Poverty and Social Poverty and Social InclusionInclusion

Poverty and Social InclusionPoverty and Social Inclusion

CourseCourse: European Social Policy: European Social Policy

Seminar LeaderSeminar Leader: : Milena Jabůrková

DateDate: 31. 3. 2008: 31. 3. 2008

GroupGroup: C4: C4Members of the groupMembers of the group: : FidlerovFidlerováá Tereza Tereza, , KellnerovKellnerováá

EvaEva, Krčmařová , Krčmařová Martina, Martina, Liška Vít, Makovská Markéta,Liška Vít, Makovská Markéta,

Zaviska ClaudiaZaviska Claudia

Content Content

Definitions of povertyDefinitions of poverty Poverty measurementPoverty measurement Causes and conditions of povertyCauses and conditions of poverty Social inclusionSocial inclusion Poverty in the EUPoverty in the EU Poverty in the Czech RepublicPoverty in the Czech Republic

Definitions of PovertyDefinitions of Poverty

Poverty is a multidimensional and unstable Poverty is a multidimensional and unstable phenomenonphenomenon (relative, absolute, primary, (relative, absolute, primary, secondary, structural etc.)secondary, structural etc.)

Depends on context – country, family, Depends on context – country, family, rural/urban rural/urban area, area, social policy etc.social policy etc.

Poverty – is whether households or individuals Poverty – is whether households or individuals have enough resources or abilities today to have enough resources or abilities today to meet their needs (The World Bank)meet their needs (The World Bank)

Poverty measurementPoverty measurement

Objective – Objective – according to defined poverty thresholdaccording to defined poverty threshold

Subjective – Subjective – people feel to be poorpeople feel to be poor

Direct – Direct – observe level of consumption (lower than observe level of consumption (lower than average)average)

Indirect – Indirect – observe income (most studies follow this observe income (most studies follow this method)method)

(Čabanová)(Čabanová)

Extreme p. – Extreme p. – income bellow $2 or $ 1 a day income bellow $2 or $ 1 a day (the (the

World Bank); World Bank); this measurement method is also used for this measurement method is also used for the purpose of global comparisonthe purpose of global comparison

Poverty measurementPoverty measurement

RelativeRelative – – lack of resources necessary lack of resources necessary to permit participation in diets and to permit participation in diets and activities commonly approved by societyactivities commonly approved by society

(Townsend, 1969)(Townsend, 1969) Relative Relative – – defined share of people defined share of people

bellow what is perceived as “normal” bellow what is perceived as “normal” income: 60% (50%) of median income in income: 60% (50%) of median income in a given country – used by UNa given country – used by UN (Pot(Potůčeůček)k)

Poverty measurementPoverty measurement AbsoluteAbsolute - the number of people living below a - the number of people living below a

certain income threshold or the number of certain income threshold or the number of households unable to afford certain basic goods households unable to afford certain basic goods and services. and services. (http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/pove(http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm)rty/measuring_poverty.htm)

Income threshold Income threshold – official social minimum; – official social minimum; minimum consumption basket (Beveridge 1942)minimum consumption basket (Beveridge 1942)

Poverty line Poverty line –– the minimum level of income the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living. standard of living. ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line))

People with the biggestPeople with the biggest probability probability

to become poorto become poor

people with mental-health problemspeople with mental-health problems

people with drug and alcohol people with drug and alcohol problems problems

people who have suffered physical people who have suffered physical and sexual abuseand sexual abuse

Greatest risk of povertyGreatest risk of poverty

during childhood during childhood

early parenthoodearly parenthood

in retirement (unemployment and in retirement (unemployment and low pay also contribute towards low pay also contribute towards pensioner poverty)pensioner poverty)

Poverty and immigrationPoverty and immigration

Many immigrants areMany immigrants are poor and poor and homeless, homeless, because they are discriminated against because they are discriminated against ( in jobs and housing )( in jobs and housing )

Example:Example: France - among homeless people who France - among homeless people who

use homeless services are 50% - 80% of use homeless services are 50% - 80% of immigrantsimmigrants

HomelessnessHomelessness

Limits in participation and in access to Limits in participation and in access to theirtheir own, safe homeown, safe home

Homeless people – “live without a roof above Homeless people – “live without a roof above their heads” (on streets, in social or their heads” (on streets, in social or temporary housings…)temporary housings…)

Homeless people – new immigrants, victims Homeless people – new immigrants, victims of nature disasters or people with personal of nature disasters or people with personal disasters (raped as a children, beaten up as a disasters (raped as a children, beaten up as a children, bad marriage, lost of loved one, children, bad marriage, lost of loved one, been thrown out of jobs, suffered other kinds been thrown out of jobs, suffered other kinds of indignities)of indignities)

Trends in homelessnessTrends in homelessness

most homeless people in Europe are most homeless people in Europe are single or separated mensingle or separated men

the fastest-growing segments among the fastest-growing segments among the homeless are young, female and the homeless are young, female and part of a familypart of a family

divorce as the main reason for the divorce as the main reason for the increasing number of homeless familiesincreasing number of homeless families

SocialSocial exclusion and exclusion and inclusioninclusion

SID: Social Integrationist DiscourseSID: Social Integrationist Discourse

Social Exclusion as exclusion from Social Exclusion as exclusion from labour market/ Importance of work labour market/ Importance of work in Integration in Integration

Process- and structure perspective, Process- and structure perspective, complex view of poverty complex view of poverty

EU-Policy-ProgramsEU-Policy-Programs

Access to education, infra-structure, Access to education, infra-structure, health-care, cultural-lifehealth-care, cultural-life

Networks between social Institutions Networks between social Institutions - labour market - finance support/ - labour market - finance support/ benefitsbenefits

Preventive PoliciesPreventive Policies

financial, income, capitalfinancial, income, capital including/access to employment, including/access to employment,

“Intermediate labour markets” “Intermediate labour markets” education, qualification, skills, lifelong education, qualification, skills, lifelong

LearningLearning shared resources, changing the public shared resources, changing the public

sector, housing mixsector, housing mix social and psychological skills, social social and psychological skills, social

networks networks

Possible Obligation for Possible Obligation for social inclusion of homeless social inclusion of homeless

peoplepeople self-help projects, street workself-help projects, street work

Respecting the lifestyle of homeless Respecting the lifestyle of homeless peoplepeople

““soft” integration prosoft” integration proccess ess

Effects of social benefits Effects of social benefits as a example of social as a example of social

inclusion policyinclusion policy

Number of poor and socially excluded citizens Number of poor and socially excluded citizens in EU (in %)in EU (in %)

Poverty Poverty and social exclusion and social exclusion in the EUin the EU

History of Social Protection and Social Inclusion in History of Social Protection and Social Inclusion in EU since 2000EU since 2000

2000: The Lisbon European Council 2000: The Lisbon European Council EU leaders established the Social Inclusion Process to EU leaders established the Social Inclusion Process to

make a decisive impact on eradicating poverty by 2010make a decisive impact on eradicating poverty by 2010Set up TSet up The Open Method of Coordinationhe Open Method of Coordination

2006: Member states submittednationl reports setting out 2006: Member states submittednationl reports setting out their strategytheir strategy

2007: The memer states reports were assessed jointly by the 2007: The memer states reports were assessed jointly by the Comission and the CouncilComission and the Council

2008: Memeber states will submit full National Reports on 2008: Memeber states will submit full National Reports on Strategies for social Protection and Social InclusionStrategies for social Protection and Social Inclusion

2010:2010: TThe European Year for Combating Poverty and Social he European Year for Combating Poverty and Social ExclusionExclusion

2011: The final Evaluation results should be available 2011: The final Evaluation results should be available

2010:2010:the European Year for the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Combating Poverty and Social

ExclusionExclusion In all Member States, part of the population is subject to In all Member States, part of the population is subject to

exclusion and deprivationexclusion and deprivation ( (facing limited access to basic facing limited access to basic servicesservices))..

78 million people in the EU – or 78 million people in the EU – or 16% of the population 16% of the population – – currently live at risk of poverty.currently live at risk of poverty.

The 2010 European Year: The 2010 European Year: Its four specific objectives are:Its four specific objectives are:

1)1)people in poverty and social exclusionpeople in poverty and social exclusion have have to live in to live in dignity and to dignity and to play a full part in societyplay a full part in society

2)Emphasise 2)Emphasise everyone’s responsibility in tackling everyone’s responsibility in tackling poverty and poverty and marginalisation; marginalisation;

3) A more cohesive society3) A more cohesive society

4) Commitment of all actors, 4) Commitment of all actors, involve all levels of involve all levels of governancegovernance

Solidarity is a hallmark of the European Union. Solidarity is a hallmark of the European Union.

Main Challenges for the Main Challenges for the futurefuture

TThe Open Method of Coordinationhe Open Method of Coordination First roundFirst round How to continue?How to continue?

Future will focused around the following themes:Future will focused around the following themes:Child poverty and integrationaltransmission of povertyChild poverty and integrationaltransmission of povertyAn inclusive labour marketAn inclusive labour marketAcces to education and trainingAcces to education and trainingGender dimesion on povertyGender dimesion on povertyAcces to basic servicesAcces to basic servicesAdressing the needs of disabled people and other vulnerable Adressing the needs of disabled people and other vulnerable

groupsgroupsOvercoming discrimination, promoting the integration of Overcoming discrimination, promoting the integration of

immigrants, social labour market inclusion of ethnic immigrants, social labour market inclusion of ethnic minorities minorities

Child poverty: Crucial Child poverty: Crucial issue for sustainable issue for sustainable development in EUdevelopment in EU

Child poverty is a cycle: Child poverty is a cycle: passing it from generation to passing it from generation to generationgeneration

Adults have a choice, children does notAdults have a choice, children does not Relative poverty: Most important issueRelative poverty: Most important issue Child poverty costs us all, both financially and sociallyChild poverty costs us all, both financially and socially Children who grow up poor are more likely toChildren who grow up poor are more likely to::

leave school without qualificationsleave school without qualifications have lower employment chanceshave lower employment chances get a good job and financially contribute to societyget a good job and financially contribute to society

Poor children are excluded from participating in societyPoor children are excluded from participating in society..

Share of citizens of eu at Share of citizens of eu at risk of povertyrisk of poverty

Poverty and social Poverty and social exclusion in Czech exclusion in Czech

republicrepublic Czech republic is one of the countries Czech republic is one of the countries

with very low poverty ratewith very low poverty rate

8 % of czech population are under the 8 % of czech population are under the border of povertyborder of poverty

8 % od czech polulation are at risk of 8 % od czech polulation are at risk of povertypoverty

Groups at risk of poverty Groups at risk of poverty in czech republicin czech republic

Policies of social Policies of social inclusion in Czech inclusion in Czech

republicrepublic 3 main goals of social inclusion policies in Czech 3 main goals of social inclusion policies in Czech

republic:republic:

1)1) To reduce the poverty of single women with childrenTo reduce the poverty of single women with children To access to single parent on labour marketTo access to single parent on labour market

2)2) To reduce the long-term unemploymentTo reduce the long-term unemployment Adhesion of activ policy of employmentAdhesion of activ policy of employment

3)3) To reduce the number of recipients of social benefitsTo reduce the number of recipients of social benefits to regulate social benefit systemto regulate social benefit system

Reference listReference list Fitzpatrick, S., Kemp, P., Klinker, S. (2004). Bezdomovectví: přehled Fitzpatrick, S., Kemp, P., Klinker, S. (2004). Bezdomovectví: přehled

výsledků výzkumů z Velké Británie. Kostelec nad Černými lesy: Institut výsledků výzkumů z Velké Británie. Kostelec nad Černými lesy: Institut zdravotní politiky a ekonomiky.zdravotní politiky a ekonomiky.

Gola, P: V Evropské unii jsou lidé ohrožení "chudobou„. Dostupné z Gola, P: V Evropské unii jsou lidé ohrožení "chudobou„. Dostupné z WWW: http://www.mesec.cz/clanky/v-evropske-unii-jsou-lide-ohrozeni-WWW: http://www.mesec.cz/clanky/v-evropske-unii-jsou-lide-ohrozeni-chudobou/ (cit. 28-3-2008)chudobou/ (cit. 28-3-2008)

MPSV: Národní akční plán sociálního začleňování na léta 2006 – 2008MPSV: Národní akční plán sociálního začleňování na léta 2006 – 2008 Potůček, M: Poverty as a social phenomenom. Dostupné z WWW: Potůček, M: Poverty as a social phenomenom. Dostupné z WWW:

http://martinpotucek.cz/courses_esp.html cit. (cit. 28-3-2008)http://martinpotucek.cz/courses_esp.html cit. (cit. 28-3-2008) The World bank: Measuring poverty. Dostupné z WWW:The World bank: Measuring poverty. Dostupné z WWW: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/

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TUTOR2U: Measuring poverty . Dostupné z WWW: TUTOR2U: Measuring poverty . Dostupné z WWW: http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm (cit. 28-3-2008)htm (cit. 28-3-2008)

WIKIPEDIA: Poverty threshold. Dostupné z www: WIKIPEDIA: Poverty threshold. Dostupné z www: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line (cit. 28-3-2008)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line (cit. 28-3-2008)

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