POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND MAXIMUM …ijceng.com/gallery/cej-2463.18-f.pdfconventional energy based...

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

FOR PV MICROGRID APPLICATION Kiran Kumari1, Deepmala2, Dr. E Vijay Kumar3

1M.Tech Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

SRK University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT: This research paper will take attention towards the renewable sources. Renewable or Non-conventional energy based (DGs) Distributed Generators play a leading role in electricity or power production, with escalation in global warming. DG (Distributed Generation) based on Biomass, Wind, mini-hydro along through use of fuel cells, solar energy, and micro-turbines will give important impetus in near future. Benefits like environmental affability, expandability and litheness have made Distributed Generation, powered by several non-conventional and renewable micro sources, an eye-catching option for configuring contemporary electrical grids. A microgrid contains of bunch of loads and DGs that work as a solitary controllable scheme. As an incorporated energy delivery scheme microgrid can work in parallel with or isolated from main electricity grid. The microgrid idea acquaint with diminution of various reverse conversions in an separate DC or AC grid and also facilitates links to flexible renewable or non-conventional AC and DC sources and loads to electricity or power systems. The interconnection of DGs (Distributed Generations) to utility / grid through converters (power electronic) has risen worried about safe procedure and fortification of equipment’s. To consumer microgrid can be designed to see their special necessities; for instance, augmentation of local dependability, diminution of feeder losses, local voltages sustenance, augmented efficacy through use of heat (waste), rectification of voltage sag or uninterruptible electricity or power supply. In recent effort performance of hybrid AC-DC microgrid scheme is examined in grid tied mode. Here photovoltaic scheme, battery and wind turbine generator are used for improvement of microgrid. Also control contrivances are applied for converters to suitably coordinate AC sub-grid to DC sub-grid. The consequences are attained from SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. KEYWORDS: MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator), PV microgrid, DGs (Distributed Generations).

I. INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRID With the arrival of energy distribution technology in subsequent century, numerous styles will emerge that will variation demands of energy distribution. These variations are together on demand side, where obtainability and energy efficacy are required, and on supply side, where incorporation of decentralized generation and peak diminution technologies should be deliberated.

Fig 1 Microgrid Power Schemes

Compliance Engineering Journal

Volume 10, Issue 11, 2019

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Presently, it needs an escalation in energy number, size, overestimation and DER (Distributed Energy Resources) of electrical systems. Even though several technologies are used for lesser scale production (micro sources) and certain resources are used, these are solar, hydro or wind. A start with delicate sources of current load. Furthermore, end users associated to low potential (230 Volt and 110 Volt in Europe) are a smaller amount likely to cut supply since manageable loads and micro sources of micro energy storage schemes may work. In island mode in austere system disorders. It is today entitled a micro network. Figure 1 demonstrates a archetypal microgrid.

II. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

The photovoltaic effect was first noted by French scientist Edmond Becquerel in year 1839. He suggested that certain materials have property of creating lesser amounts of electric current when open to sunlight. In year 1905, A. Einstein clarified nature of light and photoelectric effect which has become basic principle for photovoltaic technology. In year 1954 first photovoltaic module was made by Bell Laboratories. A photovoltaic scheme makes use of one or more solar panels to transform solar energy into electricity. It contains of several components which comprise photovoltaic modules, electrical connections and mechanical setup and mountings and means of regulating or/and adjusting the electrical output.

Fig 2 Basic Structure of Photovoltaic Cell

The basic elements of photovoltaic cells are semiconductor materials, for instance silicon. A thin semiconductor wafer makes an electric field, on one side positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) on the other, for solar cells. When the sunlight or light energy hits solar cell, electrons are knocked movable from atoms in semiconductor material. As soon as electrical conductors are allied to positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) sides an electrical circuit is made and electrons are caught in form of an electric current viz., electricity. A Photovoltaic cell can either be circular or square in assembly.

III. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) As an electronic scheme MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) functions PV (Photovoltaic) modules in a way that permits PV (Photovoltaic) modules to produce all power they are proficient of. It isn’t a mechanical tracking scheme which travels physically modules to make them fact more directly at sun. Meanwhile MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is a fully electronic system, it differs module’s functioning point so that modules will be capable to convey maximum existing power. As outputs of PV (Photovoltaic) scheme are dependent on temperature, irradiation, and load characteristic MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) can’t convey output potential flawlessly. For this motive MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is requisite to be executing in PV (Photovoltaic) scheme to maximize PV (Photovoltaic) array output potential. NEED OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT) In power-vs.-voltage curve of a PV (Photovoltaic) module there happens a single utmost of power, i.e. there happens a peak power analogous to a specific potential and current. The efficacy of solar-PV (Photovoltaic) module is low approximately 13 percent. Subsequently module efficacy is low it is required to work module at peak power point so that maximum power can be conveyed to load under changing temperature and irradiation situations. This maximized power assistances to improve use of solar-PV (Photovoltaic) module.



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Fig 4 MPPT Characteristic

A MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) excerpts maximum power from PV (Photovoltaic) module and transfers that electrical power to load. As an interfacing device DC-DC converter transfers that maximum power from solar-PV (Photovoltaic) module to load. By varying duty cycle, load impedance is varied and accorded at point of peak power by means of source so as to transferal maximum power.

IV. WIND TURBINES With use of power of wind, turbines (wind turbine) produce electricity to drive a generator. Generally wind passes over blades, generating lift and utilizing a turning force. Inside nacelle, the revolving blades turn a shaft then goes into a gearbox. The gearbox assistances in growing revolving speed for operation of generator and utilize fields (magnetic) to transform rotational energy into electrical energy. Then output electrical power goes to a transformer, which transforms electricity to suitable potential for power collection scheme. A wind turbine excerpts kinetic energy from swept area of blades. The power comprised in wind is assumed by kinetic energy of flowing air mass/unit time. The eqn. for power comprised in wind can then be written as:

�� =1

2 (�� )(��)�

=1

2(��)(��)�

=�

��

� (1)

Even though Eq. (1) refers to the availability of wind power which is transferred to wind turbine rotor is diminished by power coefficient (Cp).

�� = ��

�� (2)

A peak value of power coefficient (Cp) is well-defined by Bertz limit, which states that a turbine can certainly not excerpt more than 59.3 percent of power from an air-stream. In realism, wind turbine rotors have maximum power coefficient (Cp) values in range 25-45 percent. �� = �� × �� (3)

It is as well conventional to express a tip speed ratio λ as,

� =��

�� (4)

DFIG (DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR) SCHEME The DFIM (Doubly Fed Induction Machine) is most broadly machine in these days. The IM (Induction Machine) can be used as a motor or generator. However demand in direction of motor is less due to its mechanical wear at slip-rings but they have gained their importance for generator application in water and wind power plant due to its clear adoptability capability and nature of docility. This section defines aspect investigation of overall DFIG



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(Doubly Fed Induction Generator) scheme along by means of back to back PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) voltage source converters.

V. AC/DC MICROGRID The conception of micro-grid is deliberated as a group of loads and micro sources which functions as a single controllable scheme that offers together power and heat to its local area. This notion provides a novel archetype for definition of DG (Distributed Generation) process. To utility micro-grid can be assumed of as a controlled cell of electrical power system. For instance this cell might be measured as a single dispatch able load, which can retort in seconds to meet necessities of transmission scheme. To consumer micro-grid can be strategy to meet their special necessities; for instance, augmentation of local reliability, lessening of feeder losses, local voltages care, augmented efficacy through use remaining heat, voltage sag rectification. The key purpose of this idea is to accelerate recognition of benefit offered by small scale DG (Distributed Generators) similar capability to supply remaining heat during time of essential. The micro-grid or distribution network sub-system will generate not as much of trouble to utility network than conventional micro-generation if there is appropriate and intelligent coordination of micro-generation and loads. Micro-grid considered as a ‘grid friendly entity” and doesn’t give unwanted effects to attaching distribution network i.e. operation policy of distribution grid doesn’t have to be changed. CONFIGURATION OF HYBRID MICROGRID

Fig 5 Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Scheme

The configuration of hybrid scheme is revealed in Figure 5 where numerous DC and AC sources and loads are associated to corresponding DC and AC networks. The DC and AC links are linked together through 2-transformers and two four-quadrant functioning 3-phase (Poly Phase) converters. The AC bus of hybrid-grid is tied to utility grid.

Fig 6 Representation of Hybrid Micro-grid

Figure 6 defines hybrid scheme configuration which contains of DC and AC grid. The DC and AC grids have their analogous sources, loads and energy stowage elements, and are interrelated by a 3-phase converter. The AC bus is allied to utility grid through a circuit breaker and transformer.



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In anticipated scheme, PV (Photovoltaic) arrays are allied to DC bus through boost-converter to simulate DC sources. A DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) wind generation scheme is allied to AC bus to simulate AC sources. A battery with bi-directional DC-DC converter is allied to DC bus as energy stowage. An adjustable AC and DC load are allied to their AC and DC buses to simulate numerous loads. MODELING AND CONTROL OF BOOST CONVERTER The main goal or aim of boost converter is to track MPP (Maximum Power Point) of PV (Photovoltaic) array by regulating solar panel terminal potential using power potential characteristic curve. For boost converter input-output eq’s can be written as,

�� − �� = ��

��+ �� (5)

�� − �� = ��

�� (6)

�� = ��(1 − ��) (7)

Fig 7 Control Block Diagram of Boost Converter

With execution of P & O (Perturb and Observe) algorithm a reference value i.e. V∗ is deliberate which mostly depends upon solar irradiation or emission and temperature of PV (Photovoltaic) array. Here for boost converter dual loop control is suggested. Here control objective is to offer a high quality DC potential with decent dynamic response. The outer potential-loop helps in tracking of reference potential with zero steady state error & inner current-loop help in getting by of dynamic response. MODELING AND CONTROL OF MAIN CONVERTER The role of main converter is to interchange power amid DC and AC bus. The important motive of main converter is to sustain a stable DC-link potential in grid tied mode. When converter works in grid tied mode, it has to supply a specified reactive and active power. Here PQ control arrangement is used for control of main converter. The PQ control is attained using a current controlled voltage source. Two PI (Proportional Integral) controllers are used for reactive and real power control. When resource circumstances or load capabilities change, DC-bus voltage is settled to constant over PI (Proportional Integral) regulation. The PI (Proportional Integral) controller is set as instantaneous active current iT- reference and instantaneous reactive-current in reference is decided by reactive power compensation command. The model of converter can be signified in ABC coordinate as;

��

��

��

��

��

� + ��

��

��

��

� = �

��

��

��

� − �

��

��

��

� (8)

The above eq can be written in the d-q coordinate as;

��

��

��

�� = �

−��

−�� −��

��

�� + �

��

�� − �

��

�� (9)



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Fig. 8 Control Block Diagram of Main Converter

In case of unexpected DC-load drop, there is excess power at DC-side and main converter is controlled to transfer power from Direct Current to Alternating Current side. The real power engrossed by capacitor Cd leads to growing of DC-link voltage Vd. The -ive error produced by growth of Vd produces a higher active current reference i∗

dm through PI (Proportional Integral) control. A higher +ive reference i∗

dm will force active current reference idm to growth over inner current control loop. Consequently excess power of DC-grid can be transferred to AC-side. Similarly an unexpected growth of DC-load causes power dearth and Vd drop at DC-grid. The main converter is controlled to supply electrical power from AC to DC side. The +ive voltage error produced by Vd drop makes magnitude of i∗

dm growth over PI (Proportional Integral) control. Since idm and i∗dm are both -ive, magnitude of idm is

augmented over inner current control-loop. In future power is transferred from AC-grid to DC-side. MODELING AND CONTROL OF DFIG The earlier chapter describes detailed modeling of DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator). The state space equations are deliberated for IM (Induction Machine) modeling. The parameters and specifications of DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) are specified in earlier chapter. Flux-linkages are used as state variables in model. Now two back-to-back converters are used in rotor circuit. The foremost motive of machine-side converter is to control reactive and active power by means of controlling d-q components of current of rotor, even though grid-side converter controls DC-link voltage and confirms operation at unity power factor (CosΦ=1) by making reactive power drawn by system from utility-grid to zero. Two back-to-back converters are allied to rotor circuit is presented in Fig 9. The firing pulses are specified to devices (IGBTs) using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques. Two converters are allied to each other through DC-link capacitor.

Fig. 9 Overall DFIG Systems

Fundamentally converter-1 controls grid parameters however converter-2 serves for machine. The converters use 6-IGBTs (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor for 3-phase bridge type) as controlled device. The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique uses controlled voltage va

*, vb*, vc

*.



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The career waves (triangular) are being equated with sinusoidal reference waves to confirm pulses for devices. Modulation indices are dissimilar for both converters which are decided by equation (10) & (11).

�� = ��√�

�√� (10)

�� = ±��

�= ��

��

�√�=> � = ±

��

��√� (11)

MODELING AND CONTROL OF GRID SIDE CONVERTER When voltages in grid vicissitudes because of dissimilar unbalance conditions, it makes an effect on DC-link voltage. The relation amid stator voltage and DC-link voltage is signified by equation (9) & (10).

Fig 10 Schematic Diagram of Grid Side Converter

Meanwhile machine is grid allied grid-voltage along with stator voltage is same; there occurs a relation amid grid-voltage and DC-link voltage. The main goal or aim of grid-side converter is to sustain DC-link voltage constant for essential act. The voltage-oriented-vector control technique is approached to resolve this problem. The detail mathematical demonstrating of grid-side converter is specified underneath. The control plans are made subsequent mathematical demonstrating and it is revealed in Fig. 11. The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) converter is current regulated by means of direct axis current is used to regulate the DC-link voltage however quadrature axis current element is used to regulate power (reactive). The power (reactive) demand is set to zero to confirm unit power factor process. Fig. 10 displays schematic diagram of grid-side converter. The potential balance across line is specified by Eq. (12), where L and R are the line reactance and resistance correspondingly. By means of use of d-q theory 3-phase quantities are transferred to 2-phase quantities.

�

��

��

��

� = � �

��

��

��

� + ��

��

��

��

��

� + �

��

��

��

� (12)

For grid-side converter mathematical demonstrating can be signified as;

�� = �� + ��

��− �� + �� (13)

�� = �� + ��

��− �� + �� (14)

Where, Vd1 and Vq1 are 2-phase potentials found from a using va,vb,vc d-q theory. Meanwhile DC-link voltage desires to be constant and power factor (CosΦ) of overall scheme sets to be unity, reference values are to be set accordingly.



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Fig 11 Control Block Diagram of Grid Side Converter

The control arrangement employs current control loops for id and iq with id demand being consequent from DC-link voltage error over a standard PI (Proportional Integral) controller. The iq demand decides displacement factor on grid-side of choke. The iq demand is set to zero to assurance unit power factor (CosΦ). There are 2-loops for control design, i.e. inner current-loop and outer voltage-loop to offer essential control action. Line reactance and resistance elect plant for current-loop, while DC-link capacitor is occupied as plant for voltage-loop. The plants for current-loop and voltage-loop are assumed in Eq. (15) and (16) correspondingly.

�(�) =��(�)

�� =

��(�)

�� =

�

�� (15)

�(�) =��(�)

��(�)=

��

�√�� (16)

The reactive and active power is controlled self-sufficiently using vector-control policy. Aligning d-axis of reference frame alongside stator potential position is found by Eq. (17), vn=0, meanwhile amplitude of supply potential is constant reactive power and active power are controlled self-sufficiently through iT and in correspondingly subsequent Eq. (18) and (19).

�� =��

�

�� (17)

�� =�

�� + �� (18)

�� =�

�� + �� (19)

MODELING AND CONTROL OF MACHINE SIDE CONVERTER The control policy made for machine-side converter is revealed in Fig.12. The main motive of machine-side converter is to sustain rotor speed constant regardless of wind speed and too control policy has been executed to control reactive power and real power flow of machine using rotor current elements. The real power flow is controlled over idr and reactive power flow is controlled over iqr .To confirm unit power factor (CosΦ) operation like grid-side converter power (reactive) demand is too set to zero here. The mathematical demonstrating of machine-side converter is specified in subsequent equations. Meanwhile stator is allied to utility-grid and impact of stator resistance is lesser, stator magnetizing current id can be deliberated as constant. Under potential orientation relationship amid torque and d-q axis potentials, fluxes and currents can be written as follows.



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Ignoring leakage inductances stator flux Eqs can be written as; �� = 0 (20) �� = �� + ��

= (�� + ��)�� + ��

= �� + �� + �� ≈ �� (21)

Fig 12 Control Block Diagram of Machine Side Converter

MODELING AND CONTROL OF BATTERY The battery converter is a bi-directional DC-DC converter and main motive of battery converter is to provide guarantee of stable DC-link voltage.

Fig 13 Control Block Diagram of Battery

The boost converter inserts current i1(1 – d1) to DC-link. The inverter and DC-loads draw current iac and idc from DC-link correspondingly. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A hybrid micro-grid whose parameters are specified in above table is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK situation or environment. The process is carried out for grid allied mode. Beside with hybrid micro-grid, performance of DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator), PV (Photovoltaic) scheme is investigated. The cell



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temperature, solar irradiation and wind speed are too taken into consideration for study of hybrid micro-grid. The performance investigation is completed using simulated outcomes which are found using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Figure (14)-(19) signifies I-V, P-V, P-I physiognomies with variation in temperature and solar irradiation. The non-linear nature of PV (Photovoltaic) cell is perceptible as revealed in figures, i.e., output current and power of PV (Photovoltaic) cell depend on cell’s terminal working voltage and temperature, and solar irradiation too. Figures (14) and (15) confirm that with escalation of cell’s working temperature, current output of PV (Photovoltaic) module growths, while maximum power output diminishes. Subsequently growths in output current are much less than diminution in voltage, total power diminutions at high temperatures.

Fig 14 I-V Output Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Temperatures

Fig 15 P-V Output Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Temperatures

Fig 16 P-I Output Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Temperatures

Fig 17 I-V Output Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Irradiance Levels



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Fig 18 P-V Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Irradiance Levels

Fig 19 P-I Characteristics of PV (Photovoltaic) Array for Different Irradiance Levels

Figures (17) and (18) show that by means of growth of solar irradiation, current output of PV (Photovoltaic) module growths and also maximum output power. The reason behind it is open-circuit voltage is logarithmically dependent on solar irradiance, on the other hand short-circuit current is directly proportional to radiant intensity. SIMULATION OF DFIG The response of wind speed, 3-phase (Poly Phase) stator voltage and 3-phase (Poly Phase) rotor voltage are presented in figures (20) - (22). Here value of wind speed varies amid 1.0 pu to 1.05 pu which is essential for study of performance of DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator). The phase to phase stator potential is set to 300 Volt however rotor voltage value is 150 Volt.

Fig 20 Response of Wind Speed

Fig 21 Poly Phase (3-Phase) Stator Voltage of DFIG



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Fig 22 Poly Phase (3-Phase) Rotor Voltage of DFIG

SIMULATION RESULTS OF HYBRID GRID The several physiognomies of hybrid micro-grid are signified by figures (23) – (38). Here micro-array functions in a network-bound mode. In this mode, main converter works in PQ mode and power is balanced by distribution network. The battery is fully charged. The DC-link potential is sustained by distribution network and DC-link voltage from main network. Figure (23) shows solar radiation curve whose value is amid 0.0 W/m² from 0 to 0.1. Diminutions from 0.4 s to 950 W/m² and maintains this value of 1second. Figures (24) to (26) show output potential, current and power in relation to solar radiation signal. The output power of PV (Photovoltaic) panel differs from 11.25 kilo-Watts to 13 kilo-Watts, which closely follows solar radiation when ambient temperature is fixed.

Fig 23 Irradiation Signal of the PV (Photovoltaic) Array

Fig 24 Output Voltage of PV (Photovoltaic) Array

Fig 25 Output Current of PV (Photovoltaic) Array



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Fig 26 Output Power of PV (Photovoltaic) Array

Fig 27 Generated PWM Signal for the Boost Converter

Fig 28 Output Voltage across DC Load

Figure (27) shows gate pulse signal which is fed to switch of boost converter. The output potential across DC-load is signified by figure (28) which is settled to approx. 820 Volt.

Fig 29 State of Charge of Battery

Fig 30 Voltage of Battery



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Fig 31 Current of Battery

Fig 32 Output Voltage across AC Load

Fig 33 Output Current across AC Load

Fig 34 AC Side Voltage of the Main Converter

Fig 35 AC Side Current of the Main Converter

The battery physiognomies are shown in figures (29) - (31). The SOC (State of Charge) of battery is set at 85 percent while battery current differs between -50 ampere to 50 amperes and value of battery potential is nearly 163.5 volt.



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Fig 36 Output Power of DFIG

The output physiognomies of AC-load potential and current are signified by figures (32) and (33). Phase to phase voltage value of AC-load is 300 Volt and current value is 50 ampere. Figure (34) and (35) shows voltage and current responses at AC-side of main converter when solar radiation value differs amid 950 W/sq.m -1300 W/sq.m by means of a fixed DC-load of 25 kilo-Watts.

Fig 37 Three Phase Supply Voltage of Utility Grid

Fig 38 Three Phase PWM Inverter Voltage

Figure (36) shows response of DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) power output which turn out to be a stable value 32 kilo-Watts because of mechanical inertia. Figure (37) and (38) signifies 3-phase supply voltage to utility grid and 3-phase PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) inverter output voltage correspondingly.

CONCLUSION Hybrid Micro-grids for power scheme configuration are demonstrated in MATLAB / SIMULINK environments. The current research work contains generally of network modes of hybrid networks. Models for all converters have been developed to confirm system stability under dissimilar loads and processing circumstances. Control mechanisms are also studied. The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm is used to use maximum power from DC-sources and to coordinate energy exchange amid DC networks and AC networks. Even though hybrid networks can diminish process of DC-AC and AC-DC conversion into a single DC or AC network, implementation of hybrid networks based on current AC-dominant infrastructure poses numerous practical difficulties. The efficacy of total scheme depends on reduction of conversion losses and escalation for an extra DC-link. The hybrid network can offer customer with reliable, high-quality and effectual energy. The hybrid network can be appreciated for minor remote industrial plants with PV (Photovoltaic) schemes and a wind power generator as main power source.



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