Technology for Poverty Reduction

Energy analysis For India

Dr. H. J. Prabhu,

Dept. of Chemical Eng. And CEESAT,

N.I.T. Trichy

Relevance of energy services

Although low energy consumption is not a

cause of poverty,

• The lack of available energy services correlates closely with many challenges ofsustainable development, such as poverty alleviation, the advancement of women, protection of the environment, and jobs creation.

Poverty and an energy perspective.

• Most of those without access to modern energy services belong to the segment of the human population that lives in poverty.

• Energy is central to the satisfaction of basic nutrition and health needs, and energy services constitute a sizable share of total household expenditure among the poorest households in developing countries.

Energy services and basic needs

• Policies and programs that aim to create opportunities for people living in poverty are needed.

• Self help groups - training in solar energy utilization and biomass production for energy applications

• Rural electrification with de-centralized power generation and marketing based on bio-fuels.

To make development SUSTAINABLE

• EXPLOIT INTELLIGENTLY- ENERGY OF LIGHT,WIND AND FLOWING WATERAND ENERGY STORED IN BIOMASS:

• EVEN IF THEY ARE DISPERSED, & INTERMITTENT THEY ARE PERENNIAL; DECENTRALIZED SOURCE OF POWER: BENIGN & BENEFICIAL

• CONSERVE FOSSIL FUELS

SOLAR RADIATION• India receives 300 clear

sunny days in a year. It is a benign source of Heat & Electric power.

• Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) power used in households, telecommunications, defense, railways and others.

• Efficiency of renewable technologies has improved over the past decade and the costs have come down.

• That applies to wind as well as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, etc.

• For that reason we’ve already seen wind technologies being deployed very effectively around the world. This is also due to policies, but improvements in efficiency, technology and cost reduction played a part in it.

WIND POWER• India is the fifth largest wind

power producer in the world. • It has a wind power

generation capacity of 3,595 MW.

• The wind potential in India: [estimated] 45, 000 MW.

• Almost 6.5 billion units of electricity have been fed to various state grids from wind power projects.

Biomass Power

Bio-energy projects can contribute directly to poverty

alleviation by helping to meet basic needs, creating

opportunities for improved productivity and better

livelihoods, and preserving the natural environment on

which the poor depend.

AIM: To explain bio-energy’s potential. It is based on two premises:

1. Bio-energy is an important part of today’s

imperfect energy system.

Biofuel is called ‘Poor woman’s oil’, used in low

quality devices inefficiently with indoor pollution and

time and labor spent in its collection. Organized

production and marketing of biofuels under SHG

programs can be beneficial.

AIM: To explain bio-energy’s potential. It is based on two premises:

2. Modernized bio-energy systems, if

appropriately designed and implemented, have

great promise for contributing to future

sustainable energy systems and thus to

sustainable development.

What do you mean by ‘modernized’ ?

BIOMASS PRODUCED AND CONVERTED

EFFICIENTLY AND

COST-COMPETITIVELYINTO

MORE CONVENIENT FORMS SUCH AS FUEL

GASES & LIQUIDS, OR ELECTRICITY.

BIOMASS POWER: Cogeneration & Gasifiers, Bio-diesel Gen-sets

• At one end is advanced bagasse cogeneration, for which the government launched a program to tap the 3500 MW cogeneration potential of India’s cane sugar industry – the largest in

the world.

• At the other end of the scale are small-scale biomass gasifiers, and bio-diesel to substitute for diesel fuel in village power installations, providing health, environmental, and employment benefits for rural communities.

BIOMASS POWER: Cogeneration & Gasifiers

• A National Programme on Biomass Power/Cogeneration with four components,is being implemented to tap the large biomass potential. These four components are:

• § biomass-based power generation,• § biomass/bagasse - based co-generation,• § research and development and,• § biomass resource assessment.

SMALL HYDRO POWER

• MNES currently has a database of 4,233 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 10,071 MW for projects upto 25 MW.

• For SHP, main thrust areas:1. Nation-wise small hydro resource

assessment 2. Encouragement to commercial SHP

projects 3. Renovation and modernization of old

SHP projects

Small hydropower development-2

• 4. Special incentives to North-Eastern

States to exploit small hydro potential

5. Development and up-gradation of water

mills

6. Industry based research and

development

Small hydropower development-3• From 1989 to 1993, the thrust was on setting

up of demonstration projects in States to regenerate interest of State Governments / S E Bs to set up SHP projects.

• For this purpose capital subsidy of up to 50% of the cost of project subject to a maximum of Rs. 2.50 crores per MW was provided.

Small hydropower development-4

• 150 MW Kopili Hydro Electric Project –

Assam – commissioned.

• 405 MW Ranganadi (Arunachal Pradesh) & 75

MW Doyang (Nagaland) Hydro Electric

Projects – under implementation.

• Also funded a large number of micro- hydel

and non-conventional energy schemes

Barriers, Standards, Training

Barriers to adopt renewable energy technology

• limited information,

• lack of technical skills and

• institutional capacity,

• prohibitive costs, and

• inaccessibility to technology.

• Trained staff are needed at the technical and professional level

EVOLVE ‘RET’ STANDARDS

• Systems designed with RE sources should meet the same performance standards as those based on fossil sources besides being environmentally safe and sustainable.

• Systems are to be suitable for operation in rural areas, meeting their needs.

• Poverty elimination and economic development are to be the benefits of using these systems.

RET manpower training: a felt need

• Trained staff are needed at the technical and professional levels to meet the current and expected increase in jobs.

• With the knowledge and skills to develop, promote and implement new methods of sustainable energy production, they can

• improve the efficiency of existing systems and appliances.

Specialised Technical Institutions: Services

• To provide services for testing and

standardisation of the devices, are

sponsored by MNES. Are also engaged in

constant upgradation of the

production technology and improve

the operational efficiency of these

devices.

1. Solar Energy Centre (SEC) is devoted

to solar photovoltaic and solar thermal

systems.

2. Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(C-WET) deals with wind energy.

3. Sardar Swaran Singh National

Institute of Renewable Energy

(SSSNIRE) will look after all other

renewable energy areas.

Rural Transformation in

India

• Index of Economic and Social Infrastructure and Income

Rural Transformation-1• Challenge is how to transform the rural economy and

improve the quality of employment and levels of living.• Reforms in three areas:• (1) Agriculture• (2) Rural non-farm• (3) Poverty Alleviation programmes and social sector.(1) Agriculture : Three pronged strategy(a) Removing restrictions on trade (domestic and external)

and agricultural processing to encourage farmers and private sector

(b) Promoting institutions (land, water, marketing i.e. contract farming)

Rural transformation-2(c) Infrastructure (public and private investment),

agricultural research) by reducing subsidies. • Of course production should be based on the changing

consumption patterns. (2) Rural non-farm sector:

*Lessons from China (TVEs), Taiwan and South Korea* On industry, strengthening infrastructure in rural areas (power, water, telecom, transport )* Good governance by cutting down delays in clearances and reducing corruption (difficult!) to attract domestic investment and FDI

Rural Transformation-3*Markets, regulation and promotion policies(small scale sector promotional support rather than

reservations)*Human capital, training, entrepreneurship and skills*Rural-urban linkages: infrastructure in urban*Sectoral and sub-sectoral issues (engines of growth)• Agro-processing should be the engine of growth in the

next decade. • In India, processing of fruits and vegetables is very low

compared to Thailand (30%), Brazil (70%), Philippines (78%) and Malaysia (80%). Development of contract farming.

Rural transformation- 4

• Finally, household level analysis on rural non-farm and migration showed the importance of education. Rates of returns are high on education.

• If we look at the education of Indian workers, 68% of rural males and 90% of rural females are either illiterate or have been educated upto primary level. China scores over India on this.

• Information technology and other technologies can be used for rural development if the workers have education and skills.

Poverty Alleviation programs• In the rural areas, govt. has many anti-poverty

programs. The impact on poverty and rural development is not up to the expectations.

• Increasing concern towards efficiency and effectiveness as government spends considerable amount of money. (Rajiv Gandhi said 18 paise)

• In 2001-02, Government spent Rs.250 billion ($5.3 billion.) on food subsidy and Rs.99.6bill. ($2.1bill.) on other programs.

• As percentage of total government exp. it (total of food subsidy and other prog.) was 10% and as per cent of GDP, it was 1.6%.

Poverty Alleviation programs• In the rural areas, govt. has many anti-poverty

programs. The impact on poverty and rural development is not up to the expectations.

• Increasing concern towards efficiency and effectiveness as government spends considerable amount of money. (Rajiv Gandhi said 18 paise)

• In 2001-02, Government spent Rs.250 billion ($5.3 billion.) on food subsidy and Rs.99.6bill. ($2.1bill.) on other programs.

• As percentage of total government exp. it (total of food subsidy and other prog.) was 10% and as per cent of GDP, it was 1.6%.

Index of Economic and Social Infrastructure and Income

AP

AssamBihar

Gujarath

Haryana

Kerala

Punjab

Tamil Nadu

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MPOrissa

Rajasthan

UP

WB

All India

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Per Capita State Domestic Product (Rs.)

Ind

ex o

f S

oci

al a

nd

Eco

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mic

Infr

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