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PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo The Driving Forces of Environmental Change 11
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PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo
The Driving Forces of Environmental Change
11
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Figure CO11• Explain the terms that comprise the IPAT
equation.
• Identify examples that illustrate how technology can reduce or increase environmental impact.
• Describe the net effect that population growth, affluence, and technological change has had on gasoline use in the United States.
• Cite the reasons why firms prefer market-based incentives in environmental policy to command-and-control approaches.
• Explain how personal and cultural beliefs affect environmental change.
After reading this chapter, students will be able to
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
The Smiths New Year’s Resolution
• Inventoried all the energy and materials they used and waste they produced
• More income = more consumerism
• Technology also has impact
• Growing income, family size, and technology choices determine consumerism
• So do attitudes, values, and beliefs
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
The Root Causes of Environmental Impact
Impact (I) = Population (P) x Affluence (A) x Technology (T)
I = People x Economic Activity x Environmental Impact
People Economic Activity
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Land Conversion for Food Production
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Solid Waste Generation
• Population size
• Population density
• NYC fills 6,000 garbage trucks/day
• 67% exported to other states!
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Population and Gasoline Use
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Population and Water Quality
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Affluence and Solid Waste
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Poverty and Environmental HealthEnvironmental Justice?
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Technology
• Determines the types and quantities of resources extracted
• Determines nature of waste generated
• A double-edged sword. Why?
Technology RecipeCapital
Labor
Energy
Materials
Information
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Technology and Fuel Economy
• Rising gasoline prices in 1970s and Japanese competition decreased engine size
• But in the 1980s the rise of light trucks, minivans, and SUVs increased engine size!
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Feedlots and Land Use
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
The IPAT for Gasoline Use
Gallons consumed = # vehicles x miles driven x gallons consumed
vehicle miles driven
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
How Societies Choose Technologies• Most nations use the
market
• Firms maximize profits by minimizing cost of production
• But what about “wrong prices” and what causes them?• externalities
• subsidies
Figure 11.17
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Market Failures and the Environment• In 2005, gas was $2-4
• Included price to pump oil, refine it to gasoline, ship it to filling stations, and pay attendants
• Also taxes paid to government
• Cost did not include environmental impact• Loss of barrier islands
• Pipeline leaks
• Air pollution
• Global climate change
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Cultural Attitudes
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Cultural Beliefs
• Judeo-Christian tradition has led to Anthropocentric perspective of the environment. • Seeks to control nature for the purpose of satisfying human
needs.
• Has shaped technology for the past 200 years.
• No limit to levels of human population and affluence.
• Biocentric perspective holds that all living things have the right to exist.
• Ecocentric view holds that entire ecosystems have a right to exist.
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Environmental Policy
Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Market-Based Incentives?An alternative to command and control
• Pollution Taxes
• Tradable Permits
• Cap and Trade System
Figure 11.20
