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America Enters World War I
6 April 1917
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All personal photographs are copyright© by M. Rauer
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Attitudes of the American People -1914
Sympathies with the Allies from the startGerman – Americans (20 – 25%) splitIrish – Anti-British
Submarine Warfare angered the American PeopleLusitania – May 1915
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President Woodrow Wilson
Reelected in November 1916
“He kept us out of War”
America trying to remain “Neutral”
Selling war materials mostly to the Allies
Some groups opposed to helping England … The Irish!
U-Boat “DeutschlandBaltimore Harbor 9 July 1916 (5 trips to US)
President Wilson
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Poncho Villa
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
Columbus, New Mexico - 9 March 1916 US Army Punitive Expedition
14 March 1916 – 7 February 1917
Trouble along the southern border of the United States
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National Defense Act of 1916
3 June 1916
Expansion of the National Guard by 400% Creation of an Officers and enlisted
Reserve Corps Creation of Reserve Officers’ Training
Corps (ROTC) in collegesAuthorized an army of 175,000 men and a
National Guard of 450,000
1914 – Start of WWI
Romania = 290,000Bulgaria = 280,000Greece = 230,000Turkey 210,000Serbia = 200,000US Army = 200,000 (19th in the world!)
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Germany Resumes Unrestricted Submarine Warfare1 February 1917
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German foreign minister Zimmerman to the German Embassy in Mexico City
Released by the British government to the United States
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6 April 1917
President Wilson addresses Congress seeking a declaration of war against GermanyEveryone knew it was coming!!
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Congressional Vote for War
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Presidential Proclamation 1370 – Conscription Selective Service Act of 1917
18 May 1917
Males aged 21 – 30 (moved to 18 – 45) Registration Draft Duration
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Registration for the Draft with local Draft Boards
Wide variety of people, exemptions for physical ailments
Emma Goldman & No-Conscription League, May 1917
Public Debates & Aid in Draft Resistance.
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Recruiting Drive
James Montgomery
Flagg
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Women & minorities enter the workforce in traditional male occupations
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Food Management / No Nationwide Rationing in America
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Committee for Public Information (CPI)
Executive Order 2594 (13 April 1917)
George Creel (Newsman)Service Secretaries
Coordinate / Influence American Public Opinion
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United States Navy first to fight the Germans
USCGC Tampa - 1918
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April 1917 Balfour Mission
1st Request – Medical Personnel & Equipment
Base Hospital # 4 (Cleveland, OH) arrived 25 May 1917
25 May – 11 June: six American base hospitals arrive in France
Americans in France with American field Service or Red Cross
14 July 1917: Captain (USA-M.C.) Louis Genella lightly wounded while with the B.E.F. in Flanders.
17 August 1917: First seriously wounded American was Miss Beatrice McDonald (USA-N.C.) who lost an eye.
4 September 1917: First American killed was 1Lt William Fitzsimmons who was bombed in his tent at Base Hospital #5 in Dannes-Camiers, France.
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Pershing arrives in France13 June 1917
Great enthusiasm and appreciation from the French general public
Where are the soldiers?
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13 June 1917 – 1st American soldiers arrive w/ Pershing
No divisions existed!
1st Division created = 14,000 men
Captain George Marshall1st Lt. George Patton
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World War I Divisions
Regular Army
1st
2nd (Contains a Marine Brigade)
(2nd Division Commanded by Maj.Gen. John Lejeune, USMC)
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
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National Guard
26th – ME/NH/VT/MA/RI/CT27th – New York28th – Pennsylvania29th -- VA/MD/DE/DC30th -- TN/NC/SC31st -- GA/AL/FL32nd – MI/WI33rd -- Illinois34th – MN/IA/NE/ND/SD35th – MO/KS36th -- TX/OK37th – OH/WV38th – IN/KY39th – LA/MS/AR40th – CA/NV/UT/CO/AZ/NM41st – WA/OR/MT/WY*42nd – NY/AL (Rainbow)
World War I Divisions
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World War I Divisions National Army
76th
77th (Lost Battalion)78th
79th
80th
81st
82nd (Sgt. York – Airborne WWII)83rd
84th
85th
86th
87th
88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd (Colored-French)93rd (Colored-French)
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American Divisions = 28,000* menTwice the size of European divisions
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Pershing’s HQ
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1918
2011
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Keep the Soldiers Occupied / Training
Keeping the men busy!
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