrisome and alternatives prevention method of the potential hazards should be
identify
According to Puerto & Clevenger (2011), 3D visualisation and analyses is
one of the important aspects that play a critical part in improving safety. For example
BIM enabled safety controls can be used to detect and alert designers and contractors
to potential project hazard. By using BIM in safety management, the project can
increase the quality of projects. BIM is useful in assisting construction players to
construct small or high—risk projects successfully (Furneaux & Kivit, 2008).
BIM can enhance construction site safety (Puerto and Clavenger, 2011).
According to Azhar et al., (2011), architects, contractors and engineers were helped
by BIM to visualise what is to be built in simulated environment while recognising
potential design, construction or operational problems.
8
In Malaysia, BIM was only initiated late in 2007 based on report by PWD
(2007). According to Ahmad Latiffi et al., (2013) BIM in Malaysia is often involves
more on design. Malaysian government gives encouragement to the construction
players to implement BIM because it can overcome construction problems such as
delay, clash of design and construction cost overrun (Ahmad Latiffi et al., 2013).
Lack of literature findings on implementation of BIM in safety management aspect
in Malaysian construction industry indicates that there are lack of awareness and
knowledge of construction players in Malaysia about the potential of BIM in safety
management aspects.
Therefore, this research is made in order to study on potential of BIM
towards safety management aspects in the Malaysian construction industry and to
suggest the ways to promote BIM usage in reducing safety issues among
construction players in Malaysia.
1.4 Research Questions
To study on the potential of BIM in reducing safety and health management issues in
Malaysian construction industry, two questions were presented in this research. Thus,
the research questions are as follows:
1) How BIM can improve safety management in the Malaysian construction
industry?
2) What are the ways to promote BIM implementation in safety management
among construction players in Malaysia?
9
1.5 Research Objectives
This research is to study on the potential of BIM in reducing safety and health
management issues in Malaysian construction industry. Thus, the research objectives
are as follows:
1) To identify the improvement of safety management in the Malaysian
construction industry through BIM implementation.
2) To promote BIM implementation in safety management among construction
players in Malaysia.
1.6 Research Scope
This research focuses on construction players whom have practiced BIM and are
practicing BIM in construction projects in Malaysia. Specifically, the construction
players that have involved in this research are clients, contractors and BIM
consultants. Client was chosen because they are the owner of the project, and they
have the information regarding the project and safety practices in the project.
Contractor was chosen because they understand the most about implementation of
safety measure in the construction site. Contractors also were chosen because they
have their own safety officer and safety engineer in every construction site which is
required by Department of Safety and Health Malaysia. Therefore contractor will
realise more about how safety and health management was applied in Malaysian
construction industry. BIM consultants were chosen as they were well trained and
knowledgeable about BIM design and BIM usage. They have the ability to detect the
benefits and the problems by implementing BIM moreover in aspect of safety and
health management.
10
1.7 Significance of Research
In the pre-contruction stage, the construction players of the can gain benefit by this
research in aspect of planning the design base on 4D models with respect to the
safety. From this research, they will realise the importance of having a good safety
management planning by 4D modelling to avoid unwanted incidents in the
construction phase.
This research is expected to help contractors to determine the safety issues
arose in the construction industry. Contractors have to play it roles in controlling or
minimising the hazards by using BIM. Labours, site supervisor and engineers at the
site also gain benefit from this research as their life at the workplace is safer due to
the application of BIM. The labours were informed by the management at the site if
there are any particular hazards on their activities during that time. Therefore, the
labours work in a safe and confident environment and it increase their production
level.
In post construction stage, the management level are be able to reduce the
safety issues compared to the project that do not utilise BIM their project. By
reducing the safety issues, top management also can reduce the money that allocated
for the medical bills and compensation to the construction players if any safety
problems arise. The increment in productivity lead to a time efficient and it also
benefit to client. Client always ask for a project to finish on schedule or earlier than
that. Therefore, client gain a lot of benefit from this research in aspect of cost and
time. This research also explains the steps to encourage the applications of BIM
among construction players in Malaysia. Through this research, construction players
can use it as a stepping stone to take the first steps towards applying BIM in their
projects.
11
1.8 Research Methodology
Research methodology is an approach to review and to control research process
(Fellows and Liu, 2009). Figure 1.2 shows research methodology process for this
research in order to achieve the research’s aim and objectives.
Figure 1.2: Flow Chart Of Research Methodology
Based on figure 1.2, during the planning phase, the researcher has read the
background of construction industry and safety management aspect in construction
industry, After that, the researcher came with several title that is suitable to achieve
the objective of Master Project. From the several title, the researcher then made a
selection of topic based on safety management in construction industry. The research
Data
Collection:
Interview
Identification
of objectives
• Reading the background.
• Find a suitable title.
• Make a selection of topics.
• Production of an initial draft.
• Recruiting definition.
Qualitative data:
• Semi- Structured Interview with the
construction industry players.
Data Analysis
• The results of research.
• Analyze the data using content data
analysis.
• Report the results of the analysis.
Data
Collection:
Literature
Review
• Secondary Data
• Find Facts and accurate information related
• Books, journals, report, & internet
• Recommendations and suggestions
referrals from past studies.
Conclusion and
Recommendation
Conclusion was made based on the analysis
of the research objectives.
Recommendation made for future research
12
which is on the potential of BIM in safety management aspect in Malaysian
construction industry was selected. The researcher has produced an initial draft and
found the definition of the research.
Next, in the literature review process, the researcher found the facts and
accurate secondary data related to the potential of BIM in safety management aspect
in Malaysian construction industry that was selected through books, journals,
reports, thesis, magazines and the internet. The aim is to provide in-depth
knowledge of the research which were conducted in order for the research to run
smoothly.
After that, the method based on the scope of the research was determined.
The research methodology determined must meet the objectives of the research that
has been fixed from the start of the research. In the data collection stage, primary
data were obtained through the semi-structured interview with the construction
players which were using qualitative survey method. The first advantage is a
researcher may face respondents and this allows both sides to explore the meaning of
the question and responses involved (Patton, 2002). Any misunderstandings between
researchers and respondents can be checked and corrected immediately and this
affect the credibility of studies (Othman, 2006). Other advantages of interview
method is when excess input from respondents and if they are mistaken, or did not
understand the question, the data obtain from respondents can be separated (Patton,
2002). After the data were obtained, the the analysis stage take place.
The data were analised using content analysis. The result of the analysis
were reported and the recomendation were presented for the benefits of the future
research.
Next, conclusion was made based on the analysis of the research objectives.
Besides, reccomendations were made for future research and also in order to
promote a agreater BIM implementation in improving safety management in
Malaysian construction industry.
13
1.9 Summary
This research was made to study the potential of BIM in safety management in
Malaysian construction industry This research also developed ways to promote BIM
usage in reducing the safety issues among construction players in Malaysia. The
safety and health management are one of the concerns in the Malaysian construction
industry. Based on previous study, BIM can help in safety and health management
however in Malaysia, the implementation of BIM is more focus on design to reduce
construction cost and avoid design problems in planning phase. This research
focused on client, contractor and BIM consultant as well as high-rise building. Usage
of BIM in a project will help the project to reduce its safety issues and therefore can
increase the productivity in the sector. As the Malaysian construction industry are
lacking the relevant data about the potential of BIM in safety management aspect,
this research can contribute towards achieving an even better practice in the
Malaysian construction industry.
Next chapter focused on literature review related to BIM in safety
management in the Malaysian construction industry.
14
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter contains discussion on BIM in the safety management aspects in
construction industry. This chapter aim is to explore on potential of BIM in
improving safety management in Malaysian construction industry.
2.2 Definition of BIM
The BIM definition depending on how the past researcher has used the BIM. Some
of the researchers may have implemented BIM in the field to increase the integration
of communication. Therefore, BIM is viewed by the researcher from the perception
on the field of communication. Some researcher may implemented BIM to increase
safety and other aspects such as scheduling, visualising and modelling. For better
understanding of BIM, the basic definition of understanding of BIM should be
understood. Table 2.1 show the definition of BIM.
15
Table 2.1 : Definitions of BIM
No Year Author Definition
1 2008 Sabol A complete 3D digital representation of a building system or
subsystem, which is both a visually accurate model of a building and a
database for recording the breadth of information developed and
associated with building components.
2 2009 Words And Images Use of a 3D building model to analyse the designed building’s energy
efficiency by running “what if” scenarios to determine the best of
several potential solutions. The software can automatically take off all
items contained in the model and that way produce an impressively
precise estimate.
3 2009 Thomsen A technology for collaboration, an integration tool for the fragmented
and specialised building industry which allows building to be build
virtually, before building physically, uncovering problems of
sequence, interference and constructability of the building
4 2011 NBS BIM Rich information model consisting of potentially multiple data
sources, elements of which can be shared across all stakeholders
and be maintained across the life of a building from early inception
to post-construction stages.
5 2011 NBS BIM The process of creating and using electronic data models of
buildings to facilitate a co-ordinated understanding of a broad
range of real world building issues, both as a design or
specification tool and as an analytical tool for achieving statutory
approvals or client driven performance requirements.
6 2011 Shourangiz et al., An IT enabled approach that involves applying and maintaining an
integral digital representation of all building information for different
phases of the project life cycle in the form of a data repository.
7 2011 Rajendran And
Clarke
The development and use of a computer software model to
simulate the construction and operation of a facility
8 2012 Azhar et al., A virtual process that encompasses all aspects, disciplines, and
systems of a facility within a single, virtual model, allowing all
team members (owners, architects, engineers, contractors,
subcontractors and suppliers) to collaborate more accurately and
efficiently than traditional processes.
9 2012 Arayici, Egbu &
Coates
The utilisation of a database infrastructure to encapsulate built
facilities with specific viewpoints of stakeholders
16
Table 2.1 : Definitions of BIM throughout the world (continued)
10 2012 Building Smart
Australasia
A 3D object database that can be easily visualised, has rich data
and structured information. BIM is a process of representing
building and infrastructure over its whole life cycle from
planning, design, construction, operations, maintenance and
recycling.
11 2012 HM Government A collaborative way of working, underpinned by the digital
technologies, which unlock more efficient methods of
designing, creating and maintaining the assets. It embeds key
products and asset data and a 3D computer model that can be
used for effective management of information throughout a
project lifecycle- from earliest concept through to operation.
For this research, the definition of BIM were refered in context of manipulating BIM
to analyse “what if” scenarios to determine the best of several potential solutions
especially in aspects of safety purpose in the construction industry as mentioned in
the definition of BIM by The Foundation of Wall And Ceiling Industry Therefore,
the definition of BIM is not rigid to one particular means but it differs through the
globe.
2.3 BIM Tools
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is not particular software, it is a system of
process. Communication reliability can be seen through BIM process in defining a
project team, identifying the key processes and dependencies throughout a project,
assigning roles and assigning responsibilities to each project team (MSC, 2013).
BIM tools have been introduced in many types and functions. Among the
tools are Revit, Tekla, Bentley, Autodesk, Vico and Cost X. Each tool has its own
functions, and they are each used to manage different activities in construction
projects (Cream, 2012).The selection of BIM tools is based on four (4) features,
which are communication reliability, accuracy, usability and reliability of data
exchange (JKR, 2013)
17
The application of BIM in estimating process shows the accuracy of BIM
during the taking-off process. BIM can reduce the number of errors related to
measurement estimates during the estimating process (Nassar, 2012). Through this
process different construction players make useful and sufficient communication and
collaboration by distributing design data to all the construction players involve in
order to increase productivity and reduce errors. Therefore, BIM is a combination of
different software group known as BIM tools.
Figure 2.1 : BIM tools Suggested by Malaysian Public Work Department. (Latiffi et
al., 2013)
2.3.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture
Autodesk is a leading BIM software vendor in Architecture, Engineering &
Construction (AEC) industry. They was founded in 1982. Autodesk focuses on 2D
and 3D design and animation software for media also. Autodesk makes a pioneer
18
movement in BIM from 3D CAD to intelligent design systems. Autodesk provides
design software which is also used widely in manufacturing industry. Malaysia
Public Work Department (PWD) acknowledged that BIM tools from Autodesk
applicable to the industry which serves as the tools for BIM platform for Malaysian
government. This has been officially declared by the PWD on 25 February 2010
(JKR,2013; Latiffi et al., 2013). Autodesk Revit Architecture possess the BIM
functionality and widely used in architecture and design community due to better
collaborative and integrated building design system. It retain all the BIM
functionality that makes it better in design with maintaining documentation and
construction. It has data interoperability with other BIM solutions and has unique
features on sustainable design analysis, clash detection, construction planning, and
material fabrication (Autodesk, 2014).
Architect can utilise Revit Architectural to illustrate construction processes
through 4-Dimensional (4D) simulation and clash detection (Autodesk,2014).
2.3.2 Autodesk Revit Structure
Autodesk Revit Structure provides structural BIM model contains information for
structural design and analysis. Also provides structural design drawings with real
visualisation and makes a bridge on data share between architect and structural
design team. Fabrication has the another important feature of this solution also
(Autodesk, 2014).
In addition, an architect uses Revit Architecture to design plans of every
aspect of a building including walls, staircases, doors and roof. Revit Structural
allows structural engineers to perform structural design and analysis by modelling
building using the basic components of walls and a foundation (Autodesk,2012).
Revit Structural are able to illustrate construction processes through 4-Dimensional
(4D) simulation and clash detection (Autodesk,2014).
19
2.3. 3 Autodesk Revit MEP
Autodesk Revit MEP is a Building Information Modelling solutions for mechanical,
electrical and plumbing designers. Revit MEP has interoperability with other BIM
design software like with Revit Architecture for collect the architectural model data
and other revit software such as Revit Structural. Revit MEP is used for MEP system
design and analysis which permits better coordination with sustainable and cost
effective MEP design.(Autodesk,2013)
Revit MEP can be used by mechanical engineers to develop a model of ducts,
piping and to gain a betterunderstanding of HVAC zones (Autodesk,2012). On top of
that, Revit MEP allows electrical engineers to model placement of light fixtures as
well as to create circuits and wiring. All of these tools can be used to create drawings
in 2 Dimension (2D) and 3D (Autodesk,2013).
2.3.4 Autodesk Navisworks
Autodesk Navisworks software is used for advanced analysis process like clash
detection and project simulation. Also used for combining and reviewing the design
data which are created through different BIM software.(Autodesk,2013)
Moreover, project managers can use Autodesk Navisworks to create a
multidiscipline model to simulate and optimize scheduling, identify and coordinate
clashes as well as establish collaboration between contractors and design team,
which consists of architects, structural engineers as well as mechanical, electrical and
plumbing (MEP) engineers; this collaboration enables the team to gain insight into
potential problems (Autodesk,2013).
20
2.3.5 Exactal Cost-X Construction Estimating
From a cost efficiency point of view, central to any BIM strategy is an emphasis on
value for money, standards, cost benchmarking and sustainability. Whilst there is
nothing new in these requirements, the way and speed they can be achieved can be
improved significantly by the use of CostX as part of a BIM workflow. As an
interoperable estimating software tool, CostX allows the seamless transfer of digital
information between Designers, Cost Managers and Estimators (Exactal,2014). This
allows fast and extremely simple extraction of cost geometry and building
dimensions from CAD files and BIM models to provide faster, more accurate take-
offs for measurement, estimating, analysis and options resolution.
CostX is renowned worldwide as a leading BIM estimating solution and is
used in a variety of industries for this reason.Construction players can view and
takeoff from 3D models / BIM within the program which can support 5D BIM using
information from the model live-linked to user-defined rate libraries and workbooks-
all within the one program (Exactal, 2014). Furthermore according to exactal (2014),
networked environment allows instantaneous information sharing with others
working on the server. CostX also imports a multitude of drawing files and external
rate information, and exports to a variety of formats, taking interoperability to a new
level. It’s never been easier to bring BIM into your business with CostX.
According to Latiffi et al., (2013). the PWD acknowledged that BIM tools
from Autodesk and Exactal Cost-X were applicable to the industry. The tools serve
as an application platform for Malaysian government (Latiffi et al., 2013).
2.4 Advantages of BIM Application In Construction Projects
BIM can be implemented in the construction phases. There are many benefits of
using BIM. Some of the advantages are:
21
2.4.1 Improving 2-Dimensional (2D) drafting
BIM improves over 2D drafting by allowing the designers to view the building and
its content from 360 degrees (360°). BIM is more than 3 dimensional drawing; it is a
data repository that holds design, construction and maintenance information
combined in one convenient model that can be shared with all the stakeholders
(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013). BIM can verify and show potential problems during
the earlier stage of construction such as clash detection (Mitchell and Keaveney,
2013). Construction players will be able to do corrections at the earlier stage and thus
will reduce cost of the rework (McNell et al., 2011). BIM allows process of
producing and editing multiple design portions in the same time which is proven to
save time (Shourangiz, 2011).
The use of BIM significantly reduces the time required to generate shop
drawings and material take offs for procurement (Shourangiz, 2011). An alteration to
any one of these elements will give effects to the others such as cost, scheduling of
the projects and material (McNell et al., 2011 ).
2.4.2 Change Management
Construction industry is a very gullible to changes. Changes happen in different
phases in construction such as in the pre-planning stage (Shourangiez et al., 2011).
Design change is defined as the changes resulting from a modification within or
outside the original scope of work and require re-design and revision to the contract
documents (Shourangiz et al., 2011).
According to Mitchell and Keaveney (2013), all corresponding views and
locations change if one parametric element in one location is changed. BIM process
promises consistency in documentation thus allowing greater project visualisation
(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013). BIM also will provide early warnings and flags to
enhance the visibility among managers to see the changes in any views. These
warnings will be arranged into an elements change report to facilitate coordination
(McNell et al., 2011).
22
2.4.3 Convenience Use of Data
BIM makes the data of a project to be used conveniently. According to Shourangiz et
al., (2011), BIM is a comprehensive concept of process and tools which integrates all
required data and information for specific projects. From new management
paradigm, the integration can be implemented through varies of building software
such as Primavera, Revit, and Naviswork Managerial processes and concepts such as
critical chain project management, critical path method and concurrent engineering at
all projects life cycle can be utilised.
BIM is a tool which possess a rich database that contains information about
manufacturers, pricing, physical information (such as material weight and size) and
also electromechanical devices in the building. The integration of BIM application
allows the architect to has a BIM model, which has integrated to the model of the
mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) of the building (Sullivan, 2007).
Convenience use of data means very precise schedule of materials can be developed
from the parametric model elements and the parametric model elements will
automatically change with visual components. Accurate materials schedules allow
team members to project usage of the material before construction complete
(Mitchell and Keaveney, 2013).
2.4.4 Improving Coordination of Project Team Members
BIM is laid on two pillars, communication and collaboration. BIM enables all team
members to easily access the information about each building component within its
modelled elements (McNell et al., 2011). The information such as power
consumption and weight of an element can be accessed by the team (Azhar et al.,
2012)
23
Figure 2.2 : A comparison between traditional and BIM process (McNell,2011)
Figure 2.2 shows comparison between traditional process and BIM process.
In traditional process, there is a separated process between concept design,
documents and drawings and construction and operation. In BIM process, all process
related to the construction and operation of a building are integrated and used
throughout the construction stages such as cost estimation, documentation and
drawings and facilities management (McNell et al., 2011). The information is used
and integrated through active access and sharing of data among the construction
players and this improve coordination among construction players (Mitchell and
Keaveney, 2013).
2.4.5 Improving Accuracy and Efficiency of Project Team Performance
In conventional construction processes without BIM utilisation, Building project
teams rarely work together more than once. Each of these parties has resorted to
concentrating on contractual arrangements to prevent liability and this has formed
impediments to collaboration and innovation in the design and construction phases
(Mitchell and Keyveney, 2013).The team performance is often influenced by the
accuracy and efficiency of the team. Most processed in BIM are automated and the
involvement of human resources is minimised, it is claimed that by using BIM, the
24
efficiency of monitoring, controlling and updating in construction projects life cycle
enhanced remarkably (Shourangiz et al., 2011).
The integration of one element to another in BIM increased accuracy for
quantity takeoff. Integrators scheduling based on material availability and progress
can be shown visually. By a visual presentation, project managers can quickly
optimise construction schedules with ever-changing materials deliveries, cost and
availability (McNell et al., 2011). In addition Mitchell and Keyveney (2013) states
that BIM process promises consistency in documentation, promotes collaboration
among construction players and offers many application that can be used to improve
efficiency.
2.4.6 Facilities Management (FM)
The facility management is made easier by BIM usage. The rationale for using BIM
goes beyond the ease of use of the BIM models. Other reasons include productivity
gains, project controls, rapid visualisation capabilities, and downstream uses of the
database built into the model, such as for facility management and operations
(Sullivan, 2009).
According to Mcnell et al., (2011) facilites managers can use BIM to gather
usage data, prepare maintenance schedules using predictive data, manage daily
operations and plan for future purchases and construction additions. Full equipment
data including operating parameters, usage data, predictive data, service history,
replacement price and links to other manufacturer data, combined with a fully
rendered 3D depiction of the equipment creates a powerful tool for facility managers
( Shourangiz et al., 2011)
2.4.7 Enhance Safety in Construction Project
Project team is leveraging BIM and collaborating design review to enhance and
improve the health, safety and welfare (HSW) performance of their projects. Such
HSW advantages include enhanced occupant safety. BIM is identified as a possible
tool which may help to improve safety management by allowing job-hazard analysis
146
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