Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Power Electronics as the Key Technology

for A Better Future

January 17, 2013

Maranatha Christian University

Masamu Kamaga

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Can you imagine living without electricity?

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Everything Needs Electricity

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Consumption of Electricity (Japan)

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1.2

1.0

0.0

Consu

mption o

f Ele

ctric

ity

[PW

h]

New energy, etc

Nuclear

Oil

LNG

Coal

Pumped-storage Hydro

Hydro

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 1970

Year

(*Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan 2013)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1975

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Consumption of Electricity (World)

5

20.0

10.0

0.0

Asia

Oceania

Middle East

Africa

Latin America

North America

Western Europe

Russia, CIS, Eastern Europe

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1975

Year

(*Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan 2013)

Consu

mption o

f Ele

ctric

ity

[PW

h]

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Electrification Ratio

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25.0

20.0

0.0

Eectr

ific

ation R

atio[%]

15.0

10.0

5.0

1980

1990

2000

2010

Asia Oceania Middle East

Africa Latin America

North America

Western Europe

Russia CIS

Eastern Europe Electrification Ratio: the ratio of the electrical energy consumption to the total final energy consumption

(*Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan 2013)

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

The demand of electricity has been increasing!

Saving electricity

is necessary!

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

In the first place, how can we treat the electricity?

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

What Are These Devices?

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Charger (AC Adapter)

These devices convert electricity from AC to DC!

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100-240V (50-60Hz, AC) 19V (DC)

100-240V (50-60Hz, AC) 5V (DC)

• Japan: 100V (50/60Hz AC) • Indonesia: 220V (50Hz, AC)

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Lots of Converters in Power System

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Conversion

Conversion

Conversion

Conversion

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Power System in a Laptop

Power system in a laptop (D. Boroyevich, PCC, 2007)

Around CPU (EPRI, APEC, 2007)

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Even in a laptop, there are lots of converters

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Sustainable Energy Sources

• Wind power (AC, rotation speed of generators, not stable) • Solar power (DC, not stable) • Fuel cell (DC, not stable), etc…

DC/AC DC/AC Grid

system AC/DC

Trans- former

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

These conversions are realized by Power Electronics technology

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

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Power Electronics?

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

How can we regulate voltage?

50V (DC)

100V (DC) ???

How can we make 50V (DC) from 100V (DC) battery?

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Separating by a resister?

50V (DC)

100V (DC)

50V (DC)

Voltage from battery is separated by a variable resister.

How about loss in the attached resister?

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Simple, but efficiency is too bad

50V (DC)

100V (DC)

Large loss will be generated!

This method is quite simple, but not good! Because large loss will be generated from the resister! Even in the theoretical case, maximum efficiency is only 50%!

Voltage from battery is separated by a variable resister.

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Using switch

time Complementary Switches

50V (DC)

SW1

SW2

When the SW1 is in the on-state and SW2 is in the off-state, the output voltage is 100V. And when the SW2 is in the on-state and SW1 is in the off-state, the output voltage is 0V. But, it’s not enough…

100V (DC)

Output voltage

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ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Using energy storage, too

time

Inductor / Capacitor

50V (DC)

Output voltage

Complementary Switches

SW1

SW2

First, input power is chopped by complementary switches. Then, the chopped electricity is averaged by an inductor and a capacitor! In the theoretical case, maximum efficiency is 100%!

100V (DC)

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ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Lower voltage

time

Output voltage

As the on-state time of SW1 becomes shorter, output voltage becomes lower.

Inductor / Capacitor

Complementary Switches

SW1

SW2

100V (DC)

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Higher voltage

time

Output voltage

As the on-state time of SW1 becomes longer, output voltage becomes higher.

Inductor / Capacitor

Complementary Switches

SW1

SW2

100V (DC)

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We can easily control output voltage just by controlling the on-state time of SW1!

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Essence of Power Electronics

time

Output voltage

Inductor / Capacitor

Complementary Switches

SW1

SW2

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ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Problems: Size, Loss and EMI

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Inductor / Capacitor

50V (DC)

Complementary Switches

SW1

SW2

100V (DC)

Inductors and capacitors are bulky

There is loss in the circuits

The size of inductors and capacitors can be reduced by increasing

switching frequency, but this also makes larger loss and EMI

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Changing Power Electronics for the better technology

is necessary!

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

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Basic Electronics • Electromagnetics • Circuit • Control

Material • Semiconductor devices • Inductors • capacitors

Integration • EMI-free design • Cooling design • System integration

Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Conclusion

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Presented by: MASAMU KAMAGA, Ph.D

Terima kasih banyak!

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