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POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM
THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM
THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Nguyen Huu Dung
Environment Economics Unit
University of Economics-HCMC
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
• Pesticide use on rice crop• The awareness level of pesticide
applicators, their knowledge and perceptions of risks, attitudes towards pesticide use
• Pesticide use on rice crop• The awareness level of pesticide
applicators, their knowledge and perceptions of risks, attitudes towards pesticide use
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Sample selection criteriaSample selection criteria
• a. According to information from the poverty a. According to information from the poverty map of the World Bank,map of the World Bank,
• b. Province, district, and communes where b. Province, district, and communes where rice production is dominant, rice production is dominant,
• c. A geographical distribution of the study c. A geographical distribution of the study sites (i.e. not very close together),sites (i.e. not very close together),
• d. Selected sites are not located inside a city d. Selected sites are not located inside a city or center of the district (since the poor may or center of the district (since the poor may not be the farmers, e.g. jobless people in the not be the farmers, e.g. jobless people in the city or town).city or town).
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
METHODOLOGY (Continue)METHODOLOGY (Continue)
At the commune levelAt the commune level
To identify poor and non-poor To identify poor and non-poor communes, the survey selects the communes, the survey selects the commune which is +/- one standard commune which is +/- one standard deviation from the mean in terms of deviation from the mean in terms of the number and percentage of poor the number and percentage of poor
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Communes surveyedCommunes surveyed
District Communes Province COM.CODE % Poor*
An Phu Vinh Hau An Giang 1 55
Chau Thanh Binh Hoa An Giang 2 35
Vi Thanh Vi Tan Hau Giang 3 45
Thot Not Thanh Thang Can Tho 4 26
Tan Thanh Nhon Hoa lap Long An 5 46
Thu Thua Nhi Thanh Long An 6 19
Cai Lay My Thanh Nam Tien Giang 7 36
Cho Gao Thanh Binh Tien Giang 8 20
Tra Cu An Quang Huu Tra Vinh 9 49
Tieu Can Ngai Hung Tra Vinh 10 33
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
STUDY SITEsSTUDY SITEs
1. Vinh Hau2. Binh Hoa3. Vi Tan4. Thanh Thang5. Nhon Hoa Lap6. Nhi Thanh7. My Thanh Nam8. Thanh Binh9. An Quang Huu10. Ngai Hung
1
2
3
4
65
78
910
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Survey findingsSurvey findings
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Household characteristicsHousehold characteristics Income of Farmer’s GroupsIncome of Farmer’s Groups Income groups (million VND)
No of farms
% No of farms Total farmincome
Per Capitaincome
< =1.2 79 13.1 4,802,070 847,850
>1.2 <= 2.4 152 25.2 9,938,488 1,842,349
>2.4 <= 3.6 134 22.2 14,893,881 3,015,357
> 3.6 <= 4.8 80 13.3 19,618,588 4,144,690
>4,8 <= 6.0 61 10.1 24,214,328 5,276,810
> 6.0 97 16.1 41,898,270 9,509,439
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Charcteristics of farm householdsCharcteristics of farm households
Income groups (million VND)
Farm size(Ha)
Housing land (m2)
Family members
Main labors
Dependents
< =1.2 .84 275 6 3 2
>1.2 <= 2.4 1.11 344 5 2 2
>2.4 <= 3.6 1.37 378 5 2 2
> 3.6 <= 4.8 1.57 387 5 2 2
>4,8 <= 6.0 1.71 398 5 2 1
> 6.0 2.45 490 5 2 1
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Farmer’s Assessment on the Value of Farmer’s Assessment on the Value of
their Residential Housestheir Residential Houses
Income groups No of farms
Mean Maximum
Minimum
< =1.2 77 18,476,623 100,000,000 600,000
>1.2 <= 2.4 148 25,664,865
130,000,0001,000,000
>2.4 <= 3.6 128 37,422,656
200,000,0001,000,000
> 3.6 <= 4.8 78 41,487,179
200,000,0001,000,000
>4,8 <= 6.0 61 45,483,115
150,000,000170,000
> 6.0 95 68,184,211
250,000,0002,000,000
Group Total N= 587 38,329,080 250,000,000 170,000
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Access to Formal Credit Market of Farm Access to Formal Credit Market of Farm
HouseholdsHouseholds
Income groups No. of Farms
Amount (VND) Loan duration (months)
Interest(%/month)
< =1.2 34 5,991,176 10 1.04
>1.2 <= 2.4 80 7,911,250 13 .96
>2.4 <= 3.6 61 10,901,639 11 .97
> 3.6 <= 4.8 37 9,851,351 16 1.13
>4,8 <= 6.0 30 11,983,333 10 1.01
> 6.0 43 19,244,186 14 .99
Group total 285 10,712,632 12 1.00
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Pesticide use practicesPesticide use practices
Farmers' Behavior in Buying Pesticides Farmers' Behavior in Buying Pesticides
(percentage of farmers) N=603(percentage of farmers) N=603 Income groups The same
brandsChange regularly Change
sometimes
1 50.6 21.5 27.8
2 33.6 30.9 35.5
3 33.6 35.1 31.3
4 27.5 43.8 28.8
5 39.3 31.1 29.5
6 29.9 32.0 38.1
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Spraying Pesticides of the Respondents Spraying Pesticides of the Respondents (%)(%)
Income groups
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Others
1 92.34 92.34 92.34 92.34
2 90.13 90.39 90.66 91.05
3 85.90 86.04 86.04 86.42
4 88.00 88.00 86.75 88.00
5 77.79 77.79 77.79 77.79
6 75.31 75.52 75.62 74.79
Group Total 85.56 85.70 85.61 85.83
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Variations of Pesticide Doses Applied in Variations of Pesticide Doses Applied in
Different Rice SeasonsDifferent Rice Seasons Increase/decrease doses Frequency Percent Cumulative
Percent
1. Increased 173 28.7 28.7
2. Decreased 100 16.6 45.3
3. The same 279 46.3 91.5
4. Increased in one season, but decreased in the other
51 8.5 100.0
Total 603 100.0
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Methods of Payment of Purchasing Methods of Payment of Purchasing PesticidesPesticides
Income groups
Cash immediately
Later at an agreed date
After harvesting
Others
1 22.15 1.77 76.08 .00
2 23.22 5.00 71.45 .33
3 28.13 4.63 67.24 .02
4 32.38 7.13 60.50 .00
5 38.20 8.20 53.61 .00
6 41.34 4.38 54.28 .00
Group Total 29.82 5.00 65.10 .09
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Knowledge/Training on pesticide useKnowledge/Training on pesticide use Accessing to Pesticide Use Training of the Accessing to Pesticide Use Training of the
RespondentsRespondents
Farmers’ Response
Formal training in IPM
Basic training on safe handling & applying pesticide
Access someone to receive trainings
Count % Count % Count %
Yes 312 51.7 202 33.5 214 35.5
No 291 48.3 401 66.5 389 64.5
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Formal Training in IPM of the Formal Training in IPM of the RespondentsRespondents
Income groups Receiving formal training in IPM (% of farmers)
Yes (use) No (use)
1 36.7 63.3
2 50.0 50.0
3 54.5 45.5
4 46.3 53.8
5 63.9 36.1
6 59.8 40.2
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Farmer’ Perception on the Risk of Farmer’ Perception on the Risk of
Exposure to PesticidesExposure to Pesticides
Pesticide risk scale Income groups
1 2 3 4 5 6
No risk at all 13.9 17.8 18.7 25.0 21.3 22.7
Some small risk 27.8 28.3 32.1 26.3 34.4 36.1
A small amount of risk 25.3 29.6 23.9 30.0 24.6 22.7
A large & significantamount of risk
15.2 13.8 14.9 10.0 9.8 12.4
Dangerous & very toxic
15.2 9.9 7.5 7.5 9.8 6.2
Do not know 2.5 .7 3.0 1.3 0.0 0.0
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Using Protecting Equipment during Using Protecting Equipment during
Pesticide ApplicationPesticide Application IncomeGroups
Percentage of farmers using protecting equipment
Shoes Hat/head cover
Glasses Mask Full Sleeve shirt
Full length trousers
Gloves
1 1.3 49.4 10.1 58.2 96.2 94.9 12.7
2 2.6 48.0 19.7 62.5 96.7 96.1 14.5
3 3.0 49.3 21.6 61.9 96.3 93.3 17.9
4 2.5 53.8 20.0 70.0 95.0 97.5 20.0
5 1.6 52.5 29.5 65.6 96.7 95.1 19.7
6 3.1 49.5 20.6 63.9 97.9 95.9 24.7
Total 2.5 49.9 20.1 63.3 96.5 95.4 17.9
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Social feedbackSocial feedback Farmers’ Judgment on the Use of Farmers’ Judgment on the Use of Pesticides not be Legally Used in Pesticides not be Legally Used in
VietnamVietnam Income groups Percentage of farmers
Yes No
1.00 35.2 64.8
2.00 39.5 60.5
3.00 33.3 66.7
4.00 45.7 54.3
5.00 62.5 37.5
Total 38.8 61.2
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
The Criterion When Buying Pesticides (% of The Criterion When Buying Pesticides (% of
farmers)farmers)
Criterion Very important
Important Not so important
Prices of pesticides 23.9 38.3 37.8
Efficiency of pesticides to controlling pest 84.6 14.6 0.8
The easiness to manipulate 18.4 52.4 29.2
The quality of the explanation of how to use 59.9 34.7 5.5
The legality of use in Vietnam 35.2 53.9 10.9
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Assessment of Farmers on Types of Assessment of Farmers on Types of
Pollution due to Pesticide UsePollution due to Pesticide Use
Types of pollution Farmers' answering
Heard, known, seen
Do not know
Water pollution No. farmers 370 233
% farmers 61.4 38.6
Air pollution No. farmers 274 329
% farmers 45.4 54.6
Death of bird, animals,…
No. farmers 164 439
% farmers 27.2 72.8
POVERTY AND PESTICIDE USE IN VIETNAM - THE CASE OF FARMERS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM
Conclusion & RecommendationConclusion & Recommendation The poor are poor endowment in terms of land, value of house, accessing to formal credit market, but with many family members
The poor more exposure to pesticides than non-poor
Non-poor farmers are likely change the brand of pesticide more often
Pesticide doses applied in the rice fields are not the same between seasons
No difference in accessing to basic training on safe handling & spraying pesticide between the poor and non-poor, but in formal training in IPM
The poor are more awareness of risk of exposure to pesticide
Pesticides not be legally used in Vietnam are still prevalent
The poor concern about prices of pesticide while non-poor pay more attention on efficiency to controlling pest
Water pollution is the most reported problem resulting from using pesticide.