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Different Types of Poultry Housing System for Tropical
Climate
Presented ByPragya BhadauriaScientistPoultry Housing & Management CARI, Izatnagar
Introduction
Genetic improvement
Nutritional improvement
Environment
Poultry Physiology
Body temperature 105°F -
107°FPoultry house design should
be directly related to
environmental conditions
Strong effect of
environmental factors
Tropical environmental effect more high yielding
birds
High yielding exotic
breeds have temperate
origin
Less tolerant of heat
than cold
Comfort zone:
18-22 °C
Comfort and Protection
Scientific management in a controlled manner
Easy, convenient and economic operations
Reduces the total cost of production
Maximizes flock performance
Ensuring better health and welfare
Proper micro-climatic conditions
Increased stocking density
Optimum and uniform growth rate
Importance of Housing
Type of poultry housing Systems
Free Range/Extensive
Semi-Intensive Intensive
Deep Litter Cage
Stair-step/ California
Battery/ Vertical
Individual
Slat cum litter Slatted floor
Free Range System
Oldest system and adopted only when adequate land is available Rearing of poultry by letting them loose on ground (Field) called as range A range should provide shelter, greens, feed, water, shade etc Foraging is major source of feeding for birds Shelter is usually provided by temporary roofing supported by ordinary poles Stocking density: 300-400 birds per hectare At present, almost outdated
Semi-intensive System
Commonly used by smallscale producers
Birds are half way reared in houses and half way on ground or range
Birds are confined to houses in night or as per the need, they are also given access to runs
Houses may be simple house, thatched roof, littered earthfloor or slatted
Provides protection from inclement weather predators and shade
Stocking density: 4-5 birds m.sq. in houses
Fold Unit System
House and run combined, part of which is covered with chicken wire and the remainder with solid walls
A unit 6 metres by 1.5 metres for 6-18 birds
Floor space 2 square metres per bird
Moved each day over an area of grassland
Similar to the deep-litter system, but requires more space, a considerable amount of litter for the yard, and the fresh green food for the birds
More expensive and less durable
Deep Litter System
Poultry birds are kept in large pens on floor, mainly for broilers Floor is covered with litters , such as straw, saw dust or leaves up to depth
of 2-3 inches Bird density: 5-7 birds per square meter Easy assess for feed, water, egg collection, provide good protection Disadvantage: Require high quality liter and litter born diseases
Small houses with a slatted or wire mesh floor
Slats- wooden pieces of 2.5-5 cm wide placed 2.5 cm apart, running through the length of house
Slats placed 3 ft above the ground floor to allow accumulation of dropping
Bird density can be 6–8 per square metre
Feeding, watering & egg collection handled from outside the house
Cooler houses but expensive & suitable for adult bird only
Slatted or wire-floor system
Combination of slatted floor and deep litter
60% slat area and 40% litter area
Slats on either side of house against each side wall leaving central portion for litter floor
The area is raised above the concrete floor by 0.5 metres or more to accumulate manure below the slatted area
Waterers and feeders are placed on the slatted area
Bird density upto 5-7 per sqaure meter
Expensive & complicated management
slat area
litter area
Aviaries
Multi-tiered buildings for cage-free housing
Several levels of flooring
Use of vertical space (perches and platforms) – allow birds to
jump to different levels
High density of birds upto- 25 birds per sqaure meter
Cage System
Rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages
Initially introduce for individual egg & pedigree recording & culling of poor layers
At present, 75% of commercial layers in the world are kept in cages
Suitable for keeping high density of birds, when space is limitation
Scientific managemental practices can be followed
Feeders and waterers are attached to cages from outside, except nipple waterers, for which pipeline is installed through or above cages
Auto-operated feeding trolleys and egg collection belts can also be used
The droppings are either collected in trays underneath cages, on belts or on floor or deep pit under the cages
Recommended Floor space Chick (0 to 8 weeks) = 0.3 Sq.ft
Grower (9 to 16 weeks) = 0.5 Sq.ft
Layer (Above 17 weeks) = 0.6 Sq.ft
Structure of Cage
Floor slope: 1.5 inch per running 12 inch
Based on the bird density
Single or individual bird cage (Only one bird in a cage)
Multiple bird cage (From 2 to 10 birds) Colony cages (More than 11 birds per cage)
Based on the number of rows
Single-deck Double-deck Triple-deck Four-deck
Based on arrangement of cages
Battery cages (Vertical cages)
Stair-step cagesa) M-type cagesb) L-type cages
Based on the type of bird reared
Brooder / chick cages Grower cages Layer cages Breeder cages
Types of cages
Colony cages Battery cages
Individual cage
This type of houses provides sufficient ventilation & waste management in tropical countries
The height of the shed is raised by 7-8 feet from ground level using concrete pillars
The distance between two pillars is 10 feet
Two feet wide concrete platforms are made over the pillars
For 3 ‘M’ type cages are arranged 4 platforms are needed
The inter-platform distance is 5-8 feet depending upon the type of the cages used
The total height of the house is 20-25 feet and the width is 30-33 feet
California Housing(High Rise/ Elevated cage house)
7-8 ft
8 to 9 ft
10- 15 ft interval
2 ft
Depends on cage design
(5 to 8 ft
In recent years, most poultry operation are intensive type houses with Environment Controlled house, in which inside conditions are maintained as near as to the bird’s optimum requirements
Temperature: 24oC Relative Humidity- 50 to 60%
A closed building with no windows, longitudinal preferably east to west, with big exhaust fans on west side while evaporative cooling pads on east side along with automatic feeding and drinking systems inside
Fully system controlled with no manual controls, feeding system, watering system, manure collection system, egg collection system are all mechanized and automatic
ECH helps to achieve better FCR, improving production, care of birds, control diseases and meet other safe breeding conditions
One extra batch (or cycle) per year per shed
Modern Housing System
Environmentally Controlled House
Housing hygiene and sanitationBiosecurity
Principles of Housing
Located away from residential and industrial area
Soil and drainage
Basic amenities like water and electricity
Shade and protection
Relation to other building
Proper ventilation
Availability of farm labourers at relatively cheaper wages
Market
Proper road facilities
1. Selection of site
Hot& cold climate Hot climateS
N
S
W
E
N
WE
Cold climate
N
WE
S
2. Housing Design
Distance between sheds
Preferably locate chicks, growers & layers in different localities for better biosecurity
Distance between sheds = 0.4 x H √L House Orientation (Direction)
20- 50 m
Foundation Solid & Concrete, concrete blocks &
bricks with 1 to 1.5 feet below the surface and 1 to 1.5 feet above the ground level
Length Can be of any extent
Width Not more than 30 feet
If the width of the shed is more than 30 feet, ridge ventilation at the middle line of the roof top with proper overhang is must
Can be of any width in EC houses upto 40 ft
1.5 ft
30 ft
Height Height of the sides from foundation to the
roof line should be 8-10 feet (eaves height) and at the centre 10 -12 feet
In case of cage houses, the height is decided by the type of cage arrangements (3 tier or 4 tier)
Side walls Protects the bird from adverse climate and
provides sufficient ventilation
Usually half to two-thirds area will be kept open and fitted with wire mesh in floor houses
In cage houses, avoid side wall
EC houses should have solid side walls
8-10 ft10 -12 ft
Types of Roofs Draft and moisture proof
Sufficient overhang
Insulation values of R-4 and R-2 for ceiling and walls, respectively in hot climate
Painted with a reflecting type of paint such as aluminum paint or polyurethane insulation under the roof or above the ceiling
Dropped ceilings• Modern houses are well insulated with blown in
cellulose or glass fiber batt
• Protect the trusses and ceiling insulation by acting as a vapor barrier
• Reduce the ceiling surface area and reduce heat gain during hot weather and heat loss during cold weather
2-3 ft
Dropped ceiling
Shed Type Two-thirds span roof Gable roof/double-pitch /equal-span roof
Monitor style Half-monitor style
1 feet height
Asphaltic roofing material
Thatched roof
Asbestos sheets
Types of roofing material
Roof white washed Spray polyurethane insulation
Rigid board insulation
Types of Floors
Concrete with rat proof device and free from dampness
Extended 1.5 feet outside the wall on all sides to prevent rat and snake problems
Consist of well-drained soil or gravel or concrete which is more desirable, it is easy to clean, durable and more rat proof
A concrete floor should be 80–100 mm thick and be made of a stiff 1:2:4 or 1:3:5 mix, laid on a firm base at least 150 mm above ground level, and given a smooth finish with a steel trowel
DoorsThe door must be open outside mostly in deep-litter poultry housesThe size of door is preferably 6 x 2.5 feet At the entry, a foot bath should be constructed to fill with a disinfectant
Plastic slatted floor
Katcha floor Concrete floor
Wire mesh floor
Macro environment
Not possible to manipulate
Local environment around a animal
Temperature
Microenvironment
Air quality
3. Housing Environment
Control over micro-environment can be achieved by
By completely eliminating macro environment contact
with the house
By completely enclosed from outside incliment
weather conditions
Hence environment inside house is in our control,
Here the concept of EC has arisen
Ventilation/ Air Movement
Moving FRESH AIR INTO a house and moving STALE AIR OUT of the house
Sending UNWANTED heat, EXCESS moisture, ammonia OUT of the house
Limiting the buildup of HARMFUL GASES
Providing OXYGEN for respiration
Natural outside air can easily flow into and out of the house
Ventilated shelter must be expose to the wind
Windbreaks reduce natural air movement, keep them 100 ft away
Increased air-exchange rates by installing fans
Proper building design & construction major factors which affect ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical/ Forced Ventilation systems
All air movement is produced by fans and controlled by automatic environmental control mechanisms in the building
Positive pressure systems use fans to blow fresh air into the building, creating a slightly higher pressure inside the house
Pressure difference moves the stale air to escape through strategically placed exhaust vents or outlets
Negative-pressure ventilation: Exhaust fans expel air from the building &
creates a partial vacuum inside that pulls air into the house evenly through all
inlets, creating more uniform conditions in the house
Inlets are distributed around the periphery of the building
Having a tightly sealed house is critical for successful control of in-house conditions in negative-pressure ventilation
Tunnel ventilation
Most effective in tropical climate due to higher air exchange rate & faster air movement @ 2.5-3 m/sec
Fresh air enters the house at one end and pulled through the house in longitudinal direction by means of high-performance fans
Cross ventilation (fans on one side of the house and inlets on the other side –works best in houses of less than 10 m wide)
Sidewall ventilation: fans and inlets on same sidewalls
Attic inlet ventilation: fans are distributed at the side-walls, inlets are in the roof
<10 m wide
Fans and openings:
Control the amount of air exchange
Effect air distribution and mixing
Heaters: provide supplemental heat during cold weather and brooding
Controls: to adjust ventilating rates (fan controls), supplemental heating rates, and the air velocity rates (fan controls), supplemental heating rates, and the air velocity through openings as weather, bird age and size change
Components of Mechanical Ventilation systems
Placed on the windward direction of the houses
Install slow speed, industrial fans 1m above the ground
Use 1x 620 mm rpm fan/1,000 layers
In EC houses: Important to determine how much air flow through the building which determine the no: of fans required
Air flow rate = cross sectional area of the house x required speed desired
A minimum of 1 m2 inlet area per 14 m3/h exhaust fan capacity is recommended
Fans
Openings
• Air inlets: to provide fresh air throughout the building, control direction of airflow, and maintain sufficient inlet air velocity
• Inlets for negative-pressure ventilation systems: continuous slots and discrete box or area inlets
• Continuous slot inlets have a rigid movable baffle for controlling the size of the opening, Bottom-hinged baffles are preferred.
• Continuous inlets may be positioned along both eaves
• Tunnel ventilation requires a separate set of inlets
• Unplanned inlets includes large openings such as doors, windows, and fans without shutters, which are not originally designed to be part of the ventilation system
Heaters
Supplemental heat is needed in natural & powered ventilated houses to maintain desired indoor temperatures during cold weather & brooding
Different types of heaters are used for supplemental heating in poultry houses including radiant, space and make-up air heaters
To maintain the indoor temperature and provide air exchange as weather changes hourly and seasonally
Regulate the supplemental heating rate
Sold state controllers and computer systems capable of controlling the inlet and outlet opening and supplemental heaters
Automatic controls
A well-insulated building is needed for EC houses
It prevent condensation on the inside surfaces, reduce heat loss in cold weather, and reduce solar heat gain in warm weather
Insulation
Evaporative Cooling
FOGGINGsystems
Naturally ventilated housing
Power-ventilatedhousing
PAD systems
Power-ventilated
house
SPRINKLINGsystems
Very dry climates
Cooling the House: cooling effect by evaporation
Foggers
FOGGER SYSTEM
Low pressure fogging• Inject fine water particles • Low cost fogging system• High quality and durable PVC Pipes are
used
High pressure fogging • Micro mist fog size (10-15µ)• Fogger in true sense discharges fog not
water• Operated intermittently or designed to avoid
excessive water • High pressure and durable Stainless Steel
Pipes are used
Fogger Sprinkler
Evaporative cooling pads
Operate on the same cooling principle as foggers
Cooled air entered the house, when it passes through the wet pads above which water runs through perforated pipes
This method avoids the problem of wet litter
Concrete coated bagasse pad, Aspen fiber, rubberised hogshair pad and corrugated cellulose or fluted cardboard pads materials widely used as cooling pads
Feeding
Automatic feeders have one loop of feeder chain and trough capable of feeding a given number of birds
A feeding control system to turn the feeders on and off
Feed monitoring systems are available to measure the amount of feed consumed by bird
It is important that, same amount of feed to be available at all locations along the feeder
The feed hopper in the house holds the feed before it goes out through the auger & into the feed pans
Feed goes through the auger lines & drops into each feed pan for the chickens to eat
Round bottom feeders Square bottom feeders Automatic feeder
Linear Trough feedersTube Feeder Hanging type Feeder
Watering
Nipple drinkersAutomatic drinkersFountain drinkers
Medication system allows for medicines to be administered through the water lines
Egg collection Conveyor belt system
Sensors
Small computer box
A stand-by generator for emergency power supply to all houses in case of power failure
Lighting
• EC houses should be light proof, use of light trap at fan openings• A monitoring and control system for scheduling of lights • A system than can pre-program lighting schedules over the life of the flock
is very useful for management• It is also important to provide the desired intensity of light• Lighting is provided by incandescent lights with dimmer switches
Incandescent lights Fluorescent tube light Compact Fluorescent light
Waste management Biosecurity
CONCLUSION
Automation is the need of hour to reduce labor cost and increase poultry production
California houses with automation is better option in tropical climate
Thought should be given to Environmental Control houses while constructing houses in hot climate, if capital is available
Civil engineers or architectures should be involved while planning and designing poultry houses
Bibliography
Appleby, M.C, Hughes, B.O, and Elson (1992) A. Poultry Production System. CAB International, Wallingford.
Bhanja S. K. Notes on poultry housing and management. Technical Bulletin, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar.
Daghir, N. J. (2008). Poultry Production in Hot Climates. CAB International, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxfordshire.
Elson (1986). Poultry managemnt systems; looking to the future. WPSA 7th European Poultry Confrence Paris, 24-28 Aug, 1986 . (1) 1-11
FAO (2011). Rural structures in the tropics: Design and development.
Lohmann Tierzucht. ManagementGuide (Hot Climate)
North, Mack O. Commercial chicken production manual.
News letters on Poultry Housing Tips. University of Georgia's College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Cooperative Extension service
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