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PowerShi*:
RiseoftheInternetandaFi*hEstate
WilliamH.Du=onQuelloProfessorofMediaandInforma@onPolicy
JamesandMaryQuelloCenterMichiganStateUniversity
@BiIIDu=onII=twocapitali’s
Presentation for the Department of Informatics and Library Science, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, 13 November 2015.
URBISProject1974-79
Evalua@onofUrbanInforma@onSystems(URBIS)
PublicPolicyResearchOrganiza@on(PPRO),UCIrvine
RobKling,KenKraemer,JimDanziger,AlexMood,andMe
EarlyEmpiricalStudyofRoleofCompu@nginGovernment
MajorQues@on:PowerShi*s?
PowerShi*s
?
Pluralis@c
Technocra@cElite
ManagerialElite
PowerShi*s:ReinforcementPoli@cs
ReinforcementPoli@cs
Pluralis@c
Technocra@cElite
ManagerialElite
DecadesofReinforcementPoli@cs
Danziger,J.,Du=on,W.H.,Kling,R.,andKraemer,K.(1982),ComputersandPoli1cs.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress.
FocusofThisTalk
TheInternetandPowerShi*sShapedbyReconfiguringAccesstoInforma@on
TheRiseofaFi*hEstate
RobKling,PowerShi*s&SocialResearchonCompu@ng
TheInternet’sUseinReconfiguringAccessto:
Informa@on
People
Services
Technology
• Howyougetinforma@on• Whatyouknow
• Howyoucommunicate• Whoyouknow
• Howyouobtainservices• Fromwhom,fromwhere
• Howyoudowhatyoudo• Whatknow-howyourequire
PowerShi*s&theInternet:aNewConven@onalWisdom
Governmentsand
Ins@tu@ons
Ci@zensandConsumers
ANewOrganiza@onalForm:EnablingNetworkedIndividuals
SourceInforma@on
Join&CreateNetworks
EnhanceCommunica@ve
Power
OxfordInternetSurveys(OxIS)• 2003,2005,2007,2009,2011,2013• Cross-sec@onalSurveysversusPanels• Mul@-StageProbabilitySample• England,Scotland&Wales• Respondents:14yearsandolder• Face-to-faceInterviews,HighResponseRates• Sponsorshipfor2013fromtheNominetTrust,Ofcom,UKResearchCouncils,dot.rural
• ComponentofWorldInternetProject(WIP)
FirstPortofCall
SearchvSites
SocialCues&Collabora@on
Value
Trust
Diffusion
Significance
FocusedCaseStudies
Surveys
5thEstateConceptCases
Dynamics,Strategies
TheFi*hEstate§ Press since the 18th Century - the ‘Fourth Estate’
§ Internet in the 21st - enabling a Fifth Estate
Internet enabling a critical mass of individuals to source information, and network in ways that support distributed social accountability in business, industry, government, politics & media.
TheFourthEstate
“[Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters’ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more prominent far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or witty saying; it is a literal fact – very momentous to us in these times.”
Thomas Carlyle (1831), Heroes and Hero-Worship, at www.gutenberg.org.etext/1091
FeudalEstatesintothe21stCenturyFeudalEstates&Mob 21stCenturyRolesof
Clergy PublicIntellectualsTechnocrats
Nobility Business,IndustryandEconomicElites,InternetIndustrialElites
Commons Government,Poli@cians&Regulators
Press JournalistsandtheMassMedia
Mob CivilSociety,NetworkedIndividuals,Mobs
Montesquieu’sTripar=teSystemintothe21st(USSepara@onofPowers)
Tripar@te ModernUSParallel Courts Judiciary
Monarch Execu@ve
Parliament Legisla@ve
Pressas4th JournalistsandtheMassMedia
Mob CivilSociety,NetworkedIndividuals,Mobs
NetworkedIns@tu@onsvIndividuals
§ Networked Institutions, such as in e-Health
§ Networked Individuals:
§ going to the Internet for health and medical information
§ networking patients, e.g., Patients Like Me
§ networking physicians, e.g., Sermo
Arenas: Networked Institutions
Networked Individuals
News Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging
Netizens, Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Whistleblowers, Leaks, Churnalism.org, Hacking Blacklash
Government Digital Democracy, E-Consultation, e-Voting, Surveillance
Obama campaign, Arab Spring, Anti-Bribery Websites, 38 Degrees
Education Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms, MOOCs
Backchannels, Informal Learning, Rate My Teacher, Khan Academy
Health and Medical NHS Direct, e-mailing safety alerts
Going to the Internet for health information, networks of patients, physicians
Fi*hEstateasComplementvSubs@tute
NetworkedIns@tu@ons• Democra@c-Autocra@c
• NotReplaced
NetworkedIndividuals• CoretoIns@tu@ons&• Baseof5thEstate
ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies• Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia• Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching
• Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing
• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu@ng-Leaking
• Self-selectedcollora@venetworks• Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking
• SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec@veAc@on
• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec@veIntelligence
Business&IndustryMeetthe5thEstateBloggers covered the Web and Social Media with Images of BP’s Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Effects of Oil Spill (2006)
Martha Payne, 9 yr old girl writes blog for school project in Scotland: ‘NeverSeconds’ - Produced content: photos & reviews school lunch in 2012 - Distributed on her blog: neverseconds.blogspot.com/ - Censored by her institution (her primary school’s council) - 8,859,514 pages views
- Fostered debate over the quality of school lunches nationwide and worldwide
Business&IndustryMeetthe5thEstateVideos of individuals circulated on social media immediately after huge chemical explosions at warehouse in Tianjin, China (13 Aug 2015)
By 17 Aug, 50 Websites shut down by Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) for spreading rumors
Nanjing,China,GasExplosion(28Jul2010)Explosionnotcoveredbylocalpapers,butcoveredbybloggers,includingvideoofgov’tofficialinterrup@ngalivereport,saying“Whogaveyoupermission…?”h=ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLdaO-XDOdM
Photographs of Snipers in Kiev
Celebration in Kiev Marking a Year Since Shootings of Anti-government Protesters
Conflicting War on Information about Who Ordered What?
SourcingandCheckingFacts
• Churnalism• FactChecking
ChallengingthePress
• Retrac@onWebSites
ChallengingAcademia
ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies• Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia• Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching
• Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing
• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu=ng-Leaking
• Self-selectedcollora@venetworks• Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking
• SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec@veAc@on
• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec@veIntelligence
Accountability:Distribu@ng,Leaking
ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies• Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia• Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching
• Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing
• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu@ng-Leaking
• Self-selectedcollora@venetworks• Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking
• SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec@veAc@on
• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec@veIntelligence
Sermo: a Collaborative Network Organisation
SavingSweetBriarCollege
Repor@ngonChina’sStockMarket
Social media (WeChat and Weibo) rather than state news media have become major sources of information for Chinese given blocking of Western media reports* http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/world/asia/consumer-anxiety-in-china-undermines-governments-economic-plans.html?_r=0
ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies• Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia• Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching
• Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing
• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu@ng-Leaking
• Self-selectedcollora@venetworks• Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking
• SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec=veAc=on
• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec@veIntelligence
MU&BeyondreRacismonCampus
Concerned Student 1950 Protests
ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies• Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia• Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching
• Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing
• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu@ng-Leaking
• Self-selectedcollora@venetworks• Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking
• SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec@veAc@on
• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec=veIntelligence
Ra@ngswiththeirDrawbacks
RateMyTeacher
AmazonSellerandProductRa@ngs
eBayRa@ngofSuppliers
Pollu@onMonitoringMobileApps
ChallengestotheFi*hEstate
PublicIntellectuals
Business&IndustrialElites
Governmentand
RegulatoryAgencies
Press
The‘Mob’Bad‘Hackers’
ThreatstoTrust&Centralityof5th
• Up-takeoftheInternet• Qualityorbiasofalgorithms• Privacyandsurveillance
Search
• Lowlevelsofsocialmediause• Echochamber• Freedomofexpression&assembly
SocialCuesandCollabora@on
• Crea@ngavirtuouscycleofuse• Riseofentertainment• Closingofaworldonmobileapps
1stPortofCall
Opportuni@esandProblems
• EmpiricallyAnchored• Pluralis@cDemocra@cAccountability• DistributedIntelligence
Value
• Enemiesofthe5thEstate• InappropriateRegulatoryResponses• Top-downControlofSearch&Networks
Challenges
• EmpoweringIndividuals:RealPowerShi*• Cri@calMassvUniversalAccess–NotJustaSocialorPoli@calMovement
NewReality
Whatcanbedone?
EncouragingAccesstoandUp-takeoftheInternet
FosteringUseofSocialMediaforInforma@onvEntertainment
LearningandEduca@ononCri@calSourcingandUseofInforma@on
AwarenessoftheExistence&ValueofaFi*hEstate
ResearchFounda@ons• OxfordInternetSurveys:2003-2013andWorldInternetProject(WIP)
• TheInternetValuesProject:OIIincollabora@onwithINSEAD,comScore,WEF,andictQATAR
• ThePerformanceofDistributedProblem-SolvingNetworks(DPSN)Project(2007-8)
• TheOxforde-SocialScienceProject(OeSS),EconomicandSocialResearchCouncil(2005-12)
• TheFi*hEstateProject,supportedbytheOII,OxfordInternetSurveys(2003-13),JuneKlein,ElectronicBoardroom™,andtheQuelloCenter
• Readings:h=p://quello.msu.edu/research/the-fi*h-estate/
ABigDebttoRobKling
ModelofInterdisciplinaryResearch
SocialInforma@cs,Accountability,and…
SocialStudiesofCompu@ng
PowerShi*s
PowerShi*:
RiseoftheInternetandaFi*hEstate
WilliamH.Du=onQuelloProfessorofMediaandInforma@onPolicy
JamesandMaryQuelloCenterMichiganStateUniversity
@BiIIDu=onII=twocapitali’s
Presentation for the Department of Informatics and Library Science, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, 13 November 2015.