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Poultry Production
Objectives:A. Define common poultry terms
B. Identify common breeds of chickensC. Compare and contrast broiler and
layer chickensD. Describe the poultry reproductive
systemE. Describe environmental requirements
to hatch chicken eggsF. Candle eggs to determine their interior
and exterior quality grade.
A. Define common poultry terms
Chick: newly hatched chicken
Pullet: Female chicken < 1
year
Cockerel: Male chicken < 1
year
Capon: Castrated male
chicken
Hen: Mature female chicken
Rooster: Mature male chicken
C. Compare and contrast broiler and layer chickens
Broilers: For Meat-Broiler chickens are raised primarily for their meat.-Chickens can be ready to harvest around 6 weeks of age
Layers: For eggs-Hens begin laying eggs around 4 months of age-A good hen lays 1 egg a
day-Lay eggs year round
-Production slows in winter
Testicles: Produce sperm
Vas Deferens: Carries seminal fluid and sperm from testicles to cloaca
Papilla: The organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the female’s reproductive tract
Ovary: Produces the ovum
Infundibulum: Receives yolk from ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place
Magnum: Secretes the thick white of the egg
3 Hours
Isthmus: 2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white
1 ¼ Hours
Uterus: Thin white and outer shell are added to the egg
20 Hours
Vagina: Completed egg is stored for a short time til laid
Total: 25-27 Hours
Air
Cell
Yolk
Yolk Membrane
Outer Shell Membrane
Germinal Disc
Thick White
Thin White
Thick White Membrane
Egg Processing Video
Outer Shell
Compare Mammalian and Poultry Reproduction
2 functioning ovaries
2 ovaries, but only LEFT ovary functions
Sperm cells are only viable for a short time after depositing into the female
Sperm cells live for atleast 6 days…and as long as 10-15 days!
Testicles are inside the scrotum on the OUTSIDE of body
Testicles are INSIDE the body cavity
Separate exits for the urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts
ONE exit from the body (vent)
E. Describe environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
Natural:
• Hen lays eggs (1 per day) over period of several days
• When she has an adequate nest, she begins to lay on them to keep them warm
• After 21 days, the eggs hatch
• A hen who is laying on her eggs is referred to as “broody”
E. Describe environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
Artificial Incubation:
• Hen lays eggs and they are placed in an incubator
• Incubator keeps eggs at proper temperature and humidity
-Temperature: 102-103 degrees
-Humidity: 60%
• Eggs are turned 2 times daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
Taste
• Taste acuity poorer than for mammals– Taste receptors
• Humans: 9,000• Rabbits: 17,000• Chicken: 250-350• Pigeon: 37-75• Japanese quail: 62• Ducks: 375• Parrots: 300-400
• Birds can taste the same four primary flavors (sour, sweet, bitter, salty) but with less acuity
Smell
• Sense of smell not well developed in birds– Exceptions: Kiwi, some vultures and seabirds– Flowers and fruits that rely on birds for
pollination and seed dispersal - would it be beneficial to the plants to be scented?
Avian Genetics
• Mammals– Male XY– Female XX
– Males determine sex of offspring
• Birds– Male ZZ– Female ZW
– Females determine sex of offspring
Avian reproductive tract
Infundibulum
Ruptured follicleStigma
Mature ovum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus/ Shell gland
VaginaCloaca
Part of large intestine
Ovary
Oviduct
When the yolk comes to full size, it is released from the ovary by the rupture of the follicle along the stigma.
The discharged yolk and its germinal disc are engulfed by the infundibulum, and within ten minutes the journey down the oviduct commences.
It is in the infundibulum that fertilization will occur if the particular ovum is to become a fertile egg. Once the egg has passed through the infundibulum and the layers of albumen have started to be placed on the yolk, fertilization is impossible.
The yolk spends approximately 3 hours in the magnum where the thick albumen is added. This is about half of the total egg white. The remainder of the egg white is added after the shell membranes have been formed and the egg has entered the uterus.
The two shell membranes are formed in the isthmus during a period of 1.25 hours.
However, the yolk and the thick albumen do not have the appearance of an egg until water secreted in the uterus, passes through the shell membranes and the egg assumes its characteristic shape.
The egg spends over 20 hours in the uterus, where calcium carbonate is deposited on the outer shell membrane.
When the shell structure is complete, the egg passes into the vagina where it may be retained for a few minutes while a very thin coat of albumen-like material is deposited over the shell.
This material is referred to as the bloom or cuticle and functions to fill the pores of the shell.
The egg passes through the oviduct small end first, but just prior to laying the egg turns horizontally 180° so that the large end of the egg comes out first. This allows for more shell surface area on which uterine muscles may apply pressure prior to the egg-laying process.
Avian reproductive tract
Infundibulum
Ruptured follicleStigma
Mature ovum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus/ Shell gland
VaginaCloaca
Part of large intestine
Ovary
Oviduct
Avian reproductive tract
Infundibulum
Ruptured follicleStigma
Mature ovum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus/ Shell gland
VaginaCloaca
Part of large intestine
Ovary
Oviduct
(Fertilization)
(Albumen)
(Shell membranes)
(Water & Shell)(Bloom/cuticle)
Avian male reproductive tract
Avian system similar to mammalian system, but testes are located inside the abdominal cavity