Date post: | 15-Jan-2017 |
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Technology |
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FUTUREINTERNET OF THINGS
POWERING THE
M A R K W O N G
OF THE
3 0 t h M A R 2 0 1 6I o T A s i a 2 0 1 6
IoT is…
Sensors Controller Communication
20,797,000,000Smart connected devices by 20201
1Gartner, November 2015
“Audio-Visual HeadsetAugmented Reality (AR), event recorders, communication headsets
Mobile DeviceCentral Gateway to all smart devices and wearables
Smart-apparelWearable body/cardiac metrics, comfort-regulation, fatigue-detection
Smart-watchesSecondary GUI interface, short-cut access
Peripheral devicesPower cords, chargers and energy banks, laptops, tablets, entertainment devices etc.
OUR POWER CONSUMPTION IS RISINGThe way we consume power is more complex than before
TODAY’SCHALLENGESAs smart-devices becomes more pervasive, so will the problems
90’s 00’s 10’s
1Paradiso, Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2005
Storage1,000
100
10
Computing Power
Wireless Communication
Battery EnergyDensity
CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
Snail’s Law
Moore’s Law
ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
101100 102 103
Longer usage / lighter101
102
103
104
105
SCPeak Power (W/kg)
SLANiCd
NiMH Li-Co
Li-Mn Li-Air
Fuel Cell
GasolineAlcoholsAl-Air
104
Rapid release
Emerging technologies
Established technologies
Fuel-based technologies
ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Nickel Metal Hydride
LithiumChemistries
Metal-Air Chemistries Gasoline
C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SMART DEVICE
M I C R OC O N T R O L L E R
C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SM I C R O
C O N T R O L L E RP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL CONSUMPTION OF A SMART DEVICE
LoRaWiFi HaLow
14mA
50mA
APPLICATION TRADE-OFFS
More challenging to store energy than it is to pack transistors
COMPLEXITY IN DESIGN FORM FACTORS
Image: Athos smart apparel Image: Amazon fulfilment centers
Unusual shapes
Massive deployment
Inconvenient locations
Image: WJE's DAT Team
ENERGY HARVESTINGAugmented power solutions for the next-generation IoT smart device
REMEMBER THIS?
Energy Harvester
Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Storage
PMIC / PMU / Load
device
Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Kinetic RF
High duty cycle (~100%)
Low duty cycle <50% Dependent High duty cycle
(~100%)
Low energy density Low energy density High energy density Low energy density
DC DC AC Half-wave AC
Temperature-dependent impedance
Low impedence Very high impedence High impedence
SOLAR ENERGY
Image: Skylock
Image: Chanel’s Eco-Couture
Single-junction Photovoltaic Panels
KINETIC ENERGY
Image: AMPY Move linear kinetic generator
Image: Solepower insole power generator
Piezoelectric generator
Kinetic eccentric mass generator
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY
Image: Seiko Thermic TEG watch
Image: Powerpot thermogenerator
Thermoelectric generator (TEG)
RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Image: Hatem Zeine, CEO of Ossia demonstrating the COTA power system
Image: Nikola Labs iPhone RF-harvesting casing
Rectennas
Image: WattUp wireless energy charging
AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Controller I/OPower EH
Lifetime
Battery life
100%
0%
Perpetual operation
ENERGY STORAGE
Lithium-Ion battery (Li-Ion)
Thin-Film Battery (TFB), LiPON
Super capacitor (SC, EDLC)
Solid-State Energy Storage
Cycle Life ~500 > 1,000 Millions 5000
Self-discharge 10% / week <2% / year >10% / minute Very Low
Energy Capacity (mAh) 1-10,000 0.1 - 10 0.01 – 1.5 0.012 – 0.05
Charge Time Hours Few minutes Seconds 30 – 50 minutes
ENERGY HARVESTER SOLUTIONS
STMicro SPV1050
Maxim MAX17710
Linear LTC3330
Analog ADP5090
Spansion MB39C811
Texas Instruments
BQ25570
Power Levels ~1mW ~10mW ~100mW 16µW-
200mW ~200mW ~200mW
Sources or and or and or
Energy storage Various Supercap MECs Various Supercap Various
49%51%
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
EH
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ENERGY CAPACITY
SMART DEVICE
Power Requirement
s
Application and
environment
Systematic design
considerations
Size constraints
AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Remaining Power
Time
Primary power source Batteries with no EH
Battery depleted, device ceases operation
“Perpetual” operation Eharvest ≥ Econsume
“Decaying” operation Eharvest < Econsume
Device lifetime extended
Device “revives”
EMERGENT DESIGN TRENDSFOR FUTURE SMART DEVICES
FLEXIBLE & STRETCHABLE CIRCUITRY
Image: IMEC ultra-thin chip package (UTCP)
Image: 2011 University of Illinois/Northwestern flexible epidermal sensor
Image: Bluespark’s Temptraq bluetooth Temperature sensor
ULTRA-THIN BATTERIES
Image: Bluespark UT, 1.5V. 12 mAh
Image: Infinite Power SolutionsThinergy MEC 4.1V, 0.7mAh
Image: Prologium Lithium-Ceramic, 26mAh, 3.75V FLCB 255-290Wh/Kg
Image: Sekisui Chemical film-type lithium-ion battery
Image: Front Edge NanoEnergy1-5 mAh, 50microns thick
Image: Stmicroelectronics EnFilm™ micro-battery, 3.9V, 0.7mAh
Image: Powerstream battery 0.5mm thick, 3.6V, 45mAh
Image: Cymbet Enerchip 12µAh - 50µAh
HYBRID ARCHITECTURE
Battery
SC
Peak Output Assist
EH/PMIC Load 1
SCBattery
Load 2Load 3Load 4
Battery Load Reduction
SC
Energy Smoothing
Battery+SCBattery only Harvested energy
FUTURETECHNOLOGIESAugmented power solutions for the next-generation smart device
Rectenna (RF) / kinetic-EH AAA battery
Semi-flexible TEG 0.6mm-thickness, RoHS compliant 1.25V, 34.5mA,
4.5mW at 10K ΔT ~1-3 W/cm2
MICRO-OPTIMIZED EH RESEARCH AT ARTIC
EH-AUGMENTED CONSUMER BATTERIES
1. Huang, P., et al. (2016). "On-chip and freestanding elastic carbon films for micro-supercapacitors." Science 351(6274): 691-695.2. Lei Li et al. (2015) High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Microsupercapacitors from Laser-Induced Graphene, Advanced Materials3. Zhang et al. (2013) doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 – “A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway”
4. Xu, Sheng (02/2013). "Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems". Nature communications (2041-1723), 4 , p. 1543.5. IBM creates a breathing, high-density, lithium-air battery http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126745-ibm-creates-breathing-high-density-light-weight-lithium-air-battery
6. Kwon, Y. H., S.-W. Woo, et al. (2012). "Cable-Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi-Helix Electrodes." Advanced Materials: 1-6.
BATTERY INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADEMIA
Enzymatic sugar-based biobattery3
Lithium-Air battery5
Increasing Energy Density
Silicon-based micro-supercapacitors1
laser-induced graphene (LIG) micro-supercapacitors2
Increasing Power Density /
Charge Cycles
Stretchable lithium battery4
Novel Form Factors
Cable-type flexible lithium-ion batteries6
NEW POWER SOURCES
Kraftwerk Portable Pocket Fuel Cell Power Generator1
Fujitsu Laboratories Hybrid EH for from Heat and Light
(photovoltaic + thermoelectric)2
1. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ezelleron/kraftwerk-highly-innovative-portable-power-plant2. http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/1209-01.html
“Thank you
Image: Deviantart - artist FMHQBattousai (2011)