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Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Electric Power Electric Power ApplicationsApplications
of Superconductivityof Superconductivity
Paul M. GrantPaul M. Grant
EPRIEPRI
IBM Almaden S&T ColloquiumIBM Almaden S&T Colloquium
12 September 199712 September 1997
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Ten Years Ago...Ten Years Ago...
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
ElectricityElectricityand the Quality of and the Quality of LifeLife
Emerging
Developing
DevelopedFSUs
log [ per capita GDP ]
log
[ p
er c
apit
a Ele
ctri
city
Gen
erat
ion ]
Persian Gulf
Electricity directly Electricity directly related to standard related to standard of living in most of of living in most of the worldthe world
Enormous increase Enormous increase in electricity usage in electricity usage seen for the 21st seen for the 21st centurycentury
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Electricity & QoL:Electricity & QoL:Asian SceneAsian Scene
Australia
New Zealand
JapanSingaporeHong Kong
Taiwan
S. KoreaMalaysia
Thailand0
2500
5000
7500
10000
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
GDP/capita (US$)
kWh/
capi
ta
China
Cambodia
Vietnam
PhilippinesIndonesia
Laos
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
ElectricityElectricity& Energy & Energy ConservationConservation
E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)
E/GNP ratio
Electricityfraction
Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
40
30
20
10
150
130
110
90
70
50
Electricity is the most efficient and convenient meansmankind has found to transport energy throughout his habitat….
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Electricity -Electricity -A Necessity of LifeA Necessity of Life
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
The Electricity The Electricity ParadigmParadigm
Generation/StorageGeneration/Storage• Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, ChemicalFossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical• ““Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)
Transmission/DistributionTransmission/Distribution• Overhead & UndergroundOverhead & Underground• ac & dcac & dc
End UseEnd Use• Industrial (Motors, Thermal)Industrial (Motors, Thermal)• Residential (Lighting, Appliances) Residential (Lighting, Appliances)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
The Electricity The Electricity ParadigmParadigmand and SuperconductivitySuperconductivity
Generation/StorageGeneration/Storage• Generators, SMES, FlywheelsGenerators, SMES, Flywheels
Transmission/DistributionTransmission/Distribution• CablesCables, Transformers, FCLs, Transformers, FCLs
Delivery/End UseDelivery/End Use• Motors, ElectromagnetsMotors, Electromagnets
All Depend on Wire!
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
1986:1986:Discovery of HTSCDiscovery of HTSC
La1-xBaxCuO4+
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
1987:1987:“The Prize!”“The Prize!”
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
TTCC Progress Over the Progress Over the YearsYears
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200T
emp
erat
ure
, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
Hig
h-T
C
164 K
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
BSCCO OPIT/Ag BSCCO OPIT/Ag ProcessProcess
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
BSCCO OPIT/Ag TapeBSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Malozemoff’s LawMalozemoff’s Law
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J c (
kA/c
m2 a
t 77
K, 0
T)
1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996
ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Type II Type II SuperconductivitySuperconductivity
IrreversibilityLine
Meissner
Mixed
NormalHc2
Hc1
Mag
netic
Fie
ld
TcTemperature
-M
HHC2HC1
1/4
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Abrikosov Vortex Abrikosov Vortex LatticeLattice
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Lorentzforce
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Vortex MatterVortex Matter
FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice
(elastic flow)
(plastic flow)
(moving liquid)
H
T
HC2
HC1
TC
Normal State
Meissner State
Vortex LiquidM
agn
etic
Fie
ld
Static Phase Diagram
Vortex Glass
Bose Glass
Polymer Glass
Vortex Lattice
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Hg-1212:Hg-1212:Fission-Induced Splay Fission-Induced Splay DefectsDefects
L. Krusin-Elbaum, et L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, To al., Nature, To AppearAppear
World record HWorld record Hirrirr at at 77 K in Hg-121277 K in Hg-1212
Hg-1212 Prototype Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at Tapes made at TCSUHTCSUH
Potential for special Potential for special purpose high-field purpose high-field magnetsmagnets
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape: BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape:
E-J CharacteristicE-J Characteristic
Typical E vs J Power Law
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
0 25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm^2)
E (
V/c
m)
E = aJn
n = 15
T = 77 K
E = 1 V/cm
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Differential Differential ::dE/dJdE/dJ
Effective Resistivity
1.0E-12
1.0E-11
1.0E-10
1.0E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm2)
(
cm
)
3.0E-10
+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*
*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)
= anJn-1
T = 77 K
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Difference Difference ::E/E/JJ
Difference Resistivity
1.0E-131.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-081.0E-071.0E-06
25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm2)
E (
v/c
m)
2.0E-11
+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*
*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)
= E/J
T = 77 K
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Homework ProblemHomework Problem
MRI/MRI/SMES Proto-SolenoidSMES Proto-Solenoid• Diameter = 1m; Length = 5mDiameter = 1m; Length = 5m• Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000• Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance =
4.95H4.95H Operation ParametersOperation Parameters
• I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cmI = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm22); ); V = 1.57VV = 1.57V• ““R” = 0.004R” = 0.004 (J = 50,000A/cm (J = 50,000A/cm22, E = , E =
11V/cm)V/cm)• EE = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W= 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Solenoid Loop Solenoid Loop Current:Current:t > tt > t00
L
R(I)
I(t)
bI LdIdt
0
I(t)b(n 1)
L(t t ) I
n
0 01 n
1
1 n
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
““Persistent” Current Persistent” Current DecayDecay
Persistent Current Decay
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03 1.0E+05 1.0E+07t (sec)
I (A
)
B = 0.50 T
B = 0.25 T12 Days
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
HTSC Wire C/P SpecsHTSC Wire C/P Specs
V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .
C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeBi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeJJCC(B,T), B||ab(B,T), B||ab
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00
10.00
85
70
50200
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B
,T)/
Jc(0
,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab
85777064503520
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeBi-2223 OPIT/Ag TapeJJCC(B,T), B||c(B,T), B||c
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00
2050
70
85
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc
(B,T
)/J
c(0
,77
)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c
20355064707785
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Layered CuO Layered CuO PerovskitesPerovskites
Y-123 Bi-2223
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Irreversibility FieldIrreversibility Field
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
JJCC = f(grain = f(grain boundary): boundary): Y-123Y-123
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Y-123 Coated Y-123 Coated ConductorsConductors
TM Alloy Tape SubstrateTM Alloy Tape Substrate YSZ/CeO Buffer LayerYSZ/CeO Buffer Layer > 1 > 1 Thick Y-123 Film Thick Y-123 Film Texturization:Texturization:
• Ion Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer LayerIon Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer Layer• Deformation-Textured Tape SubstrateDeformation-Textured Tape Substrate
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Y-123 on IBAD YSZY-123 on IBAD YSZ
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
JJCC vs. vs. -scan for -scan for Y-123 on IBADed YSZY-123 on IBADed YSZ
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
JJCC Comparison: Y-123 Comparison: Y-123 (IBAD from LANL)(IBAD from LANL)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
JJCC Comparison: Y-123 Comparison: Y-123 (RABiTS(RABiTS® ® from ORNL)from ORNL)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Urban Transmission:Urban Transmission:ca. 1900ca. 1900
City streets City streets jammed with poles, jammed with poles, overhead linesoverhead lines
Visual pollution, Visual pollution, dangerdanger
No more rights-of-No more rights-of-wayway
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
ConventionalConventionalCable-in-ConduitCable-in-Conduit
Cable installed in Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)12” dia)
Very common in Very common in USA, ~50% in USA, ~50% in JapanJapan
Easy to retrofitEasy to retrofit
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Urban Utilities:Urban Utilities:ca. 1920ca. 1920
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
US Electricity Flow - US Electricity Flow - 19941994
1 Quad = 0.29 TkWh
0.28 TkWh
0.15 TkWh
3.24 TkWh
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
U.S. ElectricityU.S. ElectricityProduction/Loss Production/Loss SummarySummary
TkWh % in T&D Lossand In-Plant
Use
Revenue@
$0.10/kWh(B$)
No. of 500 MWPower PlantEquivalents
Capital Cost@ $800/kW
(B$)
Total 3.24 324 740 296
T&DLosses
0.28 8% 28 63 25
In-PlantUsed
0.15 5% 15 35 14
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
SuperconductivitySuperconductivityand Efficiencyand Efficiency
1994 2014@ 2%/yr
2014Plants Saved
0.2%Penetration4× Efficiency
Total 740 360
T&D Losses 63 31 11
In-House Use 35 17 6
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Wire-to-CableWire-to-Cable
50-meter Cable to be HV- and LT-Qualified, 1/98
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
EPRI/Pirelli Cable:EPRI/Pirelli Cable:Conductor ac LossesConductor ac Losses
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
Global Electrification:Global Electrification:A Superconductivity A Superconductivity SolutionSolution
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
The SuperconductingThe SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!Electricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
Total Cryo Total Cryo SystemSystem
Power: Power: 5 GW 5 GW dcdc
Cost: Cost: < Gas, < Gas, HVDC > HVDC > 500 Miles500 Miles
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
The Standard ModelThe Standard Model
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
The Fermilab The Fermilab PipetronPipetron
150 TeV COM HadronCollider based on superferric magnetsenergized by a 50 kAsuperconducting dccable -- tunnel about2.5 m dia, 800 km circumference.
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIBM Almaden
S&T Colloquium12 September 1997
HTSC Cables:HTSC Cables:Is Their Future dc? Is Their Future dc?
EdisonMaybe he was right after all!
TeslaInventor, Polyphase ac System